Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Psychiatry. Oct 19, 2023; 13(10): 724-731
Published online Oct 19, 2023. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i10.724
Table 1 Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the phylum level in the two groups
Name of bacteria
Case group, n = 498
Control group, n = 498
T value
P value
Actinomycetota2.95 ± 5.622.18 ± 3.602.5750.01
Bacteroidota34.27 ± 19.5326.84 ± 16.076.5560.001
Euryarchaeota0.16 ± 0.570.00 ± 0.006.2640.001
Bacillota48.82 ± 17.9661.37 ± 14.4912.140.001
Fusobacteria0.08 ± 0.570.02 ± 0.072.3320.019
Pseudomonadota15.82 ± 20.137.68 ± 11.597.820.001
Saccharibacteria0.49 ± 0.270.01 ± 0.0139.650.001
Tenericutes0.23 ± 1.140.59 ± 1.923.5980.001
Verrucomicrobia0.57 ± 1.941.62 ± 5.194.2290.001
Actinomycetota2.95 ± 5.622.18 ± 3.602.5750.01
Table 2 Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the class level in the two groups
Name of bacteria
Case group, n = 498
Control group, n = 498
T value
P value
Class Actinobacteria2.81 ± 5.641.56 ± 2.814.4270.001
Bacilli2.01 ± 4.282.67 ± 5.602.0900.036
Bacteroidia31.28 ± 19.6726.68 ± 16.184.0300.001
Betaproteobacteria1.50 ± 3.290.39 ± 0.527.4370.001
Clostridia45.92 ± 18.6258.18 ± 13.9211.7700.001
Coriobacteriia0.21 ± 0.490.58 ± 1.295.9840.001
Proteobacteria0.29 ± 0.390.15 ± 0.246.8220.001
Blastomycetes0.96 ± 1.190.67 ± 1.203.8290.01
Gammaproteobacteria13.84 ± 19.676.92 ± 11.376.7970.001
Verrucomicrobiae0.58 ± 1.691.82 ± 5.864.5370.001
Table 3 Comparative analysis of cognitive scores between the two groups
Cognitive domain
Case group, n = 498
Control group, n = 498
T value
P value
Attention/alertness40.27 ± 6.2951.98 ± 9.9222.2500.001
Learning36.27 ± 10.0150.69 ± 10.0822.6500.001
Memory40.31 ± 11.2654.27 ± 7.1923.3200.001
Fine motors37.29 ± 13.2759.06 ± 7.9131.4500.001
Social cognition41.09 ± 11.0854.26 ± 10.8718.9300.001
Executive function40.18 ± 7.0452.37 ± 5.0931.3100.001
Conversion41.06 ± 7.2149.57 ± 7.6118.1200.001
Inhibition38.62 ± 9.5154.63 ± 9.6726.3400.001
Planning42.14 ± 13.0152.67 ± 10.1714.2300.001
Working memory42.09 ± 13.0253.19 ± 9.0615.6200.001
Category fluency39.86 ± 10.0553.18 ± 9.0721.9600.001
Information processing33.43 ± 9.1448.45 ± 7.3928.5200.001
Total score40.64 ± 7.1751.14 ± 5.2926.3000.001
Table 4 Correlation analysis between the total cognitive score and gut microbiota at the phylum level
Name of bacteriaTotal cognitive score
R value
P value
Actinomycetota6.5910.001
Bacteroidota5.6250.016
Euryarchaeota6.2810.183
Bacillota0.9760.281
Fusobacteria2.1900.026
Pseudomonadota6.3640.018
Saccharibacteria5.1960.037
Tenericutes0.6230.001
Verrucomicrobia0.1910.006
Table 5 Correlation analysis between the total cognitive score and gut microbiota at the class level
Name of bacteriaTotal cognitive score
R value
P value
Actinobacteria3.2570.001
Bacilli0.9810.001
Bacteroidia6.2940.001
Betaproteobacteria6.2810.016
Clostridia0.1240.015
Coriobacteriia0.2930.019
Proteobacteria6.2700.008
Blastomycetes5.6710.006
Gammaproteobacteria4.1950.005
Verrucomicrobiae0.5490.010