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1
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Ward MZ, Bouguettaya A, van Zoest W. A British understanding of racialised gaze-cueing in the context of implicit racial bias, explicit racial identity and self-esteem. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2025:17470218251335304. [PMID: 40205730 DOI: 10.1177/17470218251335304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Gaze-cueing is subject to social influences; people tend to shift their attention in the same direction as others, but this relationship may be affected by the observer's race and the observed's race. Evidence suggests that Italian (Black and White) and American (Black and White) populations show preferential ingroup gaze-cueing for White participants, but no preferential variance for Black participants. This experimental study aimed to examine the robustness of this effect within a British population, with a secondary aim of understanding processes behind racial differences via the use of implicit racial bias, explicit racial identity and self-esteem measures. Results revealed that Black participants showed an ingroup bias in gaze-cueing, whereas no such bias was observed for White participants, contradicting previous findings. The hypothesised secondary processes did not significantly influence the biases in gaze-cueing between groups. These findings emphasise intergroup variability's importance in gaining a better understanding of how racialised gaze-cueing manifests across different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makayla Z Ward
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Noteborn MGC, Sijtsema JJ, Denissen JJA, Bogaerts S. Assessing Implicit Theories in Sexual Offending Using Indirect Measures: Feasibility, Reliability, and Incremental Validity. Assessment 2025; 32:447-469. [PMID: 38715241 PMCID: PMC11915770 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241245009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2025]
Abstract
This study assessed psychometric qualities of indirect measures assessing Implicit Theories (ITs) of sexual offending: Implicit Association Task (IAT), Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), and Relational Responding Task (RRT). For comparison reasons, aggressive behavior was also assessed. In a male sample from the general population (N = 109), we assessed each measure's (a) feasibility (mean latency, error rate, passing criteria), (b) internal consistency, (c) convergent and discriminant validity, and (d) incremental and predictive validity. Results indicated that no indirect measure met all criteria. Although the IAT was reasonably feasible and reliable in measuring aggression, ITs could not be reliably assessed. The RRT was feasible and somewhat reliable in assessing ITs, whereas the IRAP showed limited feasibility, high task complexity, low reliability, and the presence of a method factor. No measure had incremental predictive validity over the use of self-report measures, although we note that the power to detect such associations was limited. As none of the indirect measures performed satisfactorily on the measured criteria, the use of these measures in clinical practice seems currently unwarranted to assess ITs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelle J. Sijtsema
- Tilburg University, The Netherlands
- Fivoor Science and Treatment Innovation, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Tilburg University, The Netherlands
- Fivoor Science and Treatment Innovation, The Netherlands
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3
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Olson MA, McNulty JK. Evaluative conditioning as a source gut feelings and its potential for behavioral nudging. Curr Opin Psychol 2025; 61:101943. [PMID: 39612799 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/01/2024]
Abstract
The theme of limited resources pervades the mental health landscape. Practitioners often lack adequate resources to provide interventions for all who could benefit from them, and potential beneficiaries often lack adequate cognitive, financial, and temporal resources to make use of them. Even under rare conditions of bounty, many intensive interventions show small, fleeting effects. Such a landscape begs a space for behavioral nudges: cheap, easily implementable tweaks to people's decision environments aimed at improving health while preserving autonomy. Although existing nudges can be effective, they have their own limitations. Here we explore the case for Evaluative Conditioning (EC) as a largely overlooked yet potentially effective kind of behavioral nudge that can reap nudges' benefits while addressing some of their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, 1404 Circle Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37916, USA.
| | - James K McNulty
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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4
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Allen AM, Burk JA, Dickter CL. The Effect of Labeling During Simulated Contact on Attitudes Toward Autistic Adults. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2025; 7:93-99. [PMID: 40151654 PMCID: PMC11937770 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Background Autistic adults are perceived more negatively than neurotypical (NT) adults by NT individuals. These negative perceptions can contribute to discrimination toward and social exclusion of autistic adults, which is detrimental to their mental and physical well-being. This study examined whether reading a vignette and imagining an interaction with a peer labeled as autistic would improve implicit and explicit attitudes toward autistic people. Methods NT adults (n = 120) read a vignette and were asked to imagine an interaction with an unfamiliar person who was either labeled as autistic or not and displayed perseverative behavior, limited eye contact, or no described behavior. Results Overall, participants associated autistic terms with negative attributes rather than positive attributes, but those who imagined interacting with an individual labeled as autistic had less negative implicit bias toward autistic people than those who imagined interacting with a person without a label of autism. Explicit bias was not affected by the simulated scenario. When assessing some of the factors that are associated with implicit and explicit attitudes, we found that implicit attitudes and prior contact with autistic individuals were significantly related while controlling for Societal Attitudes towards Autism (SATA), while explicit attitudes were associated with SATA controlling for prior contact. Discussion These findings suggest that a brief exercise in which participants imagine a positive encounter with a person labeled as autistic can reduce implicit bias toward autistic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M. Allen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Joshua A. Burk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Dickter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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5
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Gawronski B, Corneille O. Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects. Annu Rev Psychol 2025; 76:359-384. [PMID: 39265067 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-051324-031037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Claims about unawareness are abundant in attitude research. This article provides an analysis of evidence regarding three aspects of an attitude of which people may lack awareness: (a) the attitude itself, (b) its environmental causes, and (c) its behavioral effects. Our analysis reveals that, despite widespread claims of unawareness of the three aspects, strong empirical evidence for these claims is surprisingly scarce. The article concludes with a discussion of the most likely aspects of attitudes that people may be unaware of; their relation to contextual factors that might influence evaluative responses outside of awareness; open questions about the (un)awareness of attitudes, their environmental causes, and their behavioral effects; and methodological recommendations for future research that aims to provide more compelling evidence for aspects of attitudes that may evade awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Gawronski
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Olivier Corneille
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
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6
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Granados Samayoa JA, Albarracín D. Bypassing as a non-confrontational influence strategy. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 59:101855. [PMID: 39128388 PMCID: PMC11401750 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Psychological interventions tend to be confrontational in nature. That is, when psychologists seek to bring about change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, they often do so by directly confronting the presumed barrier to change. Confrontational approaches can be effective, but suffer from limitations to their efficacy, such as the possibility of arousing discomfort or defensiveness from the recipient. The current piece seeks to highlight an alternative strategy that we refer to as bypassing, which refers to a general approach for bringing about behavior change without confrontation. Leveraging insights from research on misinformation, stereotypes, and persuasion, we present evidence that non-confrontational approaches can be as effective, if not more so, than the traditional confrontational paradigm.
