Determinants of mechanical restraint in an acute psychiatric care unit

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample according to use of mechanical restraint (univariate analysis), n (%)

	n (%)	Without MR	With MR	Z, χ2	P value
Age (Median/IQR)	42 (30-53)	44 (31-56)	39 (28-48)	(Z) 2.801	0.005
Sex				1.124	0.289
Male	234 (50.4)	169 (72.2)	65 (27.8)
Female	230 (49.6)	176 (76.5)	54 (23.5)
Diagnosis				18.414	0.000
Psychotic disorder	318 (68.5)	219 (68.9)	99 (31.1)
Depressive disorder	55 (11.9)	51 (92.7)	4 (7.3)
SAD	21 (4.5)	16 (76.2)	5 (23.8)
Others	70 (15.1)	59 (84.3)	11 (15.7)
Language barrier				15.058	0.000
No	388 (83.6)	302 (77.8)	86 (22.2)
Yes	76 (16.4)	43 (56.6)	33 (43.4)
Cultural barrier				7.756	0.005
No	313 (67.5)	245 (78.3)	68 (21.7)
Yes	151 (32.5)	100 (66.2)	51 (33.8)

IQR: Interquartile range; SAD: Substance abuse disorders.

Table 2 Binary logistic regression analysis

	Beta	SE	P value	OR	95%CI for OR
					Low	High
Age	-0.011	0.008	0.181	0.989	0.973	1.005
Sex	-0.032	0.229	0.889	0.969	0.619	1.516
Diagnosis			0.008
Depressive disorder	-1.526	0.545	0.005	0.217	0.075	0.633
SAD	-0.427	0.535	0.425	0.652	0.229	1.861
Others	-0.776	0.358	0.030	0.460	0.228	0.928
Language barrier	0.758	0.281	0.007	2.133	1.229	3.702
Constant	-0.501	0.394	0.204	0.606

OR: Odds ratio; SAD: Substance abuse disorders.

Table 3 Basic demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample according to median hours of restraint (univariate analysis)

	n (%)	Restraint duration		Statistical
		Median	IQR	Z, χ2	P value
Age				(r) 0.027	0.768
Sex				(Z) - 2.856	0.004
Male	65 (54.6)	19.28	11.30-34.13
Female	54 (45.4)	12.61	6.53-20.03
Diagnosis				(χ2) 6.488	0.090
Psychotic disorder	99 (83.2)	17.48	9.13-29.75
Depressive disorder	4 (3.4)	5.05	2.92-7.86
SAD	5 (4.2)	11.77	7.98-18.37
Others	11 (9.2)	13.10	8.88-28.92
Language barrier				(Z) - 0.819	0.413
No	86 (72.3)	15.68	7.98-29.27
Yes	33 (27.7)	18.70	9.70-24.57

IQR: Interquartile range; Z: Statistical value of U of Mann-Whitney; r: Spearman's statistical value; SAD: Substance abuse disorders.

Table 4 Multiple linear regression analysis

	B	SE	Beta	t	P value	95% CI for B
						Low	High
Age	0.252	0.319	0.080	0.792	0.430	-0.379	0.884
Sex	-19.028	9.601	-0.214	-1.982	0.050	-38.063	0.008
Diagnosis
Depressive disorder	-24.739	25.780	-0.101	-0.960	0.339	-75.850	26.372
SAD	-11.822	21.032	-0.054	-0.562	0.575	-53.520	29.875
Others	8.074	15.317	0.053	0.527	0.599	-22.294	38.442
Language barrier	-1.353	10.110	-0.014	-0.134	0.894	-21.397	18.691
Constant	30.248	20.105		1.505	0.135	-9.611	70.107

OR: Odds Ratio; SAD: Substance abuse disorders.