What factors explain anger and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? The case of Israeli society

Table 1 Frequencies and prevalence of the various sociodemographic variables

Variable	n	Prevalence (%)
Gender
Women	342	53.8
Men	294	46.2
Socioeconomic status
Below average salary	397	56.6
Average/above average salary	239	34
Current work
Full time	408	64.2
Part time	79	12.4
No work at all	149	23.4
Family status
Single	202	31.8
Married	397	62.4
Divorced	35	5.5
Widowed	2	0.3
Children
Yes	407	64
No	229	36

Table 2 Differences between men and women in terms of the main variables

	Women, n = 324	Men, n = 281	t
CCRAM (1-5)	3.23 ± 0.97	3.16 ± 0.84	0.94
Trust in leaders (1-5)	2.14 ± 0.85	2.15 ± 0.90	-0.11
Hope (1-4)	3.21 ± 0.55	3.17 ± 0.53	0.63
State anger (1-4)	1.97 ± 0.71	1.81 ± 0.70	2.68b
Global severity index (0-2)	1.01 ± 0.87	0.68 ± 0.62	5.56c

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001. Date is presented as mean ± SD. CCRAM: Conjoint community resilience assessment measure.

Table 3 Differences between the socio-economic status groups in terms of the main variables

	Low SES, n = 378	Average/high SES, n = 227	t
CCRAM (1-5)	3.18 ± 0.95	3.23 ± 0.86	-0.58
Trust in leaders (1-5)	2.23 ± 0.88	2.01 ± 0.85	2.98b
Hope (1-4)	3.15 ± 0.56	3.26 ± 0.49	-2.33a
State anger (1-4)	1.94 ± 0.72	1.82 ± 0.71	2.08a
Global severity index (0-2)	0.97 ± 0.81	0.67 ± 0.70	4.65c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001. Date is presented as mean ± SD. SES: Socio-economic status; CCRAM: Conjoint community resilience assessment measure.

Table 4 Results of hierarchical multiple-regression analysis predicting state anger and psychological distress, as measured by the global severity index

	State anger			GSI
	R2	β	t	R2	β	t
Step 1	0.02			0.11
SES		-0.06	-1.35		-0.11	-2.62b
Age		-0.06	-1.42		-0.21	-5.11c
Gender		-0.10	-2.40a		-0.20	-4.96c
Step 2	0.06			0.08
SES		-0.06	-1.34		-0.10	-2.38b
Age		-0.04	-1.09		-0.19	-4.87c
Gender		-0.11	-2.73b		-0.21	-5.50c
CCRAM		-0.24	-6.05c		-0.28	-7.62c
Step 3	0.04			0.01
SES		-0.08	-1.97a		-0.11	-2.96b
Age		-0.06	-1.34		-0.19	-5.00c
Gender		-0.10	-2.63b		-0.20	-5.43c
CCRAM		-0.18	-4.53c		-0.26	-6.72c
Trust in leaders		-0.22	-5.33c		-0.09	-2.36a
Step 4	0.07			0.13
SES		-0.05	-1.33		-0.08	-2.16a
Age		-0.05	-1.30		-0.18	-5.24c
Gender		-0.11	-3.02b		-0.22	-6.25c
CCRAM		-0.08	-2.03a		-0.13	-3.47b
Trust in leaders		-0.19	-4.85c		-0.06	-1.55
Hope		-0.29	-7.33c		-0.38	-10.40c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001. GSI: Global severity index; CCRAM: Conjoint community resilience assessment measure; SES: Socio-economic status.