Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Psychiatr. Oct 19, 2021; 11(10): 876-896
Published online Oct 19, 2021. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.876
Table 1 Characteristics of included studies aimed at presenting or validating original questionnaires (n = 16)
Ref.
Measure
Country
Language
Setting
Participants
Sample size
Age, yr
Gender
Bryant[98], 1984 BEINAEnglishNAHealthy128 + 163 + 737/10/14NA
Litvack-Miller et al[99], 1997 IRICanadaEnglishSchoolsHealthy4787-12NA
Rey[63], 2003 SMEColombiaSpanishSchools (centers)Healthy + CD224 + 9411-18100/100
Garton et al[89], 2005F&TAustraliaEnglishSchoolsHealthy4138-1053
Jolliffe and Farrington[6], 2006BESUnited KingdomEnglishSchoolsHealthy72014.8 ± 0.4850.8
Dadds et al[100], 2007 GEMAustraliaEnglishSchoolsHealthy26124-1652.8
Funk et al[82], 2008 CEAQUnited StatesEnglishSchoolsHealthy21310-1349.6
Sallquist et al[62], 2009 DPESUnited StatesEnglishMaternity hospitalHealthy1684.49 ± 0.0752.9
Auyeung et al[64], 2009 EQ-CUnited KingdomEnglishSchools (centers)Healthy + ASD1256 + 2654-1146.3/82.6
Rieffe et al[83], 2010 EQNetherlandsDutchSchools and centersHealthy1091-547.7
Whitt and Howard[101], 2013 ES-PPIUnited StatesEnglishRehab servicesAntisocial70715.5 ± 1.287
Lopèz-Pèrez and Fernadèz[102], 2014 TECASpainSpanishNAHealthy67010-16NA
Vossen et al[88], 2015AMESNetherlandsDutchHouseholdsHealthy45010-1550
Wang and Wang[87], 2015 EToMSChinaChineseSchoolsHealthy1893-650.8
Raine and Chen[29], 2017 CASESUnited StatesEnglishCommunityHealthy42811-12NA
Richaud et al[35], 2017 EQArgentinaSpanishSchoolsHealthy4799-1246.3
Table 2 Included studies aimed at validating adaptations (n = 6, A) or translations of the included measures (n = 19, B), and assessing further psychometric properties (n = 6, C)
Ref.
Measure
Language
Sample size
(A) Adaptation studies
Auyeung et al[95], 2012 EQ– adolescent versionEnglish1243
Bensalah et al[60], 2016BES – child versionFrench410
Merino-Soto and Grimaldo-Muchotrigo[103], 2015 BES – short versionSpanish135
Overgaauw et al[59], 2017 EQ – CA versionDutch1250
Pechorro et al[104], 2018 BES – short versionPortuguese543
Salas-Wright et al[105], 2013 BES – short versionSpanish208
Sánchez-Pérez et al[58], 2014 BES – parent reportSpanish364
(B) Translation studies
Albiero et al[106], 2009BESItalian665
Albiero et al[107], 2010BESItalian1191
Čavojová et al[108], 2012BESSlovak429
D'Ambrosio et al[109], 2009BESFrench446
de Wied et al[110], 2007 BEIDutch1978
del Barrio et al[111], 2004BEISpanish832
Geng et al[112], 2012BESChinese1524
Soroa et al[113], 201TECABasque504
Grazzani et al[114], 2017EQItalian304
Hawk et al[115], 2013IRIDutch501
Herrera-López et al[116], 201BESSpanish747
Liu et al[117], 2018CASESChinese860
Lucas-Molina et al[118], 2018EQSpanish103
Pechorro et al[119], 2015BESPortuguese221
Mestre-Escriva et al[120], 2004IRISpanish1285
Rudra et al[121], 2016EQ-CBengali51
Vilte et al[122], 2016CEAQSpanish297
You et al[123], 2018BESKorean1524
Zengin et al[124], 2018AMESTurkish212
(C) Psychometric Properties
