|
1
|
Lashkari A, Brett JD, Abdolpour G, Mazidi M. Measuring cognitive and affective empathy across positive and negative emotions: psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Perth Empathy Scale. Front Psychiatry 2025; 16:1533611. [PMID: 40134974 PMCID: PMC11932917 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1533611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Empathy, a complex and multidimensional construct essential for social functioning and mental health, has been extensively studied in both research and clinical settings. The Perth Empathy Scale (PES), a recently developed self-report measure, assesses cognitive and affective empathy across both positive and negative emotions and is based on the self-other model of empathy. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the PES in large Iranian sample. Methods A total of 868 Iranian adults participated in this study. Factorial validity was examined through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).Internal consistency and concurrent validity were assessed by examining correlations with established empathy measures, including the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE), as well as the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Measurement invariance was also tested between Iranian and Australian samples. Results The findings supported a three-factor model comprising cognitive empathy, negative affective empathy, and positive affective empathy. The Persian PES demonstrated structural validity, internal consistency, and concurrent validity, suggesting it is a reliable measure for empathy assessment across cultural contexts. Discussion This study provides empirical support for the validity of the Persian PES and contributes to the expanding body of research on empathy assessment. The results suggest that the PES can be effectively used in Persian- speaking populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Lashkari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jack D. Brett
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- The Kids Research Institute Australia, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ghasem Abdolpour
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mazidi
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Suter L, Döveling K. Seeing others suffer and enjoying it? The Model of Individual and Social Appraisals of Misfortunes of others in media reception. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1437721. [PMID: 39268384 PMCID: PMC11391638 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1437721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Suffering and misfortunes of other people are often portrayed in the media. Recipients react to these portrayals with different emotions. This article elucidates and clarifies schadenfreude (pleasure at the misfortune of others) and sympathy (feeling concern or sorrow over another person's distress) in media experiences. A thorough literature review provides in-depth insights into the formation of affective dispositions and schadenfreude from various psychological perspectives. This conceptual analysis leads to the "Model of Individual and Social Appraisals of Misfortunes of Others" (MISAM) which first reveals the determining intrapersonal factors within the emotional experience of schadenfreude and sympathy. Second, it discloses the social component vital for understanding the construction and regulation of these emotions. The model combines individual and social appraisal processes and identifies the factors involved in the elicitation and regulation of schadenfreude and sympathy in the media reception of misfortunes. With the aim of integrating different perspectives, we incorporated Affective Disposition Theory and recent work from social psychology and used an appraisal framework. The MISAM opens the path for further investigation of schadenfreude and sympathy in media reception, beyond entertainment experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Suter
- School of Applied Psychology, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Communication and Media Research (IKMZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Döveling
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Levantini V, Muratori P, Bertacchi I, Grilli V, Marzano A, Masi G, Milone A, Kimonis ER. The "Measure of Empathy in Early Childhood": Psychometric Properties and Associations with Externalizing Problems and Callous Unemotional Traits. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01673-7. [PMID: 38261151 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Empathy is crucial to the development of socio-emotional skills in youth and empathy development is central to understanding and subtyping youth with externalizing problems. This study explored for the first time the psychometric properties of the Measure of Empathy in Early Childhood (MEEC) in a sample of 652 Italian children aged 6 to 8 years. The gender invariance of MEEC scores and their associations with other measures of empathy and prosocial behavior, and children's externalizing problems and callous-unemotional (CU) traits were also evaluated. Results indicated that with some modifications, a 5-factor structure of the Italian version of MEEC scores fitted the data and was invariant across gender. Results further supported the reliability and validity of MEEC total and subscale scores. Practical implications of these results are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Levantini
- Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Muratori
- Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Bertacchi
- Accademia di Neuropsicologia dello Sviluppo (A.N.Svi), Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Virginia Grilli
- Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Masi
- Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annarita Milone
- Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eva R Kimonis
