Recent advances in the treatment of opioid use disorders–focus on long-acting buprenorphine formulations

Table 1 Large variations in outcome measures in longitudinal studies of opioid dependence[16]

Domain	Reported among 27 studies included
Drug use	21 of 27
Crime	13 of 27
Health	13 of 27
Treatment-related outcomes	16 of 27
Social functioning	13 of 27
Harms	8 of 27
Mortality	13 of 27
Economic estimates	2 of 27

Results are based on 27 studies included. Eight domains were defined. Each domain was reported x-times among 27 studies.

Table 2 Pharmacological options in the treatment of opioid use disorders

Drug	Onset of action, duration	Route of administration	Clinical use
Opioid antagonists
Naloxone	Few minutes	i.v., nasal (spray)	Opioid overdose
Naltrexone	Daily	Oral	Abstinence
Naltrexone (depot)	One month	i.m.	Abstinence
Partial agonists
Buprenorphine	Daily	Sublingual	Maintenance
Buvidal	Weekly, monthly	Subcutaneous	Maintenance
RB_6000 (sublocade)	Monthly	Subcutaneous	Maintenance
Probuphine	6 mo	Implant	Maintenance
Full agonists
Methadone	Daily	Oral	Maintenance
Heroin	Hours	i.v.	Maintenance
Morphine sulfate (retarded)	Daily	Oral	Maintenance
Morphine sulfate	Daily	Oral	Maintenance