What gets in the way of social engagement in schizophrenia?

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics

	Schizophrenia	Control
Age (in year)	45.20 (10.96)	45.11 (8.51)
Sex, n (%)	12 Female (34.3)	10 Female (37.0)
Race, n (%)
White	18 (51.4)	8 (29.6)
Black	9 (25.7)	10 (37.0)
Asian	2 (5.7)	3 (11.1)
Pacific Islander	1 (2.9)	0 (0)
Multiracial	2 (5.7)	15 (8.5)
Ethnicity: Hispanic/Latino, n (%)	3 (8.6)	4 (14.8)
Education (in year)	14.32 (2.80)	14.96 (2.79)
Employed, n (%)	16 (45.7)	15 (55.6)
Marital status
Married	14.3%	29.6%
Widowed	2.9%	0%
Divorced/Separated	17.1%	22.2%
Never married	65.7%	44.4%
Unknown	0%	3.7%
Percent employed	45.7%	55.6%
WTAR	104.12 (15.18)	102.67 (12.45)
Diagnosis	Schizophrenia: 74.3%	--
	Schizoaffective: 25.7%
Duration of illness (in year)	22.52 (12.42)	--
BPRS	46.03 (11.81)	--
RFS
Working productivity	4.43 (2.12)	--
Independent living skills	5.37 (1.57)	--
Immediate social network	5.20 (1.62)	--
Extended social network	4.37 (1.94)	--
CAINS-EXP	1.21 (0.82)	0.56 (0.59)
CAINS-MAPa	1.87 (0.71)	1.00 (0.68)

Values are means with standard deviations in parentheses or numbers with percentages.

^aMean of 13 items from the final Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms and romantic relationship motivation item from Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms-beta. BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CAINS-EXP: Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms, Expression Subscale; CAINS-MAP: Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms, Motivation and Pleasure Subscale; RFS: Role Functioning Scale; WTAR: Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.

Table 2 Contact, initiation, barriers, and motivations by group

	Schizophrenia	Control	P value	Cohen’s d
Contact	1.84 (0.23)	1.93 (0.18)	0.09	0.43
Initiation	1.75 (0.66)	2.03 (0.66)	0.11	0.42
Barriers
Internal	2.00 (2.28)	0.57 (0.86)	0.001	0.83
Logistical	1.57 (1.26)	1.43 (1.46)	0.68	0.11
Conflict-based	1.53 (2.40)	0.24 (0.64)	0.004	0.73
Motivations
Instrumental	0.90 (1.10)	0.69 (0.91)	0.41	0.21
Affiliative	8.27(5.67)	8.98 (4.15)	0.59	0.14
Obligation-based	3.09 (4.57)	3.39 (4.06)	0.79	0.07

Values are means with standard deviations in parentheses.

Table 3 Barriers and motivations by relationship status

	Friends	Family	P value	Cohen’s d
Barriers
Internal	1.09 (1.60)	0.29 (0.69)	0.001	0.52
Logistical	0.85 (1.02)	0.65 (0.91)	0.26	0.15
Conflict-based	0.52 (1.55)	0.44 (0.81)	0.68	0.05
Motivations
Instrumental	0.51 (0.67)	0.30 (0.64)	0.048	0.26
Affiliative	4.82 (3.25)	3.76 (3.05)	0.037	0.28
Obligation-based	0.38 (0.66)	0.55 (0.78)	0.23	0.15

Values are means with standard deviations in parentheses.

Table 4 Correlations with functioning and symptoms

	Barriers			Motivations
	Internal	Logistical	Conflict-based	Instrumental	Affiliative	Obligation-based
Role Functioning Scale
Working productivity	0.03	0.13	-0.20	-0.01	0.23	0.06
Independent living/self-care	-0.36a	0.02	-0.43b	-0.08	-0.26	-0.22
Immediate social network	-0.16	-0.37a	-0.18	-0.08	0.01	-0.16
Extended social network	-0.18	0.12	-0.20	-0.10	0.38a	0.22
BPRS	0.25	-0.14	0.50b	0.20	-0.03	-0.001

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating scale.