- Parent-Child Research Clinic, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Hurissa BF, Koricha ZB, Dadi LS. Effect of empathy training on the empathy level of healthcare providers in Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1091605. [PMID: 37284470 PMCID: PMC10239930 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1091605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Empathy has deteriorated throughout clinical training and medical practice, and little is known about the effect of empathy training on the empathy level of healthcare providers. To address this gap, we assessed the effect of empathy training on the empathy level of healthcare providers in Ethiopia. Design A cluster randomized controlled trial study design was conducted from 20 December 2021 to 20 March 2022. The empathy training intervention was conducted for three consecutive days. Setting The study was conducted in five fistula treatment centers in Ethiopia. Participants The participants were all randomly selected healthcare providers. Main outcome measures Total mean score, percentage changes, and Cohen's effect size were computed. A linear mixed effects model and independent t-test were used for data analysis. Results A majority of the study participants were nurses in the profession, married, and first-degree holders. There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline empathy score of the intervention arm across their socio-demographic features. At the baseline, the mean empathy scores of the control and intervention arms were 102.10 ± 15.38 and 101.13 ± 17.67, respectively. The effect of empathy training on the total mean score changes of empathy of the intervention arm compared to the control arm at each follow-up time had a statistically significant difference. After a week, a month, and three months of post-intervention, the total mean empathy scores between the intervention and control arms were as follows: (intervention 112.65 ± 18.99, control 102.85 ± 15.65, d = 0.55, p = 0.03); (intervention 109.01 ± 17.79, control 100.52 ± 12.57, d = 0.53, p = 0.034); and (intervention 106.28 ± 16.24, control 96.58 ± 14.69, d = 0.60, p = 0.016) with the overall percentage changes of 11, 8, and 5% from the baseline scores, respectively. Conclusion In this trial, the empathy training intervention was found to have more than a medium effect size. However, over the follow-up intervals, there was a decreasing trend in the total mean empathy scores of healthcare providers; suggesting that there should be continued empathy training and integration of it into educational and training curriculums to enhance and sustain the empathy of healthcare providers.Clinical Trial Registration: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry: http://www.edctp.org/panafrican-clinical-trials-registry or https://pactr.samrc.ac.za, PACTR202112564898934.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zewdie Birhanu Koricha
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Lelisa Sena Dadi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Park G, Chung J, Lee S. Effect of AI chatbot emotional disclosure on user satisfaction and reuse intention for mental health counseling: a serial mediation model. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-11. [PMID: 36406852 PMCID: PMC9643933 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the effect of chatbot emotional disclosure on user satisfaction and reuse intention for a chatbot counseling service. It also examined the independent and sequential mediation roles of user emotional disclosure intention and perceived intimacy with a chatbot on the relationship between chatbot emotional disclosure, user satisfaction, and reuse intention for chatbot counseling. In total, 348 American adults were recruited to participate in a mental health counseling session with either of the two types of artificial intelligence-powered mental health counseling chatbots. These included a chatbot disclosing factual information only or a chatbot disclosing humanlike emotions. The results revealed that chatbot emotional disclosure significantly increased user satisfaction and reuse intention for a chatbot counseling service. The results further revealed that user emotional disclosure intention and perceived intimacy with a chatbot independently and serially mediates the effect of chatbot emotional disclosure on user satisfaction and chatbot counseling service reuse intention. The results indicate positive effects of artificial emotions and their disclosure in the context of chatbot moderated mental health counseling. Practical implications and psychological mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gain Park
- Department of Journalism and Media Studies, New Mexico State University, 2915 McFie Circle, Milton Hall 158, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA
| | - Jiyun Chung
- Convergence and Open Sharing System-Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2 Sungkyunkwan-Ro, 50212 Hoam Hall, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, South Korea 03063
| | - Seyoung Lee
- Department of Media and Communication, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-Ro, 50505 Hoam Hall, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, South Korea 03063
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
The Effects of the Creator’s Situation on Creativity Evaluation: The Rater’s Cognitive Empathy and Affective Empathy Matter in Rating Creative Works. J Intell 2022; 10:jintelligence10040075. [PMID: 36278597 PMCID: PMC9590041 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence10040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful intelligence theory suggests that creativity is necessary for personal achievement outside of intelligence. Unlike intelligence, creativity can develop in a supportive environment. People should consider the situation of disadvantaged groups, which are characterized by low personal achievement and a bad growth environment in creativity evaluation from a caring perspective. This study focuses on the effect of the creator’s situation on creative evaluation and the role of the rater’s empathy (i.e., cognitive empathy and affective empathy) and sympathy in creative evaluation. Four pairs of creator’s situations (by age, physical state, family situation, and economic state) were designed to represent people with disadvantages or advantages. A between-subject design was used with 590 undergraduate students randomly assigned to eight sub-conditions. The participants were asked to assess three products in eight situations. The rater’s empathy and sympathy in creativity evaluation were explored in the overall disadvantage (N = 300) and advantage (N = 290) conditions. The results showed that the participants only provided significantly higher ratings to the creative product made by a child. Cognitive empathy only predicted a creative rating under disadvantaged conditions, and affective empathy negatively moderated this effect. Affective empathy only predicted a creative rating under advantage conditions, and cognitive empathy positively moderated this effect. Affective empathy only predicted a creative rating under advantage conditions, and cognitive empathy positively moderated this effect. The possible mechanisms of the effect and implications for the establishment of a supportive environment for creativity and creativity teaching practice were discussed.