Anastácio et al[125], 2016BESPortuguese1029
Carrasco Ortiz et al[126], 2011IRISpanish721
Holgado Tello et al[127], 2013IRISpanish721
Lasa Aristu et al[128], 2008BEISpanish2714
Lucas-Molina et al[129], 2016BEISpanish2050
Pechorro et al[72], 201BESPortuguese377
Table 3 First validation of selected questionnaires (n = 16)
Name
Validation
Subscales
n
Response
Age
R
IC
Reliability
Criterion
Convergent /divergent
BEIBryant[98], 1984None221 (low) to 5 (high)C, ASRα = 0.54 to 0.79T-R: r = 0.74 to .83NANA
IRILitvack-Miller et al[99], 1997Fantasy;280 (not well) to 4 (very well)CSRNANANANA
Perspective-taking;
Empathic concern;
Personal distress
SMERey[63], 2003None151 (never) to 4 (always)ASRα = 0.78NAHC > CD:NA
P = 0.008
F&TGarton et al[89], 2005Affective;121 (not like me) to 5 (very like me)CSRα = 0.54 to 0.69NAF > MNA
Cognitive
BESJolliffe and Farrington[6], 2006Affective;201 (agree) to 5 (disagree)ASRα = 0.79 to 0.85NAF > M:IRI: r = 0.43 to 0.53;
CognitiveP < 0.0001TAS: r = –0.20 to –0.17;
SDS: r = –0.11 to 0.00
GEMDadds et al[100], 2007Cognitive;23–4 (disagree) to +4 (agree)C, APRα = 0.81 (tot);IRR: r = 0.40 to 0.38;F > M:IQ: r = 0.30 (cogn);
Affectiveα = 0.62 to 0.83T-R: r = 0.69P < 0.001CAI-C: r = –0.12 to –0.31;
CAI-N: r = 0.05 to 0.25;
IRT: r = 0.30 to 0.56
CEAQFunk et al[82], 2008None16No/Maybe/YesCSRα = 0.77RPR = 0.75; RPSI = 1.75F > M:BEI: r = 0.57;
P < 0.01SDQ-PS: r = 0.39;
SDQ-CP: r = –0.17;
CSDTC: r = 0.39
DPESSallquist et al[62], 2009None71 (really untrue) to 4 (really true)PPRα = 0.81NANAITSEA-E: r = 0.43;
ITSEA-SC: r = 0.35;
Task = 0.47
EQ-CAuyeung et al[64], 2009None271 (disagree) to 4 (agree)P, C, APRα = 0.93T-R: r = 0.86HC-F > HC-M > ASD;SQ-C: r = –0.13
P < 0.001
EQRieffe et al[83], 2010Emotion contagion;201 (never) to 3 (often)I, PPRα = 0.58 to 0.80NANANA
Attention to others;
Prosocial actions
ES-PPIWhitt and Howard[101], 2013None51 (false) to 4 (true)ASRα = 0.69NANABSI-PS: r = 0.11 to 0.30; APSD: r = –0.18 to –0.08; MAYSI-2: r = 0.08 to 0.21
TECALopèz-Pèrez and Fernadèz[102], 2014Perspective taking;301 (disagree) to 4 (agree)C, ASRNANANA
Emotion understanding;
Personal distress;
Empathic joy
AMESVossen et al[88], 2015Affective;121 (never) to 5 (always)C, ASRα = 0.75 to 0.86T-R: r = 0.56 to 0.69F > M;IRI-EC: r = 0.29 to 0.63;
Cognitive;P < 0.01IRI-PT: r = 0.21 to 0.45;
SympathyPBS: r = 0.14 to 0.50;
PA: r = –0.07 to -0.36
EToMSWang and Wang[87], 2015Empathy;161 (never) to 5 (always)PPRα = 0.71 to 0.83NAF > MWL-NiceToM: r = 0.21;
Nice ToM;SL-NastyToM: r = 0.33;
Nasty ToMFB: r = 0.27 (E) –0.28 (NiceToM)
CASESRaine and Chen[29], 2017Affective;300 (rarely) to 2 (often)CSRα = 0.63 to 0.91NAF > MIQ: r > 0;
Cognitive;RPAQ-R: r = –0.11;
SomaticCBCL-Ext: r < 0;
APSD: r = –0.12 to –0.39
EQRichaud et al[35], 2017Emotion contagion;151 (never) to 4 (always)CSRω = 0.70 to 0.76NANAPBS-C: r = 0.23 to 0.79;
Self-other awareness;PBS-L: r = 0.21 to 0.49;
Perspective taking;IRI-PT: r = 0.32 to 0.37;
Emotional regulation;PVAS: r = –0.18 to –0.31;
Empathic actionEIS: r = –0.24