Psychological predictors of bipolarity in panic disorder

Table 1 Comparison of demographic and clinical features between panic disorder with bipolarity and panic disorder without bipolarity groups

	BP+	BP-	P value
Demographic features
Patients: n (%)	128 (50.4)	126 (49.6)
Marital status			0.008
Married: n (%)	32 (25.0)	53 (42.0)
Single: n (%)	72 (56.2)	56 (44.4)
Not answered: n (%)	24 (18.7)	17 (13.4)
Age (yr)	30.78 ± 0.59	37.11 ± 3.21	< 0.001
Gender (M/F, %)	73/55 (57)	63/63 (50)	0.261
Illness history
Psychiatric history: n (%)	41 (32)	32 (25.4)	0.172
Family history: n (%)	18 (23.1)	22 (17.5)	0.960

Sex and employment status is expressed as n (number of patients, %). Other variables are expressed as mean ± SD. M: Meal; F: Female; BP+: Panic disorder with bipolarity; BP-: Panic disorder without bipolarity.

Table 2 Comparison of psychological test result between panic disorder with bipolarity and panic disorder without bipolarity groups

	BP+	BP-	Δ	P value
MMPI
Hs	62 (54, 69)	58 (51, 67.5)	4	0.047a
D	67 (57, 77)	66 (54.75, 75)	1	0.149
Hy	60 (53.25, 66)	59 (53, 66)	1	0.391
Pd	61 (48, 67)	51 (44, 59)	10	< 0.001b
Mf	52.5 (44.5, 60)	48.5 (39, 57)	4	0.029a
Pa	58 (51, 71)	51 (46.5, 62)	7	< 0.001b
Pt	65 (55, 76)	59 (49.5, 69)	6	0.001b
Sc	62 (50, 74)	51 (44, 61)	11	< 0.001b
Ma	53 (45.5, 60)	45 (40, 53)	8	< 0.001b
Si	62 (51.5, 70)	59 (47, 67)	3	0.057
TCI
Novelty seeking	83 (47, 93.75)	47 (20.5, 74)	36	< 0.001b
Harm avoidance	94 (76, 99)	89.5 (53.5, 99)	4.5	0.014a
Reward dependence	38 (9, 70.75)	33.5 (10, 74)	4.5	0.711
Persistence	20 (6, 62)	18.5 (4, 59.75)	1.5	0.769
Self-directedness	6.5 (1, 22)	28 (4, 62)	21.5	< 0.001b
Cooperativeness	22 (3, 52)	34 (13, 52.5)	12	0.022a
Self-transcendence	38 (12.5, 67.25)	22.5 (5, 56)	15.5	0.001b
BDI	31.5 (20.25, 41)	21 (11.75, 31)	10.5	< 0.001b
STAI/state	63 (55.25, 70.75)	57 (44.75, 65.25)	6	< 0.001b
STAI/trait	60.5 (53, 67)	51.5 (41.75, 59)	9	< 0.001b
PDSS	13.5 (10, 19)	12.5 (8, 17)	1	0.082

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. BP+: Panic disorder with bipolarity; BP-: Panic disorder without bipolarity; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PDSS: Panic Disorder Severity Scale; Hs: Hypochondriasis; D: Depression; Hy: Hysteria; Pd: Psychopathic deviate; Mf: Masculinity-feminity; Pa: Paranoia; Pt: Psychasthenia; Sc: Schizophrenia; Ma: Hypomania; Si: Social introversion.

Table 3 Correlation analyses between Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire score and other measured variables

	R	P value
Age	-0.298	< 0.001b
MMPI
Hs	0.144	0.022a
D	0.146	0.020a
Pd	0.340	< 0.001b
Mf	0.147	0.019a
Pa	0.389	< 0.001b
Pt	0.294	< 0.001b
Sc	0.405	< 0.001b
Ma	0.455	< 0.001b
Si	0.161	0.010b
TCI
Novelty seeking	0.426	< 0.001b
Harm avoidance	0.218	< 0.001b
Reward dependence	0.017	0.788
Persistence	0.020	0.753
Self-directedness	-0.353	< 0.001b
Cooperativeness	-0.163	0.009b
Self-transcendence	0.286	< 0.001b
BDI	0.404	< 0.001b
STAI/state	0.314	< 0.001b
STAI/trait	0.468	< 0.001b
PDSS	0.171	0.006b

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. BP+: Panic disorder with bipolarity; BP: Panic disorder without bipolarity; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PDSS: Panic Disorder Severity Scale; Hs: Hypochondriasis; D: Depression; Hy: Hysteria; Pd: Psychopathic deviate; Mf: Masculinity-feminity; Pa: Paranoia; Pt: Psychasthenia; Sc: Schizophrenia; Ma: Hypomania; Si: Social introversion.

Table 4 Logistic regression analysis showing the association of panic disorder with bipolarity group (Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire score ≥ 7) with clinical variables

	Odds ratio	P value	95%CI
Age	0.973	0.042a	0.947-0.999
MMPI/D	0.963	0.027a	0.932-0.996
MMPI/Ma	1.080	0.000b	1.040-1.122
TCI/self directedness	0.980	0.013a	0.965-0.996
STAI/trait	1.062	0.006b	1.017-1.108

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; D: Depression; Ma: Hypomania; CI: Confidence interval.