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Feng T, Wang X, Chen Q, Liu X, Yang L, Liu S, Zhang Y. Sympathy and active defending behaviors among Chinese adolescent bystanders: A moderated mediation model of attitude toward bullying and school connectedness. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Qiuxu Chen
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Xingchang Liu
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Lihong Yang
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Simeng Liu
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Educational Informatization Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Brett JD, Becerra R, Maybery MT, Preece DA. The Psychometric Assessment of Empathy: Development and Validation of the Perth Empathy Scale. Assessment 2022; 30:1140-1156. [PMID: 35435013 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221086987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Empathy, the ability to infer and share others' affective states, plays a vital role in social interactions. However, no existing scale comprehensively assesses empathy's cognitive and affective components across positive and negative emotional valence domains. This article explores the latent structure of the empathy construct and attempts to remedy past measurement limitations by developing and validating a new 20-item self-report measure, the Perth Empathy Scale (PES). In Study 1 (N = 316), factor analyses revealed a coherent empathy construct comprised of cognitive and valence-specific affective components. Study 2 (N = 331) replicated this factor structure, showed measurement invariance between males and females, and highlighted the importance of assessing negative and positive emotions in empathy. The PES showed convergent and discriminant validity from comparisons with alexithymia and other empathy measures. Overall, this article empirically establishes a conceptually clear structure of the multidimensional empathy construct, which the PES reliably and validly measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David A Preece
- University of Western Australia, Perth, USA.,Curtin University, Perth, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Givens J, Wilkinson BD. More than a feeling: Constructing emotion in theory and practice. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Givens
- School of Education Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA
| | - Brett D. Wilkinson
- School of Education Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Gatyas
- Department of Social Inquiry, University of Wisconsin-Superior, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Sesso G, Brancati GE, Fantozzi P, Inguaggiato E, Milone A, Masi G. Measures of empathy in children and adolescents: A systematic review of questionnaires. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:876-896. [PMID: 34733649 PMCID: PMC8546775 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empathy has long been considered a multidimensional construct, encompassing cognitive, affective and behavioral domains. Deficits in empathic competences in early childhood contribute to psychopathology, and have been variably implicated in several clinical conditions, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and conduct disorders. AIM To identify and describe empirically validated questionnaires assessing empathy in children and adolescents and to provide a summary of related theoretical perspectives on empathy definitional issues. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Three bibliographic databases were searched. A total of 47 studies were selected for final analysis and 16 distinct measures were identified and described. RESULTS Questionable to excellent levels of internal consistency were observed, while few studies assessed test-retest reliability. Although construct definitions only partially overlapped, affective and cognitive domains of empathy were the commonest internal factors that were often separately evaluated. New facets of the construct (i.e., somatic empathy and sympathy) and specific clinical populations (i.e., ASD) could be specifically addressed through more recent instruments. CONCLUSION The combination of different assessment methods is recommended in order to foresee further improvements in this field and try to overcome the problem of limited convergence with more objective measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sesso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | | | - Pamela Fantozzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone 56128, Italy
| | - Emanuela Inguaggiato
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone 56128, Italy
| | - Annarita Milone
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone 56128, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone 56128, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Empathic Design in Engineering Education and Practice: An Approach for Achieving Inclusive and Effective Community Resilience. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13074060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we argue that an inclusive and effective community resilience approach requires empathy as a missing component in the current engineering education and practice. An inclusive and effective community resilience approach needs to be human-centric, individual- and communal-sensitive, justice-oriented, and values-based consistent. In this paper, we argue that three kinds of empathy, namely cognitive, affective, and conative, play a central role in creating and sustaining an inclusive and effective approach to community resilience. Finally, we discuss empathetic education through learning theories and analytics skills to cultivate empathy in engineering education. Cultivating empathy in engineering education could help advance the impact and contribution of engineering to well-being.
