Ilic M, Ilic I. Trends in suicide by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation in Serbia, 1991-2020: A joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analysis. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(3): 505-520 [PMID: 35433320 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i3.505]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Milena Ilic, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, S. Markovica 69, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia. drmilenailic@yahoo.com
Research Domain of This Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Article-Type of This Article
Observational Study
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World J Psychiatry. Mar 19, 2022; 12(3): 505-520 Published online Mar 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i3.505
Table 1 Suicide mortality by hanging/strangulation/suffocation in Serbia, 1991-2020; number of cases and age standardized rate per 100000 (using World standard population)
Year
All
Males
Females
Number
ASR
Number
ASR
Number
ASR
1991
978
9.1
690
14.1
288
4.7
1992
1010
9.1
697
13.7
313
5.0
1993
1033
9.2
690
13.6
343
5.4
1994
948
8.5
679
13.3
269
4.3
1995
830
7.4
588
11.4
242
4.0
1996
909
8.3
638
12.6
271
4.5
1997
907
8.1
649
12.6
258
4.0
1998
857
7.6
594
11.6
263
4.2
1999
947
8.2
661
12.7
286
4.3
2000
919
7.7
646
12.1
273
3.9
2001
860
7.4
605
11.4
255
3.9
2002
876
7.4
644
12.0
232
3.3
2003
807
6.9
600
11.5
207
2.9
2004
836
7.1
623
11.6
213
3.2
2005
856
6.9
609
11.0
247
3.2
2006
881
7.3
640
11.7
241
3.3
2007
841
7.0
609
11.1
232
3.3
2008
804
6.9
572
10.6
232
3.4
2009
836
7.1
630
11.6
206
3.1
2010
745
5.9
562
9.7
183
2.4
2011
818
6.8
603
10.9
215
3.1
2012
807
6.7
616
11.1
191
2.7
2013
734
6.1
562
10.1
172
2.5
2014
720
5.9
558
9.9
162
2.2
2015
646
5.4
501
9.0
145
2.1
2016
603
5.2
451
8.4
152
2.2
2017
614
5.1
481
8.7
133
1.9
2018
586
4.8
466
8.2
120
1.7
2019
586
5.1
453
8.5
133
1.9
2020
546
4.5
433
7.6
113
1.7
Overall
24340
7.0
17750
11.1
6590
3.3
Table 2 Joinpoint regression analysis1 of suicide mortality by hanging/strangulation/suffocation in both sexes in Serbia, by age, 1991-2020
Table 3 Joinpoint analysis: Trends1 in age-specific suicide mortality rates (per 100000) by hanging/strangulation/suffocation in Serbia, by sexes, 1991-2020
Table 4 Age, period, and cohort effects on suicide mortality by hanging/strangulation/suffocation in Serbia, by sexes, 1991-2020
Group
Males
Females
Effect
95%CI
Effect
95%CI
Age
10-14
1.7
0.9–3.1
0.8
0.2–3.1
15-19
4.4
3.0–6.4
1.6
0.7–3.6
20-24
8.4
6.3–11.3
2.9
1.6–5.2
25-29
9.3
7.1–12.1
3.1
1.8–5.2
30-34
10.8
8.7–13.5
3.7
2.5–5.5
35-39
12.7
10.5–15.4
4.2
2.9–5.9
40-44
15.3
12.9–18.2
4.2
3.1–5.9
45-49
17.4
14.8–20.5
5.1
3.7–6.9
50-54
21.1
17.1–23.7
5.2
3.8–7.1
55-59
21.5
17.3–24.3
5.2
3.7–7.1
60-64
21.4
17.7–25.8
5.2
3.7–7.3
65-69
21.2
17.3–25.9
5.3
3.7–7.6
70-74
25.1
20.3–31.0
5.5
3.8–8.0
75-79
30.8
24.5–38.5
5.7
3.9–8.4
Period
1991-1995
1.1
0.9–1.2
1.3
1.1–1.7
1996-2000
1.0
0.9–1.2
1.2
1.0–1.5
2001-2005
1.0
1.0–1.0
1.0
1.0–1.0
2006-2010
1.0
0.9–1.1
0.9
0.7–1.1
2011-2015
0.9
0.8–1.0
0.7
0.5–0.9
2016-2020
0.7
0.6–0.8
0.5
0.4–0.7
Cohort
1916–1920
2.9
2.0–4.3
6.4
3.6–11.3
1921–1925
2.2
1.7–2.9
4.5
2.9–7.0
1926–1930
1.9
1.5–2.4
3.3
2.2–4.9
1931–1935
1.7
1.4–2.1
2.7
1.9–3.9
1936–1940
1.4
1.2–1.7
2.3
1.6–3.3
1941–1945
1.2
1.0–1.5
1.9
1.3–2.6
1946–1950
1.1
0.9–1.3
1.4
1.0–2.0
1951–1955
1.1
0.9–1.3
1.1
0.8–1.5
1956–1960
1.1
0.9–1.3
1.1
0.8–1.6
1961–1965
1.0
1.0–1.0
1.0
1.0–1.0
1966–1970
0.9
0.8–1.1
0.8
0.5–1.2
1971–1975
0.9
0.8–1.2
0.6
0.4–0.9
1976–1980
0.9
0.7–1.1
0.7
0.4–1.1
1981–1985
0.9
0.7–1.2
0.6
0.4–1.0
1986–1990
0.8
0.6–1.1
0.4
0.2–0.8
1991–1995
0.7
0.4–1.0
0.5
0.2–1.1
1996–2000
0.7
0.4–1.1
0.2
0.1–1.0
2001–2005
0.6
0.3–1.5
0.1
0.0–4.7
2006–2010
0.4
0.0–2.9
0.1
0.0–49.4
Wald Chi-square tests for estimable functions, P value
Net drift
< 0.000
< 0.000
All period rate ratios
< 0.000
< 0.000
All cohort rate ratios
< 0.000
< 0.000
All local drifts
0.092
0.897
Citation: Ilic M, Ilic I. Trends in suicide by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation in Serbia, 1991-2020: A joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analysis. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(3): 505-520