Risk factors for anxiety and depression in elderly frail patients based on bedside ultrasound multimodal assessment

Figure 1 Comparison of different groups. A: Comparison of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores among different patient groups. Patients with anxiety/depression had significantly higher scores; B: Comparison of functional outcomes between risk groups. The low-risk group significantly outperformed the high-risk group. ^cP < 0.001. ADL: Activities of daily living; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-anxiety; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression.

Figure 2 Forest plot of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Blue squares indicate significant associations (P < 0.05); gray squares indicate non-significant associations. CO: Cardiac output; DTF: Diaphragm thickness fraction; IVC-CI: Inferior vena cava collapsibility index; LUS: Lung ultrasound score; RF-CSA: Rectus femoris cross-sectional area.

Figure 3 Dose-response relationship between abnormal ultrasound parameters and anxiety/depression incidence. The black trend line indicates a linear increase in incidence rate (Spearman r = 0.452, P < 0.001).