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Clark AJ, Butler CM. Empathy: An Integral Model in Clinical Social Work. SOCIAL WORK 2020; 65:169-177. [PMID: 32266410 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Empathy has held a vital and enduring standing in the theory and practice of clinical social work. Defining and conceptualizing empathy is a continuing challenge in social work and across the human services. A multitude of definitions of empathy exist in the therapeutic literature, creating confusion relating to research findings and treatment processes. Recent trends emphasize an overarching and expansive way of conceiving empathic understanding in the therapeutic relationship and informing treatment practice. Multiple perspectives of empathy facilitate a broad and wide-ranging engagement of the practitioner and the client in the therapeutic process. With significant implications for clinical social workers, an integral model capitalizes on the engagement of empathy from multiple ways of knowing: subjective, objective, and interpersonal. Numerous clinical examples illustrate applications of the tripartite model in social work practice. The integral empathy model is amenable to research and training across therapeutic contexts in social work and related fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie M Butler
- School of Social Work, College of Liberal and Applied Arts, Stephen F. Austin State University, The Woodlands, TX
| |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Bayne HB, Conley AH, Colburn AN. Counselor Empathy; Religiosity; and Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Perspectives. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cvj.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Barnhill Bayne
- Department of Pastoral CounselingLoyola University Maryland
- Now at the Department of Counselor EducationUniversity of Florida Gainesville
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Bloom ZD, Lambie GW. The Adolescent Measure of Empathy and Sympathy in a Sample of Emerging Adults. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07481756.2019.1667243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Bloom
- Department of Counselor Education, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Glenn W. Lambie
- Department of Child, Family, and Community Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Liu B, Sundar SS. Should Machines Express Sympathy and Empathy? Experiments with a Health Advice Chatbot. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2018; 21:625-636. [PMID: 30334655 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2018.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
When we ask a chatbot for advice about a personal problem, should it simply provide informational support and refrain from offering emotional support? Or, should it show sympathy and empathize with our situation? Although expression of caring and understanding is valued in supportive human communications, do we want the same from a chatbot, or do we simply reject it due to its artificiality and uncanniness? To answer this question, we conducted two experiments with a chatbot providing online medical information advice about a sensitive personal issue. In Study 1, participants (N = 158) simply read a dialogue between a chatbot and a human user. In Study 2, participants (N = 88) interacted with a real chatbot. We tested the effect of three types of empathic expression-sympathy, cognitive empathy, and affective empathy-on individuals' perceptions of the service and the chatbot. Data reveal that expression of sympathy and empathy is favored over unemotional provision of advice, in support of the Computers are Social Actors (CASA) paradigm. This is particularly true for users who are initially skeptical about machines possessing social cognitive capabilities. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Liu
- Media Effects Research Laboratory, Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications, Penn State University, University Park , Pennsylvania
| | - S Shyam Sundar
- Media Effects Research Laboratory, Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications, Penn State University, University Park , Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Wang Y, Su Q, Wen Z. Exploring Latent Profiles of Empathy Among Chinese Preschool Teachers: A Person-Centered Approach. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282918786653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In view of the shortcomings of previous research on empathy (e.g., no dimensional differentiation, predominantly variable-centered approaches, and a lack of sample diversity), we adopted a person-centered approach to identify distinct profiles of empathy among Chinese preschool teachers, and we examined how these profiles relate to certain outcomes. We identified three profiles—moderate empathy, high cognitive empathy–moderate affective empathy, and high empathy—that varied in the level and shape of the profile indicators. Subsequent analyses showed that participants with higher levels of overall empathy scored higher in sympathy, while those with higher levels of affective empathy and lower levels of cognitive empathy scored higher in emotional exhaustion. Finally, we discussed the theoretical and practical implications of the findings and the limitations of the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application/School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Su
- Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglin Wen
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application/School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Not just an ego-trip: Exploring backers’ motivation for funding in incentive-based crowdfunding. JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsis.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
|
19
|
Wang Y, Wen Z, Fu Y, Zheng L. Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Measure of Empathy and Sympathy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
|
20
|
