Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease

Table 1 Summary of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of Alzheimer’s disease cases vs controls

Biomarker	CSF	Plasma/serum	Blood cells
Total tau	Increased	-	-
Phosphorylated tau	Increased	-	-
Glycogen synthase kinase-3	-	-	Increased[73,75]
			Decreased[65]
β-amyloid (Aβ)	Decreased[45,46]	No difference[79-82]	-
	No difference[47]
Aβ1-40	No difference[24]	No difference[83]	-
		Increased[84]
		Decreased[85]
Aβ1-42	Decreased[24]	Increased[83]	-
Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio	Decreased[48]	No difference[83]	-
		Decreased[78,84,86]
APP ratio	-	-	Decreased[90-93]
Ubiquitin	Increased[24]	-	No difference[148]
BACE1	Increased[67]	-	-
Cholesterol	-	Decreased[94,95]	-
		Increased[96-98]
24S-hydroxycholesterol	Increased[102]	No difference[103]	-
		Decreased[104]
Homocysteine	-	Increased[106,107,109]	-
Epidermal growth factor	-	Decreased[111]	Decreased[93]
		Increased[112]
Glial cell line-derived growth factor	-	Decreased[111]	-
		No difference[112]
Nerve growth factor	Increased[63-65]	-	-
Platelet derived growth factor	-	Decreased[111]	No difference[93]
		Increased[112]
Interleukin-1β	-	Increased[70,113,114]	No difference[93]
		No difference[115]	Decreased[116]
Interleukin-6	-	Increased[70,113,119-121]	No difference[117,118]
		No difference[114,138]
Interleukin-10	-	Increased[124]	No difference[126]
		No difference[125]
Tumor necrosis factor alpha	-	Increased[121,128]	-
		Decreased[114,129]
		No difference[115]
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1	-	Increased[111]	Decreased[133]
		No difference[131,132]
Monokine-induced by interferon-gamma	-	Increased[132,134]	Decreased[132]
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1δ	-	Decreased[111]	Increased[132]
		Increased[112]
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1	-	Increased[137]	No difference[93,138]
		No difference[141]
Intercellular adhesion molecule-3	-	-	Decreased[138]
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule	-	Increased[137]	-
P-selectin	-	Decreased[138]	Decreased[138]
			No difference[93]
Vascular cell adhesion molecule -1	-	Increased[140]	No difference[93]
		No difference[141]
Matrix metalloproteinase-2	Decreased[143]	No difference[144]	Decreased[93]
Matrix metalloproteinase-9	-	Increased and no difference[143-145]	No difference[93]