Network perspective on childhood trauma and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors and functions in adolescents with depressive disorders

Figure 1 Network structure of childhood trauma and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors and functions in adolescents with depressive disorders. This network illustrates the relationships among childhood-trauma dimensions (emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect, and sexual abuse), non-suicidal self-injury behaviors (non-damaging and damaging self-injuries), and functional motivations (egoistic social interaction, automatic negative reinforcement, and emotional expression). Solid red lines represent positive associations between nodes. The thickness of the line represents the strength of the association between symptom nodes. SA: Sexual abuse; PA: Physical abuse; EA: Emotional abuse; EN: Emotional neglect; PN: Physical neglect; EE: Emotional expression; ANR: Automatic negative reinforcement; ESI: Egoistic social interaction; NDSI: Non-damaging self-injury; DSI: Damaging self-injury; NSSI: Non-suicidal self-injury.

Figure 2 Standardized value (Z-score) of expected influence and bridge expected influence for each node in the network. A: Each point represents a network node (childhood-trauma dimension, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior, or NSSI functional motivation). The vertical axis shows the standardized expected influence (Z-score) of each node, indicating the strength of its connection to the other nodes in the network. Higher points correspond to more central nodes with a greater influence. The lines connecting the points are for visualization purposes only and do not imply causal relationships; B: Each point represents a network node (childhood-trauma dimension, NSSI behavior, or NSSI functional motivation). The vertical axis shows the standardized bridge expected influence (Z-score), indicating the strength of connection between the node and different symptom clusters (e.g., childhood trauma and NSSI behaviors/functions). Higher points indicate nodes that act as bridges between networks. The lines connecting the points are for visualization purposes only and do not imply causal relationships. EA: Emotional abuse; ESI: Egoistic social interaction; EE: Emotional expression; NDSI: Non-damaging self-injury; ANR: Automatic negative reinforcement; DSI: Damaging self-injury; PN: Physical neglect; EN: Emotional neglect; PA: Physical abuse; SA: Sexual abuse.

Figure 3 Stability of the expected influence and bridge expected influence values. A: The red bar indicates the average correlation between the expected influence values across bootstrap samples, reflecting the stability of the centrality estimates. Higher values suggest more reliable and stable measurements of symptom influence in the network; B: The red bar indicates the average correlation between the bridge’s expected influence values across the bootstrap samples, reflecting the stability of the centrality estimates. Higher values suggest more reliable and stable measurements of symptom influence in the network.