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7
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Elder J, Wilson L, Calanchini J. Estimating the Reliability and Stability of Cognitive Processes Contributing to Responses on the Implicit Association Test. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1451-1470. [PMID: 37204215 PMCID: PMC11367805 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Implicit measures were initially assumed to assess stable individual differences, but other perspectives posit that they reflect context-dependent processes. This pre-registered research investigates whether the processes contributing to responses on the race Implicit Association Test are temporally stable and reliably measured using multinomial processing tree modeling. We applied two models-the Quad model and the Process Dissociation Procedure-to six datasets (N = 2,036), each collected over two occasions, examined the within-measurement reliability and between-measurement stability of model parameters, and meta-analyzed the results. Parameters reflecting accuracy-oriented processes demonstrate adequate stability and reliability, which suggests these processes are relatively stable within individuals. Parameters reflecting evaluative associations demonstrate poor stability but modest reliability, which suggests that associations are either context-dependent or stable but noisily measured. These findings suggest that processes contributing to racial bias on implicit measures differ in temporal stability, which has practical implications for predicting behavior using the Implicit Association Test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liz Wilson
- University of California, Riverside, USA
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8
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Togans LJ, McConnell AR. Blinded by wistfulness: on how nostalgia strengthens attitudes. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:913-927. [PMID: 38554262 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2336196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Across four studies, we explored how feeling nostalgic about an attitude object impacts the metacognitive characteristics of the attitude toward that object and how those metacognitions predict the evaluation's underlying strength. In each study, participants reflected on and evaluated a song or television show that either did or did not elicit nostalgia. Across these studies, we found support for the hypotheses that nostalgic attitude objects are viewed more positively, appraised with greater attitudinal importance, and exhibited less objective ambivalence. In Study 4, we observed that nostalgic attitudes are associated with greater behavioural intentions and that this relationship was mediated both by attitudinal importance and objective ambivalence. These studies contribute to our understanding of how nostalgia affects attitude formation processes.
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9
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Totzkay D, Fraustino JD, Smith BT, Jarrett T, Dino GA, Costello LM, Kristjansson AL. Predicting COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions to Inform Evidence-Based Messaging for Building Vaccine Confidence Among Rural Americans. Am J Health Promot 2024; 38:1004-1013. [PMID: 38652835 DOI: 10.1177/08901171241249281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine possible message topics to promote rural vaccination using psychosocial antecedents of vaccination. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey administered by Research America, Inc. SETTING West Virginia (WV). SAMPLE 756 WV adults via convenience sample (n = 370; ∼2% response rate from online panel of ∼20 000 WV residents), and random digit dial of landlines (n = 174; ∼1% response rate from 18 432 numbers) and cellphones (n = 212; ∼1% response rate from 20 486 numbers). MEASURES Outcome measures included self-reported vaccination intention and behavior. Predictor measures, rooted in theories of social and behavioral science that have been found to be predictive of vaccination outcomes (i.e., Reasoned Action Approach, Extended Parallel Process Model), included perceived severity and susceptibility, negative affect, instrumental and affective attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and perceived control. ANALYSIS Multivariate linear regression for intention and logistic regression for behavior. RESULTS Intention was positively predicted by affective attitude, β = .30, P < .05, instrumental attitude, β = .19, P < .05, response efficacy, β = .19, P < .05, negative affect, β = .16, P < .05, self-efficacy, β = .13, P < .05, and subjective norm, β = .13, P < .05, F(10, 267) = 30.12, Adj. R2 = .53. Vaccination status was predicted by instrumental attitude, exp(B) = 2.09, and subjective norm, exp(B) = 2.00, Pseudo R2 = .29, log likelihood = 125.11, χ2(10) = 38.34, P < .05. Promising message targets were instrumental attitude, M = 3.21, SD = 1.46, and subjective norms, M = 3.76, SD = 1.71. CONCLUSION COVID-19 vaccine confidence messages should address (1) positive feelings and safety perceptions, (2) vaccination's effectiveness in preventing serious COVID-19, and (3) subjective vaccination norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Totzkay
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- WVU Public Interest Communication Research Laboratory, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Julia Daisy Fraustino
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- WVU Public Interest Communication Research Laboratory, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brittany T Smith
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia Prevention Research Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Traci Jarrett
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia Prevention Research Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Geri A Dino
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia Prevention Research Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lisa M Costello
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- WVU Public Interest Communication Research Laboratory, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alfgeir L Kristjansson
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- West Virginia Prevention Research Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
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10
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Oliveira M, Brands J, Mashudi J, Liefooghe B, Hortensius R. Perceptions of artificial intelligence system's aptitude to judge morality and competence amidst the rise of Chatbots. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 39019988 PMCID: PMC11255178 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper examines how humans judge the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) to evaluate human attributes, specifically focusing on two key dimensions of human social evaluation: morality and competence. Furthermore, it investigates the impact of exposure to advanced Large Language Models on these perceptions. In three studies (combined N = 200), we tested the hypothesis that people will find it less plausible that AI is capable of judging the morality conveyed by a behavior compared to judging its competence. Participants estimated the plausibility of AI origin for a set of written impressions of positive and negative behaviors related to morality and competence. Studies 1 and 3 supported our hypothesis that people would be more inclined to attribute AI origin to competence-related impressions compared to morality-related ones. In Study 2, we found this effect only for impressions of positive behaviors. Additional exploratory analyses clarified that the differentiation between the AI origin of competence and morality judgments persisted throughout the first half year after the public launch of popular AI chatbot (i.e., ChatGPT) and could not be explained by participants' general attitudes toward AI, or the actual source of the impressions (i.e., AI or human). These findings suggest an enduring belief that AI is less adept at assessing the morality compared to the competence of human behavior, even as AI capabilities continued to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Oliveira
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Justus Brands
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Mashudi
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Baptist Liefooghe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Hortensius
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Goedderz A, Hahn A. Awareness and Calibration: The Role of Descriptive Norms and Social Desirability in Accurate IAT Score Predictions of Food Items vs. Social Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241254447. [PMID: 38829013 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241254447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Extending research that people are able to predict the patterns of their social group biases on Implicit Association Tests (IATs), we let participants predict and complete IATs toward five different food item pairs and compared the results with the social-groups domain. Participants predicted the patterns of their IAT scores with similar accuracy in both domains, suggesting similar internal awareness (evidenced by comparable within-subjects correlations), even though food evaluations followed less descriptively-normative patterns. At the same time, participants were better-calibrated in communicating their evaluations in the domain of food than social groups (evidenced by higher between-subjects correlations). This discrepancy may partly stem from participants' tendency to refrain from using harsh labels when predicting social group biases, despite their demonstrated awareness of them: IAT scores predicted as "moderate" or "strong" for food preferences tended to be labeled "mild" for social groups. Discussion centers on the importance of distinguishing between awareness and calibration.
