Effects of a multi-modal management model incorporating executive function-targeted intervention for pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid emotional dysregulation

Figure 1 Comparison of the survey results of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2^nd Edition scale between the two groups before and after the intervention. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2^nd Edition includes four domains of inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, emotional control, and planning and organization. Higher scores indicate more severe executive dysfunction. ^aP < 0.05 for intra-group comparisons; ^bP < 0.05 for inter-group comparisons. BRIEF-2: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2^nd Edition.

Figure 2 Comparison of the survey results before and after the intervention in the two groups. A: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scale; B: Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) scale. Higher CBCL and MASC indicated more emotional instability and anxiety. ^aP < 0.05 for intra-group comparisons; ^bP < 0.05 for inter-group comparisons. CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist; MASC: Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children.

Figure 3 Comparison of the survey results of the Social Skills Rating System scale before and after the intervention between the two groups. Social Skills Rating System includes family support, school support, peer support and other dimensions, and higher scores indicate better social functioning. ^aP < 0.05 for intra-group comparisons; ^bP < 0.05 for inter-group comparisons. SSRS: Social Skills Rating System.

Figure 4 Comparison of the survey results of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire scale before and after the intervention between the two groups. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire includes two dimensions: Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. ^aP < 0.05 for intra-group comparisons; ^bP < 0.05 for inter-group comparisons. ERQ: Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.