Association between vascular risk factor clustering and post-stroke depression

Figure 1 Comparison of different groups. A: Comparison of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 scores among different patient groups. Post-stroke depression (PSD) patients had significantly higher mean scores (20.3 ± 3.2 points) compared to non-depressed patients (8.9 ± 2.8 points) and all patients overall (12.8 ± 5.4 points). Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference between PSD and non-PSD groups (P < 0.001). Sample sizes: Total patients, n = 110, PSD patients, n = 38, non-PSD patients, n = 72; B: Comparison of functional assessment indicators between different risk groups. Blue bars represent the low-risk group (≤ 2 risk factors), and orange bars represent the high-risk group (≥ 3 risk factors). The Y-axis shows the percentage scores for each functional assessment. Data demonstrate that the low-risk group significantly outperformed the high-risk group in gait function, mobility independence, and self-care independence. HAMD-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17; PSD: Post-stroke depression; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale.

Figure 2 Forest plot of multivariate logistic regression analysis for risk factors of post-stroke depression. The forest plot shows adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals from multivariate logistic regression analysis. Red squares and error bars indicate statistically significant associations (P < 0.05), while gray squares indicate non-significant associations (P ≥ 0.05). The vertical dashed line represents odds ratios = 1 (no effect). Vascular risk factor clustering (≥ 3 risk factors vs ≤ 2 risk factors) and severe stroke symptoms (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥ 8 vs National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score < 8) were identified as independent risk factors for post-stroke depression. NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; CI: Confidence interval.

Figure 3 Relationship between the number of vascular risk factors and post-stroke depression incidence rate. The bar chart shows post-stroke depression incidence rate percentages corresponding to different numbers of vascular risk factors. The red trend line indicates a linear increase in post-stroke depression incidence rate as the number of risk factors increases. PSD: Post-stroke depression.