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12
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Fincham FD, May R. Divine Forgiveness and Well-being Among Emerging Adults in the USA. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:2276-2290. [PMID: 36183033 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Systematic research on divine forgiveness is notably absent from the literature on forgiveness. Two studies therefore explored the relationship between divine forgiveness and well-being, and what might account for any association found. Study 1 (N = 574) documented an inverse relationship between divine forgiveness and anxiety and showed that this relationship was mediated by attitude toward God. Study 2 (N = 430) replicated and extended the findings of the first study using a different measure of anxiety and documented a positive relationship between divine forgiveness and satisfaction with life. It also showed that both positive and negative evaluations of one's relationship with God mediated these relationships. These results emphasize the need for systematic research on divine forgiveness, and several directions for future research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Fincham
- Family Institute, Florida State University, 120 Convocation Way, Sandels Building 225, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1491, USA.
| | - Ross May
- Tallahassee Memorial Hospital, Tallahassee, USA
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13
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Maghaydah S, Al-Emran M, Maheshwari P, Al-Sharafi MA. Factors affecting metaverse adoption in education: A systematic review, adoption framework, and future research agenda. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28602. [PMID: 38576548 PMCID: PMC10990854 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Metaverse, underpinned by its technical infrastructure, heavily relies on user engagement and behavior for successful integration into educational settings. Understanding its driving factors is essential for such a platform to transition from theory to practice, especially in educational settings. However, these factors remain elusive due to inconsistencies in infrastructure and environments. Therefore, this systematic review aims to fill this void by presenting an integrative view on Metaverse adoption in education. This is achieved via three primary dimensions: establishing a taxonomy of the factors influencing Metaverse adoption in education, proposing a framework for Metaverse adoption, and suggesting future research trajectories in this domain. The review systematically classifies the influential factors into four distinct categories: psychological and motivational factors, quality factors, social factors, and inhibiting factors. The proposed framework provides a structured approach for future studies investigating the Metaverse adoption in educational settings. The proposed framework also emphasizes that educational institutions should not only consider the technical prerequisites but also the social, psychological, and motivational aspects of the Metaverse. The study also pinpoints several critical research agendas to enhance our understanding of Metaverse adoption in education. The insights from this review are invaluable for educational institutions, policymakers, developers, and researchers, significantly enriching the emerging field of Metaverse adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Maghaydah
- The British University in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mostafa Al-Emran
- The British University in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Mohammed A. Al-Sharafi
- Department of Informatics, College of Computing & Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Informatics and Computing in Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Kurdi B, Melnikoff DE, Hannay JW, Korkmaz A, Lee KM, Ritchie E, Surdel N, Vuletich HA, Yang X, Payne BK, Ferguson MJ. Testing the automaticity features of the affect misattribution procedure: The roles of awareness and intentionality. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3161-3194. [PMID: 38030926 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The affect misattribution procedure (AMP) is a measure of implicit evaluations, designed to index the automatic retrieval of evaluative knowledge. The AMP effect consists in participants evaluating neutral target stimuli positively when preceded by positive primes and negatively when preceded by negative primes. After multiple prior tests of intentionality, Hughes et al. (Behav Res Methods 55(4):1558-1586, 2023) examined the role of awareness in the AMP and found that AMP effects were larger when participants indicated that their response was influenced by the prime than when they did not. Here we report seven experiments (six preregistered; N = 2350) in which we vary the methodological features of the AMP to better understand this awareness effect. In Experiments 1-4, we establish variability in the magnitude of the awareness effect in response to variations in the AMP procedure. By introducing further modifications to the AMP procedure, Experiments 5-7 suggest an alternative explanation of the awareness effect, namely that awareness can be the outcome, rather than the cause, of evaluative congruency between primes and responses: Awareness effects emerged even when awareness could not have contributed to AMP effects, including when participants judged influence awareness for third parties or primes were presented post hoc. Finally, increasing the evaluative strength of the primes increased participants' tendency to misattribute AMP effects to the influence of target stimuli. Together, the present findings suggest that AMP effects can create awareness effects rather than vice versa and support the AMP's construct validity as a measure of unintentional evaluations of which participants are also potentially unaware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Kurdi
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | | | - Jason W Hannay
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - Arın Korkmaz
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kent M Lee
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Ritchie
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas Surdel
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Xin Yang
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - B Keith Payne
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Pham AT, Maimone S, Hermann CA, Nunes KL. Exploring the Underlying Constructs of Rape-Related Cognition Scales and Their Relationships With Sexual Aggression. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2024; 39:3-20. [PMID: 38453368 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Rape-related cognitions (typically defined as encompassing any number of cognitive constructs) are thought to play a role in sexual aggression. However, rape-related cognition scales often assess these cognitive constructs as one. The purpose of this study is to explore the factor structure of these measures using a sample of 191 community men. We found that items from the Rape Myth Acceptance, RAPE, and Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA) scales formed one factor, which was significantly related to sexual aggression. We further found that four and six IRMA subscales were significantly related to past and likelihood of sexual aggression, respectively. Additionally, one IRMA subscale was independently related to past and likelihood of sexual aggression. The results are discussed in terms of implications and direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Pham
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sacha Maimone
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kevin L Nunes
