Child abuse and psychopathy: Interplay, gender differences and biological correlates

Table 1 Primary and secondary psychopathy

Ref.	Sample (women, %)	Tests	Significant association
Borja and Ostrosky[7], 2013	194 (0)	ETI - PCL-R	EA, SA (HP vs LP) and PA (HP, MP vs LP)
Craparo et al[13], 2013	22 (0)	TEC - PCL-R	Total score (early exposure)
Dargis et al[9], 2017	183 (0)	CTQ - PCL-R	Total score, EA, EN, PA and PN
Dargis et al[5], 2018	222 (0)	CTQ - PCL-R	Total score, EA, EN, PA, PN (HN); PA and PN (LH)
Gobin et al[11], 2015	88 (57.95)	CTQ - PPI	PA
Kolla et al[10], 2013	45 (0)	ETI - PCL-R	PA
Ometto et al[8], 2016	107 (43.92)	CTQ - PCL:YV	Total score, EN and PA
Poythress et al[15], 2006	615 (0)	CATS - PPI	Total score
Schimmenti et al[6], 2015	78 (0)	TEC - PCL-R	EA and PA (only to factor 2)
Schraft et al[14], 2013	170 (15.64)	CTQ - PCL:YV	Total score, EA, EN, PN
Woodfield et al[12], 2016	101 (0)	LEC-5 - SRP-SF	Total score

HN: High negative affect; LN: Low negative affect; LP: Low psychopathy levels; MP: Medium psychopathy level; HP: High psychopathy level; PA: Physical abuse; EN: Emotional neglect.

Table 2 Different studies analyzed the role of biological alterations that may link trauma and psychopathy

Ref.	Sample (women, %)	Tests	Significant association	Biological analysis
Cima et al[16], 2008	47 (0)	CTQ - PPI	PN (Psychopath vs inmates not psychopath)	DAC (related to PN) reduction in psychopath; AUC related to EA, EN
Hollerbach et al[18], 2018	2796 (45.24)	CTQ- SRPS	Total score	Total score in women (MAOA-L); MAOA-L in women related to EA, EN and PN
Sadeh et al[17], 2013	237 (0)	CTQ-PCL:SV	NS	F1 (5HTT long/long vs 5HTT short/short; F2 (MAOA-L vs MAOA-H)

DAC: Daily average cortisol; AUC: Cortisol area under curve; F1: Factor 1 of PCL:SV; F2: Factor 2 of PCL:SV; MAOA-L: MAO-A low activity; MAOA-H: MAO-A high activity.

Table 3 Trauma and psychopathy in a non-forensic sample of 1169 subjects

Ref.	Sample (women, %)	Tests	Significant association in men	Significant association in women
Blonigen et al[25], 2012	226 (100)	PTE-PCL-R	/	Total score (AF)
Farina et al[24], 2018	976(19.98); P:253 (45); M:723 (13)	MAYSI-2+ CTQ- YPI +PPI-SF	PA, EA	PA, EA
Hicks et al[26], 2011	140 (100); 31 Pr, 39 Sc	I-PCL-R	/	PA (Sc); SA (Pr19)
Krischer et al[23], 2008	283 (47.43)	CTQ- PCL:YV	PA (total score, AFC and AF); EA (AF)	EN (related with AF)
Lansing et al[22], 2018	107 (52.23)	CTQ- YPI	NS	EA
Sevecke et al[21], 2016	341(50.14)	CTQ - PCL:YV	PA (related to AF and IF)	PA (related to AF)
Thomson et al[20], 2019	573 (35.60)	LPA + AQ - PCL-SV	PAG (affective facet of psychopathy); LAT related to PAG in history of PA	PAG (related to AF); HAT related to PAG; in history of PA; VA4 (related to ANF5)
Watts et al[19], 2017	1169 (73)	CTQ - LPS	Child abuse (more frequent in male)	EA, SA (more frequent in female)

LPS: Levenson self-report psychopathy scale; HAT: High affective trait; PAG: Physical aggression; VA: Verbal aggression; ANF: Antisocial factor of psychopathy; LPA: Lifetime physical abuse; AQ: Aggression questionnaire; LAT: Low affective trait; AF: Antisocial factor of psychopathy; IF: Interpersonal factor of psychopathy; YPI: Youth Psychopathic Trait Inventory; AFC: Affective factor of psychopathy; MAYSI-2: Youth Screening Instrument Version 2 Traumatic Experiences Scale; PPI-SF: Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Short Form; P: Pennsylvania; M: Missouri; PTE: Potentially traumatic events; I: Interview, interview, prison file, and responses on the life events checklis; Pr: Primary psychopaths; Sc: Secondary psychopaths.