Risk factors for antenatal depression: A review

Table 1 Risk factors for antenatal depression

Ref.	Sociodemographic variables	Obstetric variables	Psychological variables
Benute et al[41], 2010, Brazil	Low Socioeconomic S. (0.04)	U. pregnancy (0.04)
Kheirabadi and Maracy[12], 2010, Iran	Being a housewife1 2.28	U. pregnancy1 1.62	Previous depression1 1.83
	Age < 25-yr-old1 1.53	Multiparity1 2.35
Banti et al[10], 2011, Italy	Low Socioeconomic S.1 2.48	Multiparity1 1.95	Anxiety (pregnancy)1 4.10
Husain et al[38], 2011, Pakistan	Low Socioeconomic S.1 1.40	Complications in a previous delivery1 0.98
	Low Educational L.1 1.28
	Unemployed husband1 1.73
	Nuclear family1 1.18
Mohammad et al[46], 2011, Jordan	Marital dissatisfaction (0.002)	U. pregnancy1 0.08	Anxiety1 0.13
	Concern about the economic situation1 0.08	Lack of knowledge about parenting1 0.16	Stress1 0.41
		Lack of maternal ability1 0.27	Low social support (0.001)
Giardinelli et al[47], 2012, Italy	Foreign nationality1 3.34	U. pregnancy1 3.83	Previous psychiatric disorders1 3.11
	Unemployment1 2.17
	Marital dissatisfaction1 4.20
Goecke et al[37], 2012, Germany	Low Educational L. (0.001)	Miscarriages (0.016)
Melo et al[25], 2012, Brazil	Low Socioeconomic S.1 1.75	Multiparity1 1.32
	No partner1 1.93
	Non-White race1 1.48
Ajinkya et al[6], 2013, India		U. pregnancy (0.019)
		Previous obstetric complications (< 0.001)
		Obstetric complications (< 0.001)
		Miscarriages (< 0.001)
		Multiparity (< 0.01)
Bödecs et al[23], 2013, Hungary	Low Socioeconomic S. (< 0.05)
	Low Educational L. (< 0.05)
	Unemployment (< 0.01)
	Age < 20-yr-old (< 0.05)
Fadzil et al[56], 2013, Malaysia		Previous cesarean section (0.042)	Anxiety (pregnancy) (0.006)
Yanikkerem et al[39], 2013, Turkey	Low Educational L.1 1.49	U. pregnancy1 1.41	Low social support1 2.42
		Physical symptoms during pregnancy1 0.68
Weobong et al[34], 2014, Australia	Age > 30-yr-old1 1.16	U. pregnancy1 1.55
	No partner1 1.34	Miscarriages1 1.30
Brittain et al[42], 2015, South Africa	Low Socioeconomic S.1 1.03	U. pregnancy1 2.0	Previous history of gender violence1 1.9
	No partner1 1.7		Stressful life events1 1.9
Waldie et al[15], 2015, Australia	Non-European race1 1.90-2.35	U. pregnancy1 1.30	Perceived stress (pregnancy)1 1.34
			Anxiety before and during pregnancy1 3.08
Al-Azri et al[48], 2016, Oman	Marital dissatisfaction1 13.83	U. pregnancy1 1.37	Family depression (0.019)
Castro e Couto et al[26], 2016, Brazil		Multiparity (0.02)	Previous depression1 11.32
			Gender violence1 2.66
Thompson and Ajayi[33], 2016, Nigeria	Low Educational L. (0.022)	U. pregnancy (0.014)	Gender violence1 3.90
	Maternal age 15-20-yr-old (0.012)	Obstetric complications (0.034)
	No partner (0.010)	Previous cesarean (0.032)
	Increased number of family members (0.029)
	Drinking alcohol (pregnancy)1 3.98
Weng et al[11], 2016, China	Low Socioeconomic S.	U. pregnancy	Previous depression
	Passive smoking		Poor sleep quality
	No partner
Coll et al[24], 2017, Brazil	Low Educational L.1 5.47	Multiparity1 2.56	Previous depression1 2.93
	Age < 35-yr-old1 1.36
	No partner1 1.36
Redinger et al[50], 2018, South Africa	Marital dissatisfaction (< 0.05)	Nulliparity (< 0.05)	Current psychiatric disorders (< 0.05)
			Stressful family events1 2.41
			Anxiety (< 0.05)
Yu et al[72], 2017, China			Poor sleep quality 1.54
González-Mesa et al[52], 2018, Spain	Unemployment1 1.34	U. pregnancy1 2.78
		Miscarriages1 1.67
Turkey	Unemployment1 1.34	Multiparity1 0.81
Ogbo et al[43], 2018, Australia	Low Socioeconomic S.1 0.3-0.6		Low partner support1 8.5
	Living in a multiethnic population1 1.8		Gender violence1 6.0
Pampaka et al[44], 2018, Kuwait	Low Socioeconomic S.1 1.69		Previous depression1 4.35
Al-Hejji et al[73], 2019, Saudi Arabia	Husband smoker1 1.43	Multiparity1 1.87	Poor sleep quality1 1.88
			Post-miscarriage psychological complications1 1.28
Chen et al[74], 2019, China	Low Socioeconomic S.1 0.31	Reproduction techniques1 5.63
	Unemployment1 2.24	Lack of knowledge about prenatal health1 1.43
	Marital dissatisfaction1 4.46
	Living with extended family1 2.52
	Live in a rural area1 1.71
Hu et al[75], 2019, China	Younger age1 0.93
	Low Educational L.1 1.29
	Unemployment1 1.075
	Marital dissatisfaction1 4.77
Marcos-Nájera et al[49], 2020, Spain	Marital dissatisfaction		Lack of self-esteem
			Low social support

¹Odds ratio of predictor variables; (P value). Low Educational L.: Low Educational Level; Low Socioeconomic S.: Low Socioeconomic Status; U. pregnancy: Unplanned pregnancy.