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Burberg T, Würth S, Amesberger G, Finkenzeller T. Affective associations towards running: fuzzy patterns of implicit-explicit interaction in young female runners and non-runners. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1210546. [PMID: 38356793 PMCID: PMC10864672 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1210546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence demonstrates that high concordance and low discrepancy of implicit and explicit affective processes facilitate consistent exercise behavior. Novice runners often have difficulties implementing their running behavior on a regular basis resulting in irregular running behavior. To investigate the potential value of affective associations 89 young female runners (regular and irregular) and non-runners were recruited. Affective associations towards running were measured through a Single-Target Implicit Association Test on the implicit level and by self-report on the explicit level. Implicit-explicit interaction (IEI) scores (i.e., implicit-explicit concordance and discrepancy) were derived from principal component analysis. Fuzzy k-means cluster analysis was used to identify patterns of interacting implicit-explicit affective associations. The resulting clusters were assessed for differences in previous running experience, current running behavior, motivational and intentional aspects. Four meaningful overlapping clusters were found and labeled according to their prevalent IEI patterns (i.e., "positive non-discrepant", "positive discrepant", "negative discrepant", "negative non-discrepant"). Significant differences between clusters were found for past running experience, current running behavior, motivational and intentional aspects. The results indicate that running behavior varies between and within patterns of affective associations. In line with previous findings, positive non-discrepant implicit and explicit affective associations are linked to more consistent running behavior, while negative non-discrepant affect is associated with non-runners. However, the occurrence of discrepant implicit-explicit affective associations in young women differing in running behavior, motivation, and intention broadens the view of the complex relationship between affective processes and exercise behavior. In conclusion, individualized interventions that take into account the implicit-explicit interaction of affective associations besides well-known cognitive self-regulatory resources may prove more effective for individuals who struggle to run regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Burberg
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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17
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Adhikari S, Joshi O, Sorice MG, Fuhlendorf SD. Understanding behavioral intention of landowners to promote wildlife richness and biodiversity in the Southern Great Plains. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119607. [PMID: 37992654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Ranchers have been conducting traditional management practices such as mono-species grazing and limited burning that focus on stocking rate maximization. This has resulted in negative environmental consequences such as woody plant encroachment, land use change, and species diversity loss. Recently, there has been a growing appreciation for alternative range management that simultaneously promotes biodiversity and agricultural productivity through fire and grazing interactions. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of landowner values, attitudes, and norms on their behavioral intention to adopt best management practices (BMPs) that enhance wildlife abundance in the southern Great Plains. The required data was generated through a mail survey following the Tailored Design method. We utilized the structural equation path model to construct two latent variables for norms and attitudes and analyzed the relationship of the latent variables with value orientations and behavioral intentions. The study results indicated that the attitudes had a significant positive relationship with biocentric (β = 0.15, p-value<0.05) and a negative relationship with anthropocentric (β = -0.259, p-value<0.05) value orientations, however, the relationship of value orientations was statistically insignificant with norms. Further, the results indicated that both norms (β = 0.404, p-value<0.05) and attitudes (β = 0.508, p-value<0.05) had a positive and statistically significant relation with ranchers' intentions to increase wildlife abundance on their land. Study results emphasize the need for innovative communication and non-traditional outreach methods to educate rangeland owners on the importance of patch-burn grazing and other best management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Adhikari
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Omkar Joshi
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Michael G Sorice
- Department of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - Samuel D Fuhlendorf
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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18
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Nunes KL, Hawthorn DML, Bateman ER, Griffith AL, Fraser JM. First Steps in the Development of a New Measure of Attitudes Toward Sexual Offending Against Children. SEXUAL OFFENDING 2023; 18:e11895. [PMID: 39885890 PMCID: PMC11778741 DOI: 10.5964/sotrap.11895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2025] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether existing measures of attitudes and cognitive distortions regarding sexual offending against children (SOC) reflect evaluative attitudes toward SOC (i.e., how negatively or positively one views SOC). The purpose of the current study was to take the first steps toward creating a self-report measure of evaluative attitudes toward SOC. We created 30 items and asked 157 incarcerated people in a sexual offense treatment program to complete them. We retained the 13 items that were the least positively skewed (i.e., lowest endorsement of the most negative response option) and non-redundant (i.e., not too highly correlated with other items) for inclusion in the new measure, which we called the Evaluative Attitudes Toward Sexual Offending Against Children (EASOC) Scale. As an initial test of the relevance of the EASOC Scale, we examined its association with SOC. Participants with SOC (n = 58) reported more positive evaluative attitudes on the EASOC Scale than did those without SOC (n = 22). This expected association is a necessary (but not sufficient) indication that the EASOC Scale may be relevant for predicting and explaining SOC. Future research using more rigorous methodology should build on our modest first steps to revisit item selection and test the validity and relevance of the EASOC Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Nunes
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Amy L. Griffith
- Missouri Sexual Offense Services, Centurion, Jefferson City, MO, USA
| | - Julia M. Fraser
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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19
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Rahmani Azad Z, Goedderz A, Hahn A. Self-Awareness and Stereotypes: Accurate Prediction of Implicit Gender Stereotyping. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:1695-1708. [PMID: 36062337 PMCID: PMC10637100 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research showing that people can predict the patterns of their implicit evaluations toward social groups has raised questions concerning how widely these findings extend to other domains, such as semantic implicit stereotyping. In a preregistered laboratory study, participants were asked to predict their scores on five implicit gender stereotyping Implicit Associations Tests (IATs). Within-subjects correlations between IAT score predictions and IAT scores showed high levels of accuracy. Although part of the IAT score patterns could be predicted from shared knowledge, own predictions significantly outperformed predictions of random others and normative patterns, suggesting self-awareness beyond reliance on shared knowledge. In line with dual-process models emphasizing that different information is captured by implicit as opposed to explicit measures, predictions explained correlations between implicit and traditional explicit stereotyping measures, and led to acknowledgment of bias. Discussion focuses on understanding conscious awareness of semantic automatic processes and conceptualizations of the cognitions underlying implicit measures.
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March DS, Olson MA, Gaertner L. Automatic threat processing shows evidence of exclusivity. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e131. [PMID: 37462171 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22002928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
De Neys argues against assigning exclusive capacities to automatic versus controlled processes. The dual implicit process model provides a theoretical rationale for the exclusivity of automatic threat processing, and corresponding data provide empirical evidence of such exclusivity. De Neys's dismissal of exclusivity is premature and based on a limited sampling of psychological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S March
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, ://psy.fsu.edu/faculty/marchd/march.dp.php
| | - Michael A Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA ://psychology.utk.edu/faculty/gaertner.php
| | - Lowell Gaertner
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA ://psychology.utk.edu/faculty/gaertner.php
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21
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Robinson MD, Asad MR, Irvin RL. Emotional Intelligence as Evaluative Activity: Theory, Findings, and Future Directions. J Intell 2023; 11:125. [PMID: 37367527 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of whether ability-related emotional intelligence (ability EI) predicts important life outcomes has attracted considerably more attention than the question of what ability EI consists of. In the present paper, the authors draw from the attitude and emotion literatures to suggest that the evaluation dimension of meaning is likely key in understanding how ability EI operates. Measures of ability EI predict the extent to which individuals can accurately evaluate words and measures of the latter type act as emotional intelligence measures. Extending this analysis, the paper reviews recent sources of data linking ability EI to attitudinal processes, such as those involved in attitude-behavior relationships and affective bipolarity. Individuals with high EI appear to experience their affect in more bipolar terms and they display evidence of greater decisiveness in their evaluations. Pursuing links of the present type will allow researchers to generate new predictions concerning the ability EI construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Robinson
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 2765, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Muhammad R Asad
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 2765, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Roberta L Irvin
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 2765, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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22
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Montano D, Kuchenbaur M, Peter R. Outcomes and process evaluation of a cluster-randomised participatory organisational intervention among German healthcare workers. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:260. [PMID: 36927537 PMCID: PMC10018607 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present investigation the results of the outcome and process evaluation of a participatory workplace intervention are reported. The intervention aimed to increase the workers' self-assessed physical and mental work ability. METHODS The intervention was a two-arm, cluster-randomised trial with healthcare workers in 10 hospitals and one elderly care centre in Germany. Outcome data on workers were collected in questionnaires at baseline, and two follow-ups between 2019 and 2021. The intervention consisted of interviews and workshops, in which employees proposed measures for reducing the physical and psychosocial load and strengthening resources at work. Outcome data were analysed with linear-mixed regression models. The process evaluation was based on the thematic criteria proposed in previous literature and the collection of the type of intervention measures and their implementation status. RESULTS The regression analysis did not provide evidence of treatment differences or reductions of psychosocial load in the intervention wards. The process evaluation suggested that the measures did not address specifically the self-assessed work ability. In addition, there was no indication that the intervention measures were causally related to the intended goals. CONCLUSIONS The planning and implementation of organisational interventions require a careful consideration of the definition of intervention goals, the theoretical rationale of the intervention and a project-oriented action plan during the delivery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Montano
- Department of Population-Based Medicine, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 9, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
- Department of Medical Sociology, Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, University of Ulm, Parktstr. 11, Ulm, 89073 Germany
| | - Marco Kuchenbaur
- Department of Medical Sociology, Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, University of Ulm, Parktstr. 11, Ulm, 89073 Germany
| | - Richard Peter
- Department of Medical Sociology, Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, University of Ulm, Parktstr. 11, Ulm, 89073 Germany
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Geipel J, Hadjichristidis C, Savadori L, Keysar B. Language modality influences risk perception: Innovations read well but sound even better. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 43:558-570. [PMID: 35318695 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Psychological theories implicitly assume that the modality in which information is conveyed-spoken or written-leaves judgment and choice unaltered. Modality is rarely considered in textbooks on judgment and decision making, and the selection of modality in research is often based on convenience. We challenge this theoretical assumption. Three experiments (N = 984) show that the modality in which novel technologies are described systematically influences their perceived risk and benefit. Participants either read or heard advantages and disadvantages of novel technologies and then assessed their risk and benefit. In Study 1, spoken descriptions prompted more positive evaluations toward the technologies in terms of overall risks and benefits than written descriptions. Studies 2 and 3 replicated this modality effect and demonstrated that affect partially explains it, as spoken descriptions induced more positive feelings toward the new technologies than written descriptions. Study 3 (preregistered) showed that the influence of modality is unique to novel technologies and does not extend to familiar ones. These findings contribute theoretically to the understanding of the relationship between language and thought, and carry implications for survey research and the use of voice assistant technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Geipel
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Management, The University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK
| | - Constantinos Hadjichristidis
- Department of Economics and Management, The University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Centre for Decision Research, Leeds University Business School, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucia Savadori
- Department of Economics and Management, The University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Boaz Keysar
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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24
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Sullivan-Bissett E. Virtually imagining our biases. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2023.2184334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ema Sullivan-Bissett
- School of Philosophy, Theology and Religion, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
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25
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Schmidt K. Attribution Impacts Implicit (And Explicit) Evaluations. SOCIAL COGNITION 2023. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two studies examined whether the attributional framing of negative events affected explicit evaluations, as measured by differences in liking, and implicit evaluations, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998). In Study 1, participants read negative information about a novel target ordered to elicit internal or external attributions. Participants in the internal attribution condition evaluated the target more negatively than did those in the external attribution condition on both implicit and explicit measures. Study 2 replicated these results and tested the effects of attribution on recently formed negative evaluations. Participants who evaluated targets before and after receiving additional negative information about them demonstrated implicit and explicit evaluative change consistent with the attributional framing of that information. This research provides clear evidence that attribution influences the formation and change of implicit evaluations; however, these effects were weaker than those on explicit measures of evaluation.
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26
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Stanovich KE, Toplak ME. Actively Open-Minded Thinking and Its Measurement. J Intell 2023; 11:27. [PMID: 36826925 PMCID: PMC9966223 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Actively open-minded thinking (AOT) is measured by items that tap the willingness to consider alternative opinions, sensitivity to evidence contradictory to current beliefs, the willingness to postpone closure, and reflective thought. AOT scales are strong predictors of performance on heuristics and biases tasks and of the avoidance of reasoning traps such as superstitious thinking and belief in conspiracy theories. Nevertheless, AOT is most commonly measured with questionnaires rather than performance indicators. Questionnaire contamination becomes even more of a danger as the AOT concept is expanded into new areas such as the study of fake news, misinformation, ideology, and civic attitudes. We review our 25-year history of studying the AOT concept and developing our own AOT scale. We present a 13-item scale that both is brief and accommodates many previous criticisms and refinements. We include a discussion of why AOT scales are such good predictors of performance on heuristics and biases tasks. We conclude that it is because such scales tap important processes of cognitive decoupling and decontextualization that modernity increasingly requires. We conclude by discussing the paradox that although AOT scales are potent predictors of performance on most rational thinking tasks, they do not predict the avoidance of myside thinking, even though it is virtually the quintessence of the AOT concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E. Stanovich
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor St. West, Toronto, ON M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Maggie E. Toplak
- Department of Psychology, York University, 126 Behavioural Science Building, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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27
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König S, Stang-Rabrig J, McElvany N. Adolescents’ implicit attitudes towards people with immigrant background: Differences and correlates. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeople with an immigrant background can be affected by stereotypes and discrimination. As adolescence is an important developmental stage, this study investigated whether adolescents hold (negative) implicit attitudes towards people with Turkish immigrant background and whether adolescents differ in the extent of attitudes. Additionally, the relevance of perceived discrimination, identification with culture of residence, motivation to act without predjudice, and quality and quantity of contact to people with Turkish immigrant background for the extent of implicit attitudes was analysed. Analyses are based on 244 adolescents (60.7% female, 1.6% diverse; 13.1% with Turkish immigrant background, 16.8% with immigrant background other than Turkish) who participated in an online study. An implicit association test revealed that negative implicit attitudes towards people with a Turkish immigrant background were present among adolescents. Unlike adolescents with a Turkish immigrant background, adolescents without immigrant background and with immigrant background other than Turkish hold negative implicit attitudes on average. For the total sample, it was found that low perceived discrimination was related to negative implicit attitudes. The results are discussed with respect to substantive and methodological aspects. Implications for research and practice are derived.
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28
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Moors A. Commentary: Connecting Müller's Philosophical Position-Taking Theory of Emotional Feelings to Mechanistic Emotion Theories in Psychology. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739221125464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Müller proposes a position-taking theory to account for the manifest image of emotional feelings as “feelings towards”. He reduces the process of position-taking to goal-based construal, which is akin to the stimulus-goal comparison process central in appraisal theories. Although this reduction can account for the heat of emotional feelings and the intuition that non-linguistic organisms can also have feelings, it may fail to keep the position-taking aspect on board. Moreover, the image of emotional feelings as active position-takings may itself be questioned and replaced with a passive image. I end by acknowledging that a passive image is still compatible with an active underlying mechanism as is the case in appraisal theories but even more so in the goal-directed theory.
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Höfele P, Reuter L, Estadieu L, Livanec S, Stumpf M, Kiesel A. Connecting the methods of psychology and philosophy: Applying Cognitive-Affective Maps (CAMs) to identify ethical principles underlying the evaluation of bioinspired technologies. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Höfele
- Department of Philosophy, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Philosophy, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Reuter
- Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Louisa Estadieu
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Philosophy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Livanec
- Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Stumpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kiesel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Verhaeghen P, Aikman SN. Police as threat: The influence of race and the summer of Black Lives Matter on implicit and explicit attitudes towards the police. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3354-3370. [PMID: 35285046 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Police officers partially rely on implicit and explicit stereotypes in their interactions with the public. We investigated if these attitudes are reciprocated, specifically, if people of color implicitly fear police, and whether the events of the summer of 2020 changed the public's attitudes about police. Seven hundred and fifty-nine college students (235 BIPOC) participated, 373 in 2019, 386 in fall 2020. BIPOC participants more readily implicitly associated police officers with threat; implicit police-as-threat scores increased after the summer of 2020 regardless of race. Explicit attitudes showed the same pattern: BIPOC participants had less favorable attitudes of police; participants in Fall 2020 had less favorable attitudes of police. Implicit attitudes were predicted by race, time, the experience of being treated with (dis)respect, and an emphasis on the binding aspect of morality. Explicit attitudes were predicted by the same variables, as well as specific community variables, the moral foundation of individualizing, and implicit attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Verhaeghen
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelley N Aikman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia, USA
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Sripada C. Whether implicit attitudes exist is one question, and whether we can measure individual differences effectively is another. WIRES COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022; 13:e1613. [PMID: 35737678 PMCID: PMC9542270 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Questions about measurement of individual differences in implicit attitudes, which have been the focus so far in this exchange, should be distinguished from more general questions about whether implicit attitudes exist and operate in our minds. Theorists frequently move too quickly from pessimistic results regarding the first set of questions to pessimistic conclusions about the second. That is, they take evidence that indirect measures such as the implicit association test (IAT) disappoint as individual difference measures and use it to (mistakenly) suggest that people do not in fact have implicit attitudes directed at stigmatized groups. In this commentary, I dissect this mistake in detail, drawing key lessons from a parallel debate that has unfolded in cognitive science about “conflict tasks” such as the Stroop task. I argue that the evidence overall supports a nuanced conclusion: Indirect measures such as the IAT measure individual differences in implicit attitudes poorly, but they—via distinct lines of evidence—still support the view that implicit attitudes exist. This article is categorized under:
Psychology > Theory and Methods
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32
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Goedderz A, Hahn A. Biases left unattended: People are surprised at racial bias feedback until they pay attention to their biased reactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen PJ, Coricelli C, Kaya S, Rumiati RI, Foroni F. The role of associative learning in healthy and sustainable food evaluations: An event-related potential study. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:61-75. [PMID: 35820553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals in industrialized societies frequently include processed foods in their diet. However, overconsumption of heavily processed foods leads to imbalanced calorie intakes as well as negative health consequences and environmental impacts. In the present study, normal-weight healthy individuals were recruited in order to test whether associative learning (Evaluative Conditioning, EC) could strengthen the association between food-types (minimally processed and heavily processed foods) and concepts (e.g., healthiness), and whether these changes would be reflected at the implicit associations, at the explicit ratings and in behavioral choices. A Semantic Congruency task (SC) during electroencephalography recordings was used to examine the neural signature of newly acquired associations between foods and concepts. The accuracy after EC towards minimally processed food (MP-food) in the SC task significantly increased, indicating strengthened associations between MP-food and the concept of healthiness through EC. At the neural level, a more negative amplitude of the N400 waveform, which reflects semantic incongruency, was shown in response to MP-foods paired with the concept of unhealthiness in proximity of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This implied the possible role of the left DLPFC in changing food representations by integrating stimuli's features with existing food-relevant information. Finally, the N400 effect was modulated by individuals' attentional impulsivity as well as restrained eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Coricelli
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy; Department of Psychology, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sinem Kaya
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Foroni
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy; School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, NSW, Australia
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34
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Gawronski B, Ledgerwood A, Eastwick PW. Implicit Bias ≠ Bias on Implicit Measures. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Glock S, Baumann T, Kleen H. German Teachers’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Female and Male Muslim Students and Reactions to Social Exclusion. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Research has shown negative teachers’ attitudes toward ethnic minority students, who – in Germany – often belong to Islam which is stereotypically associated with traditional gender roles. So far, neither implicit attitudes nor the role of student gender have been investigated in this context. Among a sample of 136 teachers, we assessed implicit attitudes toward Muslim students in relation to Christian students using an Implicit Association Test. Implicit and explicit attitudes were less positive toward male than toward female Muslim students. After reading a social exclusion scenario, teachers were asked how they would react. Teachers’ reactions depended on the religion and the gender of the student. Our study implies that Islam might be part of the disadvantages ethnic minority students experience in school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Glock
- School of Education, Institute of Educational Research, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tobias Baumann
- School of Education, Institute of Educational Research, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hannah Kleen
- DIPF Leibniz-Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Olson MA, Gill LJ. Implicit Bias Is a Public-Health Problem, and Hearts and Minds Are Part of the Solution. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2022; 23:1-6. [PMID: 35587953 DOI: 10.1177/15291006221094508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura J Gill
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee
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Schmidt K, Buchanan EM, Hall BF. Registered report: Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit measures of evaluation and identification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gawronski B, Brownstein M, Madva A. How should we think about implicit measures and their empirical "anomalies"? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022; 13:e1590. [PMID: 35132794 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Gawronski
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Brownstein
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alex Madva
- Department of Philosophy, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, California, USA
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Shi H, Ma P, Zeng Y, Sheng J. Understanding the Interaction between Regulatory Focus and Message Framing in Determining Chinese Consumers' Attitudes toward Artificial Meat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4948. [PMID: 35564343 PMCID: PMC9105679 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
While production and consumption of meat cast a shadow over the prospects for sustainable development, artificial meat may be the solution. However, consumer acceptability of artificial meat is a major impediment to its use as a suitable alternative. This study analyzed the relationship between regulatory focus and consumer acceptance of artificial meat using randomized controlled trial data. Results showed that promotion focus results in a higher acceptance of artificial meat products due to a higher perceived benefit and lower perceived risk, whereas prevention focus results in a lower acceptance of artificial meat products due to perceived benefit being lower and perceived risk being higher. The moderating effect of the message framing was investigated employing structural equation modeling (SEM). It was discovered that a gain-oriented message framing could greatly strengthen the association between promotion focus and perceived benefit, whereas an avoidance-oriented message framing could significantly diminish the relationship between prevention focus and perceived risk. This study has crucial implications for how policymakers and industries communicate with consumers about artificial meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Shi
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Peihua Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Yinchu Zeng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.)
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Alvarez IM, González-Parera M, Manero B. The Role of Emotions in Classroom Conflict Management. Case Studies Geared Towards Improving Teacher Training. Front Psychol 2022; 13:818431. [PMID: 35369238 PMCID: PMC8967289 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, to explore the emotional aspects underlying classroom conflict management, and secondly, to apply these notions to the contrasted analysis of two case studies. Our findings underscore the importance of examining teachers’ emotional regulation to better understand their performance when dealing with conflicts that affect classroom climate. In the final section, we make suggestions for introducing this perspective into initial teacher training through the use of Virtual Reality, a scenario that would allow pre-service teachers to experiment, record and reflect on affective and attitudinal issues that are decisive for effective classroom conflict management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibis M Alvarez
- Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat González-Parera
- Department of Basic, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Manero
- Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Shin YJ, Ji E, Park S. Korean College Students’ Attitudes toward Disability and Inclusive Education: Latent Profile Analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the differences in cognitive-behavioral attitudes and emotional connectedness toward people with disabilities (PWDs) and the attitudes toward inclusive education. In total, 309 college students from various universities in South Korea aged from 18 to 29 years (177 male and 130 female) voluntarily participated in this study. The participants were completed a set of questionnaires: Social Distance Toward Disabilities scale, Interaction with Disabled Person Scale, and Teachers’ Attitudes toward Inclusive Education Scale. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to model four distinct types: distant (3.56%), lukewarm (73.91%), rationalizing (8.41%), and potential proactive (14.12%). The majority of participants were lukewarm type who had a slightly cognitive-behavioral distance with mediocre empathy toward PWDs, which links to vague stands toward inclusive education. Potential proactive type, the second largest group, showed a positive attitude toward inclusive education with a high level of empathy but still had ambivalent perceptions toward PWDs. The rationalizing and distant groups had one thing in common that they had a relatively low level of empathy toward PWDs, but showed a markedly opposite position in inclusive education. The findings indicate that interventions should be tailored based on the type-specific attitudes and experiences with PWDs in public and educational settings.
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43
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Jaeger SR, Ares G. Measuring consumer attitudes using text highlighting: Methodological considerations. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Steinmair D, Zervos K, Wong G, Löffler-Stastka H. Importance of communication in medical practice and medical education: An emphasis on empathy and attitudes and their possible influences. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:323-337. [PMID: 35317334 PMCID: PMC8900587 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals need to be prepared to promote healthy lifestyles and care for patients. By focusing on what students should be able to perform one day as clinicians, we can bridge the gap between mere theoretical knowledge and its practical application. Gender aspects in clinical medicine also have to be considered when speaking of personalized medicine and learning curricula.
AIM To determine sets of intellectual, personal, social, and emotional abilities that comprise core qualifications in medicine for performing well in anamnesis-taking, in order to identify training needs.
METHODS An analysis of training clinicians’ conceptions with respect to optimal medical history taking was performed. The chosen study design also aimed to assess gender effects. Structured interviews with supervising clinicians were carried out in a descriptive study at the Medical University of Vienna. Results were analyzed by conducting a qualitative computer-assisted content analysis of the interviews. Inductive category formation was applied. The main questions posed to the supervisors dealt with (1) Observed competencies of students in medical history taking; and (2) The supervisor’s own conceptions of "ideal medical history taking".
RESULTS A total of 33 training clinicians (n = 33), engaged in supervising medical students according to the MedUni Vienna’s curriculum standards, agreed to be enrolled in the study and met inclusion criteria. The qualitative content analysis revealed the following themes relevant to taking an anamnesis: (1) Knowledge; (2) Soft skills (relationship-building abilities, trust, and attitude); (3) Methodical skills (structuring, precision, and completeness of information gathering); and (4) Environmental/contextual factors (language barrier, time pressure, interruptions). Overall, health care professionals consider empathy and attitude as critical features concerning the quality of medical history taking. When looking at physicians’ theoretical conceptions, more general practitioners and psychiatrists mentioned attitude and empathy in the context of "ideal medical history taking", with a higher percentage of females. With respect to observations of students’ history taking, a positive impact from attitude and empathy was mainly described by male health care professionals, whereas no predominance of specialty was found. Representatives of general medicine and internal medicine, when observing medical students, more often emphasized a negative impact on history taking when students lacked attitude or showed non-empathetic behavior; no gender-specific difference was detected for this finding.
CONCLUSION The analysis reveals that for clinicians engaged in medical student education, only a combination of skills, including adequate knowledge and methodical implementations, is supposed to guarantee acceptable performance. This study’s findings support the importance of concepts like relationship building, attitude, and empathy. However, there may be contextual factors in play as well, and transference of theoretical concepts into the clinical setting might prove challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Steinmair
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems 3500, Austria
- Department of Ophtalmology, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten 3100, Austria
| | - Katharina Zervos
- Department of Internal Medicine I, KRH Klinikum Robert-Koch-Gehrden, Gehrden 30989, Germany
| | - Guoruey Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal 2900, Québec, Canada
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Toplu-Demirtaş E, Öztemür G, Fincham FD. Perceptions of Dating Violence: Assessment and Antecedents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP48-NP75. [PMID: 32326867 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520914558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Challenging perceptions of violence is crucial to prevent dating violence (DV), because such perceptions intervene in the organization and interpretation of violent events. However, these perceptions have received limited attention. This likely reflects the lack of a psychometric tool to do so. The current study had two purposes: to develop a measure of perceptions of psychological, sexual, and physical DV, and to explore how vertical collectivism, through hostile sexism and violence myth acceptance, shapes perceptions of DV. A total of 491 college students (55.3% women; M = 20.76 years, SD = 1.77 years) completed measures of the vertical collectivism, hostile sexism, domestic violence myth acceptance, and perceptions of DV. The results of exploratory factor analyses revealed a 15-item single-factor measure of perceptions of DV as initial construct validity, which had satisfactory internal consistency. A gender difference emerged in perceptions of DV; college women perceived psychological, sexual, and physical DV as more serious compared with college men. Moreover, the association between vertical collectivism and perceptions of DV was serially mediated via hostile sexism and violence myth acceptance. The findings are discussed in terms of previous research and the need to address the role of vertical collectivism in sexism, myth acceptance, and perceptions of violence in prevention/intervention efforts to reduce vulnerability to DV perpetration and victimization. Several recommendations are outlined to facilitate future research.
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Jaeger SR, Chheang SL, Ares G. Text highlighting as a new way of measuring consumers' attitudes: A case study on vertical farming. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cerrato S, Forestell CA. Meet your meat: The effect of imagined intergroup contact on wanting and liking of meat. Appetite 2022; 168:105656. [PMID: 34419514 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased global meat consumption has negative impacts on animal welfare, the environment, as well as health. The current study is the first to investigate whether imagined intergroup contact with a farmed animal changes wanting and liking of beef and reduces willingness to consume meat. Collegians [N = 100, 67% female] imagined having a positive experience with either a calf (n = 36), kitten (n = 33), or child (n = 31). Following the imagined interaction, they completed the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire to measure implicit and explicit wanting and explicit liking of beef and other types of meat relative to other food categories. Participants also indicated their willingness to reduce meat consumption. Results revealed that there were no significant differences between groups in explicit wanting or liking of beef or meat, nor in willingness to reduce future meat consumption. Nevertheless, compared to the kitten and child conditions, participants who imagined interacting with a calf experienced lower levels of implicit wanting and relative preference for beef and other meat products. Our findings suggest that imagined intergroup contact may be an effective manipulation to reduce meat consumption as a part of a broader intervention program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cerrato
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Virginia, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA, 23187-8795, USA
| | - Catherine A Forestell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Virginia, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA, 23187-8795, USA.
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Li J, Chen B, Zhang Y. Adopting Evaluative Conditioning to Improve Coach-Athlete Relationships. Front Psychol 2021; 12:751990. [PMID: 34899492 PMCID: PMC8651711 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.751990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coach–athlete relationships are key to athletes’ well-being, development, training, and sports performance. The present study explored the effect of an evaluative conditioning (EC) intervention on the improvement of coach–athlete relationships. We applied a 6-week EC intervention to the athletes in a volleyball team with two of their coaches involved in the EC while the third coach taken as control. In the EC, we repeatedly presented the coaches’ facial images (i.e., conditioned stimuli) together with positively valenced pictures and words (i.e., unconditioned stimuli) to the athletes. The results showed that the EC intervention led the athletes to recognize their coaches’ neutral faces as showing more happiness, respond faster to coach-positive associations in the implicit association test (IAT), and give higher ratings to the coaches in the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q). The present study suggests that EC may be adopted as an effective intervention for coach–athlete relationships, altering athletes’ affective associations with their coaches to be more positive and improving their explicitly evaluation of the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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49
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Ares G, Ha B, Jaeger SR. Consumer attitudes to vertical farming (indoor plant factory with artificial lighting) in China, Singapore, UK, and USA: A multi-method study. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110811. [PMID: 34863501 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Major changes are needed both with regard to what we eat and how food is produced. The latter is the focus of the present research, specifically the rise of controlled environment agriculture. In this context, empirical research is presented on consumer attitudes to vertical farming (VF) (i.e., indoor plant factory with artificial lighting), conducted in four countries (USA, UK, Singapore, and China) using online surveys (637-683 participants per country with matched gender and age group distributions). A multi-method research approach was used, including a novel methodology of text highlighting, which requires that participants read a descriptive text about VF with mentions of pros and cons and use highlighter functions to select aspects of the text that they 'like' and 'dislike'. Based on the information provided in the text, attitudes towards VF were largely positive in the four countries. The characteristics of VF that aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals were identified as key drivers of positive attitudes (i.e., higher yield, reduction of carbon emissions, and securing access to food). On the other hand, high energy use and premium prices contributed to negative attitudes about VF. Although the majority of participants responded to the text with an overall positive attitude towards VF, there were smaller groups of participants in every country who expressed a negative or neutral/ambivalent attitude. These between-segment differences were larger than cross-cultural differences, although the latter did exist, particularly for selected aspects of VF. For example, Chinese participants tended to be the least negative about the use of robots to help planting and harvesting. Future research is needed to understand consumer responses to aspects VF not covered in the text (e.g., powering VF with renewable energy, product range), and consumer insights about VF should be sought in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Ares
- Sensometrics & Consumer Science, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República. By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, CP 91000 Pando, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Birgit Ha
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Private Bag 92169, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sara R Jaeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Private Bag 92169, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Bekker GA, Fischer AR, Tobi H, van Trijp HC. Stuck in the middle with you: The role of similarity information on categorizing cultured meat. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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