Antidepressants combined with psychodrama improve the coping style and cognitive control network in patients with childhood trauma-associated major depressive disorder

Table 1 Baseline demographic comparison between the two groups

Item	Observation group, n = 29	Control group, n = 17	t/χ2	P value
Age, yr	25.970 ± 7.189	28.120 ± 6.214	-1.029	0.309
Sex, F/M			0.405	0.525
Female	22 (76)	15 (88)
Male	7 (24)	2 (12)
Education, yr	15.030 ± 2.179	13.710 ± 2.443	1.909	0.063
Med, SSRIs/SNRI			0.423	0.515
SSRIs	24 (83)	16 (94)
SNRI	5 (17)	1 (6)
CTQ	50.210 ± 9.715	48.880 ± 8.908	0.460	0.648

Data are mean ± SD or n (%). Due to rounding, the total % might be more than 100%. SSRIs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SNRI: Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors; CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; F: Female; M: Male.

Table 2 Comparison of clinical efficacy between the two groups

Item	Total cases	General improvement	Invalid
Observation group	29	26 (89.66)	3 (10.34)
Control group	17	15 (88.24)	2 (11.76)
χ2			0.022
P value			0.881

Data are n (%). Due to rounding, the total % might be more than 100%.

Table 3 Comparison of the scores of each scale between the two groups before and after the intervention

Item	Group	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention	Wald χ2
				Between-group effect	Time effect	Interaction effect
HAMD	Observation group	19.690 ± 6.887	6.240 ± 7.342	0.000	125.683b	137.316b
	Control group	18.410 ± 9.625	7.590 ± 7.246
BDI	Observation group	14.000 ± 5.898	4.480 ± 5.096	0.004	97.162b	105.231b
	Control group	13.120 ± 8.455	5.590 ± 5.269
BAI	Observation group	38.380 ± 10.584	31.100 ± 9.828	0.142	19.415b	20.096b
	Control group	36.350 ± 8.536	31.290 ± 9.225
P-coping style	Observation group	22.000 ± 5.988	26.790 ± 7.379	3.898a	8.635b	12.891b
	Control group	20.760 ± 5.663	21.650 ± 6.800
N-coping style	Observation group	32.030 ± 7.580	22.140 ± 4.875	4.017a	18.020b	60.931b
	Control group	30.350 ± 8.775	31.240 ± 7.164

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Data are mean ± SD or n (%). Due to rounding, total % might be more than 100%. HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; P-coping style: Positive coping style; N-coping style: Negative coping style.

Table 4 Simple effect analysis of each scale in two groups before and after intervention

Item	Comparison between the two groups before intervention	Comparison between the two groups after intervention	Comparison of before and after intervention in the observation group	Comparison of before and after intervention in the control group
HAMD	0.523	-0.481	-8.985b	-6.614a
BDI	0.416	-0.586	-8.453b	-5.035b
BAI	0.671	-0.114	-3.517b	-2.619a
P-coping style	0.689	-2.211a	3.003b	0.642
N-coping style	0.685	-5.124b	-6.744b	0.436

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

The value in the table is the statistical value t/Z (where t is the t-value of the test two independent samples or paired-samples t test and Z is the statistical value of the Mann-Whitney U test). HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; P-coping style: Positive coping style; N-coping style: Negative coping style.

Table 5 Connections to the brain area interacting with the right superior parietal gyrus after intervention

Brain region	Voxels	MNI Coordinate (X, Y, Z) (mm)	Peak intensity	tA (pA)	tB (pB)
Inferior frontal gyrus	39	(-54, 27, 0)	28.3857	2.492 (0.019)	-2.156 (0.047)

X, Y, Z: Coordinates of primary peak locations in the Montreal Neurological Institute space. MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute. Peak intensity: The statistical value of the interactive brain region that passes the Gauss random field corrected P < 0.05. t_A (p_A): Comparison of after intervention and before intervention in the observation group; t_B (p_B): Comparison of after intervention and before intervention in the control group. A positive value for t indicates a stronger connection after treatment, and a negative value for t indicates a weaker connection after the intervention.