Role of psychological intervention in pain management and quality of life of elderly patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Figure 1 Psychological status of two groups of elderly ankylosing spondylitis patients. A: Pre- and post-interventional Self-Rating Depression Scale scores; B: Pre- and post-interventional Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores. Note: ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs before intervention; ^cP < 0.05 vs control. SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale.

Figure 2 Psychological resilience of two groups of elderly ankylosing spondylitis patients. A: Pre- and post-interventional tenacity dimension scores of the Conno-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC); B: Pre- and post-interventional CD-RISC strength dimension scores; C: Pre- and post-interventional CD-RISC optimism dimension scores. D: Pre- and post-interventional total CD-RISC scores. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs before intervention; ^cP < 0.05 vs control. CD-RISC: Conno-Davidson Resilience Scale.

Figure 3 Rehabilitation of two groups of elderly ankylosing spondylitis patients. A: Pre- and post-interventional chest expansion across groups; B: Pre- and post-interventional occipital-wall distance measurements; C: Pre- and post-interventional morning stiffness duration; D: Pre- and post-interventional modified Schober test distances. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs before intervention; ^cP < 0.05 vs control.

Figure 4 Quality of life of two groups of elderly ankylosing spondylitis patients. A: Pre- and post-interventional physical function scores of the Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74 (GQOLI-74); B: Pre- and post-interventional GQOLI-74 psychological function scores; C: Pre- and post-interventional GQOLI-74 social function scores. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs before intervention; ^cP < 0.05 vs control. GQOLI-74: Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74.