Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Psychiatry. Feb 19, 2022; 12(2): 308-322
Published online Feb 19, 2022. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.308
Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical data of healthy controls and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and patients with psychosis, depression and anxiety due to temporal lobe epilepsy (mean ± SD)
Variables
HC1
TLE2
TLE + PSY3
TLE + DEP4
TLE + ANX5
F/X2
df
P value
Age (yr)37.4 (12.8)40.0 (12.8)37.9 (10.5)39.0 (10.7)37.0 (8.2)0.344/1410.849
Sex (♂/♀)10/3011/1613/144/215/2210.3140.036
BMI (kg/m2 )24.0 (4.3)24.1 (4.0)23.5 (3.7)23.9 (4.3)22.4 (4.3)0.794/1400.535
Married (No/Yes)26/1418/920/720/515/113.5840.466
Education (yr)14.2 (4.9)2,3,4,511.4 (4.7)19.4 (4.4)110.3 (5.4)110.8 (4.5)15.144/1410.001
TUD (No/Yes)38/224/323/421/423/4Ψ = 0.136-0.607
Frequency seizures-29.1 (84.7)19.1 (40.7)8.0 (17.0)9.7 (11.0)0.993/890.402
Age onset TLE (yr)-17.8 (12.6)12.2 (10.1)17.6 (8.9)16.1 (8.8)1.753/1000.162
Hx Aura (No/Yes)-6/215/227/188/191.1530.766
Hx Postictal confusion (No/Yes)-8/1910/169/1611/150.9730.808
Hx Status epilepticus (No/Yes)-24/3314/11221/413/910.7530.013
Seizure control-7/8/87/8/85/4/05/5/10Ψ = 0.309-0.307
BPRS18.3 (1.1)2,523.6 (3.3)1,3,4,541.3 (5.9)1,2,4,532.9 (6.7)1,2,3,529.4 (50.)1,2,3,4115.644/141< 0.001
HAM-D0.6 (2.0)2,54.8 (2.5)1,4,55.8 (2.9)1,519.8 (4.9)1,2,3,510.3 (3.8)1,2,3,4145.214/140< 0.001
HAM-A2.6 (5.4)2,57.8 (3.9)1,3,4,511.6 (6.7)1,2,3,518.9 (8.8)1,2,3,523.8 (5.4)1,2,3,4 59.694/141< 0.001
MMSE28.3 (2.4)2,525.1 (4.4)1,322.4 (5.4)1,2,4,525.7 (2.4)1,325.8 (8.9)1,311.064/140< 0.001
Table 2 Results of multivariate general linear model analysis examining the differences between diagnostic groups (diagnosis), namely healthy controls, temporal lobe epilepsy with and without comorbidities including depression, psychosis, and anxiety
Tests
Dependent variables
Exploratory variables
F
df
P value
Partial Eta squared
All 4 biomarkers
MultivariateCMPAaseDiagnosis6.4916/410< 0.0010.158
ArylesteraseSex1.224/1340.3060.035
Res CMPAaseAge0.614/1340.6540.018
Res ArylesteraseBMI1.074/1340.3750.031
Between-subject effectsCMPAase Diagnosis28.064/137< 0.0010.450
Res CMPAaseDiagnosis26.604/137< 0.0010.437
ArylesteraseDiagnosis11.314/137< 0.0010.248
Res ArylesteraseDiagnosis16.904/137< 0.0010.330
Table 3 Model-generated estimated marginal means of paraoxonase 1 levels in healthy controls and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and psychosis, depression and anxiety due to temporal lobe epilepsy
Variables
HC1
TLE2
TLE + PSY3
TLE + DEP4
TLE + ANX5
CMPAase (U/mL)42.1 (1.3)2,3,4,528.5 (1.6)124.5 (1.6)124.8 (1.7)127.3 (1.7)1
Res CMPAase (z scores)1.041 (0.128)2,3,4,5-0.196 (0.150)1-0.545 (0.163)1-0.545 (0.163)1-0.375 (0.159)1
Arylesterase (U/mL)212.4 (9.0)2,3,4,5156.4 (10.5)1144.2 (10.4)1143.7 (11.4)1137.3 (11.2)1
Res Arylesterase (z scores)0.920 (0.140)2,3,4,5-0.193 (0.163)1-0.425 (0.162)1-0.400 (0.177)1-0.434 (0.174)1
Table 4 Measurement of paraoxonase enzymatic activity in healthy controls and subgroups of temporal lobe epilepsy patients
PON1 activities
HC
Pure TLE
F
df
P value
Partial eta squared
CMPAase (U/mL)42.8 (1.7)28.8 (1.9)30.611/62< 0.0010.331
Arylesterase (U/mL)215.4 (10.8)156.4 (12.2)13.471/620.0010.178
MTS
CMPAase (U/mL)41.7 (1.5)25.6 (1.2)81.441/100< 0.0010.449
Arylesterase (U/mL)209.8 (9.4)139.4 (7.5)36.981/100< 0.0010.270
Pure MTS
CMPAase (U/mL)42.2 (1.8)27.3 (2.6)22.611/52< 0.0010.303
Arylesterase (U/mL)213.0 (10.8)139.514.651/52< 0.0010.220
Table 5 Results of multiple regression analysis with rating scales as dependent variables and paraoxonase status as explanatory variables
Dependent variables
Explanatory variables (model)
β
t value
P value
F model
Df
P value
Partial Eta squared
BPRSCMPAase-0.444-6.09< 0.00129.352/143< 0.0010.291
Education-0.213-2.930.004
PsychosisCMPAase-0.260-3.200.0029.562/143< 0.0010.118
Education-0.167-2.060.041
Negative symptomsEducation-0.329-4.52< 0.00112.754/141< 0.0010.226
Sex-0.329-4.29< 0.001
Res CMPAase-0.189-2.56< 0.011
Age-0.172-2.300.023
HAM-DCMPAase-0.347-4.51< 0.00111.954/140< 0.0010.254
Education-0.231-3.020.003
Overdominant model-0.227-3.060.003
Sex0.1702.310.023
Suicidal ideationDominant model0.3544.61< 0.00113.212/143< 0.0010.156
Res CMPAase-0.173-2.260.025
Physiosomatic symptomsCMPAase-0.349-4.47< 0.00119.941/144< 0.0010.122
PMREducation-0.386-5.13< 0.00114.754/141< 0.0010.295
Sex-0.252-3.540.001
Res CMPAase-0.243-3.360.001
Age-0.186-2.530.013
HAM-ACMPAase-0.350-4.80< 0.00112.932/143< 0.0010.153
Sex0.1632.100.037
Psychopathology indexCMPAase-0.430-5.83< 0.00119.943/141< 0.0010.298
Education-0.250-3.410.002
Overdominant model-0.148-2.070.040
MMSEEducation0.5939.09< 0.00154.482/142< 0.0010.434
CMPAase0.1752.690.008