Neuroimmune, clinical and treatment challenges in multiple sclerosis-related psychoses

Figure 1 Etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, psychosis, and multiple sclerosis-related psychoses and potential treatment options. Environmental factors, genetics, and immune disturbances lead to different types of immune responses that cause neuroinflammation, which is an underlying mechanism in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) and psychosis. Inflammatory changes that occur in MS may induce psychotic symptoms. Corticosteroids and antipsychotics may be beneficial in patients suffering from MS-related psychoses. Th: T helper; MS: Multiple sclerosis.