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For: Rwakarema M, Premji SS, Nyanza EC, Riziki P, Palacios-Derflingher L. Antenatal depression is associated with pregnancy-related anxiety, partner relations, and wealth in women in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2015;15:68. [PMID: 26329331 PMCID: PMC4557331 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-015-0225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]

For:	Rwakarema M, Premji SS, Nyanza EC, Riziki P, Palacios-Derflingher L. Antenatal depression is associated with pregnancy-related anxiety, partner relations, and wealth in women in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2015;15:68. [PMID: 26329331 PMCID: PMC4557331 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-015-0225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]

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Cited by Other Article(s)

Abajobir A, Sidze EM, Wainaina C, Gerbaba MJ, Wekesah FM. The epidemiology of maternal mental health in Africa: a systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health 2025:10.1007/s00737-025-01563-4. [PMID: 40220206 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-025-01563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Despite a growing body of evidence on maternal mental health in Africa, significant gaps remain in understanding its overall landscape, risk factors/determinants, immediate and long-term effects, accessibility to healthcare and services, and availability of practicable/effective interventions. This paper provides a thorough review of both peer-reviewed and grey literature and makes key recommendations and directions for future research and development.

METHODS

We systematically reviewed extant evidence using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2010, and June 2024 were included based on a priori criteria. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Critical Appraisal Skill Program (CASP) quality assessment tools were used to critically appraise the reliability, validity and overall quality of included articles. A qualitative narrative synthesis was perfomed to summarize the findings effectively.

RESULTS

A total of 206 full-text articles evaluated for eligibility and inclusion in the systematic review, predominantly observational studies with a minority employing randomized controlled trial (RCT) designs, were included, with 70%, 22%, and 8% of the articles rated as good, fair, and poor quality, respectively. Women in Africa experience a wide range of common perinatal mental disorders, including major depressive disorders and psychosis, either discretely or comorbid. Socioeconomic disadvantages and other intertwined poverty-related factors at the individual, family, social, and environmental levels are implicated in maternal mental health disorders. Currently, there is insufficient evidence regarding the short- and long-term health, development, and social impacts of maternal mental health. Addtionally, there is limited knowledge about the availability and accessibility of mental healthcare, evidence-based context-specific interventions, and healthcare-seeking behaviors of women in Africa, as well as their access to and utilization of mental health services.

CONCLUSION

The evidence base on maternal mental health in Africa suffers from considerable variability, inconsistency, and equivocal findings resulting from heterogeneity across the studies. This restricts generalizability and the ability to draw valid conclusions. Published studies also likely underestimate the scale and health impacts of perinatal mental disorders. Evidence from these studies are rarely used to inform policies and programs. The maternal mental health ecosystem in Africa needs to be better understood. More rigorous study designs should be implemented to focus on evidence generation and the evaluation of interventions, alongside robust integration of mental health services within health systems. Policy initiatives aimed at reducing socioeconomic disparities in maternal, newborn, and child health, particularly concerning maternal mental health, must be supported by these studies.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

• Women across Africa suffer from various mental health problems, including major depressive disorders, anxiety, and psychosis, occurring separately or in combination. • The evidence base on maternal mental health in Africa displays significant variability, inconsistency, and ambiguous findings, largely attributed to study heterogeneity. • Factors at the individual, familial, societal, and environmental levels contribute to poverty-related issues that can lead to or worsen maternal mental health disorders. • Current evidence has not been synthesized to improve our understanding of the short- and long-term health impacts, developmental consequences, and social implications of maternal mental health conditions, as well as the healthcare-seeking behaviors and access to mental health services. • Insufficient policy prioritization and funding for maternal mental health in Africa hinder the development, evaluation, and sustainability of interventions. • There is an urgent need to integrate mental health services into primary healthcare, particularly in resource-limited settings across Africa. This integration should be guided by evidence from rigorous research that uses longitudinal designs. It is also essential to emphasize the importance of investing in digital and community-based approaches to improve the accessibility to mental health services.

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Fraga SD, Khan IN, Sharma TA, Lawrence ER. Predominant approaches to measuring pregnancy-related anxiety in Sub-saharan Africa: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2024;24:2425. [PMID: 39243035 PMCID: PMC11378414 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Pregnancy-related anxiety significantly impacts maternal and fetal health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including those within Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Most studies conducted to evaluate pregnancy-related anxiety in LMICs have utilized scales developed in high-income countries, despite significant variations in pregnancy-related anxiety due to socioeconomic and cultural contexts. This review surveyed existing literature in order to identify which scales have been used to measure pregnancy-related anxiety in SSA.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Health and Psychosocial Instruments, and APA PsycNet for relevant studies published in the English language up to March 22, 2023. Eligible studies focused on anxiety in pregnant populations within SSA, using validated scales or tools. Screening followed PRIMSA guidelines, with blinded review at the abstract/title level and subsequent full-text review. Data was extracted and analyzed to identify trends and characteristics of the screening tools used.

RESULTS

From 271 articles, 37 met inclusion criteria, identifying 24 different tools used to measure anxiety in pregnant women in SSA. The most common tools were the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (seven uses), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (five uses), and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (five uses). Seven tools were pregnancy-specific, with only two designed specifically for SSA: the Risk Factor Assessment (RFA), and the 4-Item Screening Tool. Studies were most frequently conducted in South Africa, followed by Tanzania, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Ghana.

CONCLUSIONS

This scoping review illustrates that only two tools (the RFA and 4-item Screening Tool) were created to assess pregnancy-related anxiety specifically in SSA. This highlights the need for more culturally sensitive tools tailored to the specific contexts of pregnant populations in SSA.

