Digital phenotyping in depression diagnostics: Integrating psychiatric and engineering perspectives

Table 1 Summary of major depressive disorder criteria

Five (or more) of the following symptoms present for at least 2 wk period
Depressed mood
Anhedonia i.e., diminished interest or pleasure
Weight loss or weight gain
Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive inappropriate guilt
Cognitive difficulties
Suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors
Other Criteria:
Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or functional impairment
Symptoms are not better explained by other psychiatric or medical diagnosis

Table 2 Depression symptoms, ecological momentary assessment active, and ecological momentary assessment passive

Depression symptoms
Depressed mood. anhedonia
Fatigue, sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)
Psychomotor agitation or retardation, cognitive difficulties
Appetite problems
Guilt/negative beliefs
Suicidal thoughts/behaviors
EMA active
Standardized assessments
Self-report depression questionnaires (e.g., PHQ-9)
Non-standardized assessments
Daily mood, anxiety, sleep ratings
Acoustic and paralinguistic information with audio sampling e.g., voice intonation
EMA passive (behavioral feature categories, features, and sensors used)
Physical activity and sleep
Activity time-accelerometer
Inactivity-accelerometer, GPS
Distance-accelerometer, GPS
Movement duration and speed-GPS
Sleep duration, latency, efficiency-fitbit, accelerometer
Location
Home stay-GPS
Location clusters and variance-GPS
Entropy-GPS
Circadian rhythm-GPS
Social communication
Call duration/frequency, missed calls, number of conversations-call log
Sms text (incoming and outgoing)-sms text message log
Device
Social media engagement, social media app usage
Screen active duration and frequency
Social media engagement duration/frequency-app usage
Response time notification
Computer-keyboard interactions

EMA: Ecological momentary assessment; GPS: Global positioning system; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.