Norman RMG, Li Y, Sorrentino R, Hampson E, Ye Y. The differential effects of a focus on symptoms versus recovery in reducing stigma of schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1385-1394. [PMID: 28821903 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We extend investigations of the impact of the content of video contact with an individual with schizophrenia on stigma reduction. We examine whether differential impacts persist over a 2-week period and the extent to which they are mediated by perceived similarity and feelings of empathy and/or sympathy. METHOD We used a randomized control trial wherein participants were exposed to a video in which an individual described his recovery from schizophrenia, or the same person described acute symptoms of schizophrenia, or a no-video control condition. Outcomes included impressions of and preferred social distance to the person in the video and people in general with schizophrenia and well as perceptions of similarity and feelings of sympathy and empathy. We also measured an overt behaviour, seating distance, at 2-week follow-up. RESULTS The recovery-focused material was generally more effective in improving impressions and reducing preferred level of social distance. Although the symptom-focused video resulted in great sympathy for the person, this did not translate into positive impressions or reduced social distance. Mediational analyses yielded findings consistent with the benefits of the recovery video being mediated by increased perceptions of similarity and lower feelings of sympathy. Exposure to the recovery-focused video resulted in less anxiety in anticipation of meeting the person in the video relative to the control condition. CONCLUSIONS Video contact emphasizing potential for recovery from schizophrenia was more effective in reducing stigmatizing responses than contact highlighting acute symptoms. Increased sympathy does not necessarily translate into reductions in stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross M G Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, A2-648, 800 Commissioners Road, East London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Yixian Li
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth Hampson
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, A2-648, 800 Commissioners Road, East London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yang Ye
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Using Health Impact Assessment as an Interdisciplinary Teaching Tool. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070744. [PMID: 28698462 PMCID: PMC5551182 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Health Impact Assessment (HIA) courses are teaching public health and urban planning students how to assess the likely health effects of proposed policies, plans, and projects. We suggest that public health and urban planning have complimentary frameworks for training practitioners to address the living conditions that affect health. Planning perspectives emphasize practical skills for impacting community change, while public health stresses professional purpose and ethics. Frameworks from both disciplines can enhance the HIA learning experience by helping students tackle questions related to community impact, engagement, social justice, and ethics. We also propose that HIA community engagement processes can be enriched through an empathetic practice that focuses on greater personal introspection.
Collapse
|
|
22
|
BAYNE HANNAHB, HAYS DANICAG. Examining Conditions for Empathy in Counseling: An Exploratory Model. THE JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC COUNSELING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/johc.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- HANNAH B. BAYNE
- Department of Pastoral Counseling; Loyola University Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
Bayne HB, Jangha A. Utilizing Improvisation to Teach Empathy Skills in Counselor Education. COUNSELOR EDUCATION AND SUPERVISION 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ceas.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B. Bayne
- Department of Counselor Education and Supervision; Loyola University Maryland
| | - Awa Jangha
- Department of Counselor Education and Supervision; Loyola University Maryland
- Now at Department of Counselor Education; Seminary of the Southwest
| |
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Vossen HG, Valkenburg PM. Do social media foster or curtail adolescents’ empathy? A longitudinal study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
|
25
|
The Relationship Between Empathy and Stringency of Punishment in Mock Jurors. JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS 2015. [DOI: 10.5334/jeps.cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
|
26
|
Vossen HG, Piotrowski JT, Valkenburg PM. Development of the Adolescent Measure of Empathy and Sympathy (AMES). PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
|
27
|
Abstract
The inconsistent definition of empathy has had a negative impact on both research and practice. The aim of this article is to review and critically appraise a range of definitions of empathy and, through considered analysis, to develop a new conceptualisation. From the examination of 43 discrete definitions, 8 themes relating to the nature of empathy emerged: “distinguishing empathy from other concepts”; “cognitive or affective?”; “congruent or incongruent?”; “subject to other stimuli?”; “self/other distinction or merging?”; “trait or state influences?”; “has a behavioural outcome?”; and “automatic or controlled?” The relevance and validity of each theme is assessed and a new conceptualisation of empathy is offered. The benefits of employing a more consistent and complete definition of empathy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M.P. Cuff
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Coventry University, UK
| | - Sarah J. Brown
- Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement, Coventry University, UK
| | - Laura Taylor
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Coventry University, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
28
|
van der Wath A, van Wyk N, Janse van Rensburg E. Emergency nurses' experiences of caring for survivors of intimate partner violence. J Adv Nurs 2013; 69:2242-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annatjie van der Wath
- Department of Nursing Science; School of Health Care Sciences; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | - Neltjie van Wyk
- Department of Nursing Science; School of Health Care Sciences; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | - Elsie Janse van Rensburg
- Department of Nursing Science; School of Health Care Sciences; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
|
29
|
|