Inflammation, sleep-circadian disruption, and neuropsychiatric recovery after stroke: Mechanisms and integrated interventions for post-stroke depression and anxiety

Figure 1 Proposed bidirectional inflammatory network linking stroke, sleep-circadian disruption, depression, and anxiety. Stroke injury may trigger neuroinflammation, peripheral immune activation, and neuroendocrine or metabolic changes, which may interact with sleep disruption, circadian disruption, mood symptoms, and recovery behavior during post-stroke recovery. Solid arrows indicate relatively supported associations, whereas dashed arrows indicate proposed feedback pathways requiring further longitudinal validation. BBB: Blood-brain barrier; HPA: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal.