Application of brain-computer interfaces in the rehabilitation of post-stroke emotional and sleep disorders

Figure 1 Conceptual framework of brain-computer interface-related rehabilitation for post-stroke emotional and sleep disorders. Brain-computer interface-related approaches may support integrated post-stroke rehabilitation by linking emotional symptoms, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and participation with potential motor and non-motor outcomes through closed-loop feedback, neuroplasticity, and self-regulation. The pathways shown are proposed mechanisms because direct evidence for emotional and sleep-related outcomes remains limited. Virtual reality and neurofeedback provide adjacent evidence unless directly driven by brain signals. BCI: Brain-computer interfaces; MI: Motor imagery; FES: Functional electrical stimulation; EEG: Electroencephalogram; VR: Virtual reality.