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Al-Sabah R, Al-Taiar A, Ziyab AH, Akhtar S, Hammoud MS. Antenatal Depression and its Associated Factors: Findings from Kuwait Birth Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024;14:847-859. [PMID: 38619741 PMCID: PMC11442740 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Pregnant and postpartum women are at high risk of depression due to hormonal and biological changes. Antenatal depression is understudied compared to postpartum depression and its predictors remain highly controversial.

AIM

To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and investigate factors associated with this condition including vitamin D, folate and Vitamin B12 among participants in the Kuwait Birth Study.

METHODS

Data collection occurred as part of the Kuwait Birth Cohort Study in which pregnant women were recruited in the second and third trimester during antenatal care visits. Data on antenatal depression were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), considering a score of ≥ 13 as an indicator of depression. Logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with depressive symptoms in pregnant women.

RESULTS

Of 1108 participants in the Kuwait Birth Cohort study, 1070(96.6%) completed the EPDS. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 21.03%(95%CI:18.62-23.59%) and 17.85%(95%CI:15.60-20.28%) as indicated by an EPDS ≥ 13 and EPDS ≥ 14 respectively. In the multivariable analysis, passive smoking at home, experiencing stressful life events during pregnancy, and a lower level of vitamin B12 were identified as predisposing factors. Conversely, having desire for the pregnancy and consumption of fruits and vegetables were inversely associated with depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Approximately, one fifth of pregnant women had depressive symptoms indicating the need to implement screening program for depression in pregnant women, a measure not systematically implemented in Kuwait. Specifically, screening efforts should focus on pregnant women with unintended pregnancies, exposure to passive smoking at home, and recent stressful live events.

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Lazzerini M, Barcala Coutinho do Amaral Gomez D, Azzimonti G, Bua J, Brandão Neto W, Brasili L, Travan L, Barradas de Souza J, D'Alessandro M, Plet S, de Souza Lima GM, Ndile EA, Ermacora M, Valente EP, Dalena P, Mariani I. Parental stress, depression, anxiety and participation to care in neonatal intensive care units: results of a prospective study in Italy, Brazil and Tanzania. BMJ Paediatr Open 2024;8:e002539. [PMID: 39106992 PMCID: PMC11664376 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2024-002539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Studies comparing the frequency of different mental health conditions across different settings and evaluating their association with parental participation in newborn care are lacking. We aimed at evaluating the frequency of parental stress, anxiety and depression, along with the level of participation in newborn care, among parents of newborns in Italy, Brazil and Tanzania.

METHODS

Parental stress, anxiety, depression and participation in care were assessed prospectively in parents of newborns in eight neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) utilising: the Parental Stressor Scale in NICU (PSS:NICU); the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and EPDS-Anxiety subscale (EPDS-A); the Index of Parental Participation in NICU (IPP-NICU). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.

RESULTS

Study outcomes were assessed on 742 parents (Brazil=327, Italy=191, Tanzania=224). Observed scores suggested a very high frequency of stress, anxiety and depression, with an overall estimated frequency of any of the mental health condition of 65.1%, 52.9% and 58.0% in Brazil, Italy, Tanzania, respectively (p<0.001). EPDS scores indicating depression (cut-off: ≥13 for Brazil and Tanzania, ≥12 for Italy) were significantly more frequent in Tanzania (52.3%) when compared with either Brazil (35.8%) and Italy (33.3%) (p<0.001). Parental participation in care was also significantly higher in Tanzania (median IPP-NICU=24) than in the other two countries (median=21 for Brazil, 18 for Italy, p<0.001). Severe stress (PSS:NICU ≥4) was significantly more frequently reported in Brazil (22.6%), compared with Italy (4.7%) and Tanzania (0%, p<0.001). Factors independently associated with either parental stress, anxiety or depression varied by country, and a significant association with parental participation in care was lacking.

CONCLUSIONS

Study findings suggest that parental stress, anxiety and depression are extremely frequent in NICUs in all countries despite diversity in the setting, and requiring immediate action. Further studies should explore the appropriate level of parental participation in care in different settings.

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Mazza M, Brisi C, Veneziani G, Lisci FM, Sessa I, Balocchi M, Rossi S, Di Stasio E, Marano G, Abate F, Anesini MB, Boggio G, Ciliberto M, De Masi V, Falsini C, Marzo EM, Avallone C, Serio A, Gonsalez del Castillo A, Kotzalidis GD, Chieffo DPR, Lanzone A, Scambia G, Lai C, Sani G. A Network Analysis of Perinatal Depression, Anxiety, and Temperaments in Women in the First, Second, and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy. J Clin Med 2024;13:3957. [PMID: 38999520 PMCID: PMC11242710 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open

Affiliation(s)

Marianna Mazza Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Caterina Brisi Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Giorgio Veneziani Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (C.L.)
Francesco Maria Lisci Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Ilenia Sessa Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.d.C.); (D.P.R.C.)
Marta Balocchi Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.d.C.); (D.P.R.C.)
Sara Rossi Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Enrico Di Stasio Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics Research, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
Giuseppe Marano Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Francesca Abate Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Maria Benedetta Anesini Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Gianluca Boggio Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Michele Ciliberto Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Valeria De Masi Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Cecilia Falsini Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Ester Maria Marzo Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Carla Avallone Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Annamaria Serio Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.d.C.); (D.P.R.C.)
Angela Gonsalez del Castillo Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.d.C.); (D.P.R.C.)
Georgios Demetrios Kotzalidis Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
Daniela Pia Rosaria Chieffo Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.d.C.); (D.P.R.C.)
Antonio Lanzone Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.S.)
Giovanni Scambia Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (G.S.)
Carlo Lai Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (C.L.)
Gabriele Sani Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (F.M.L.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (M.B.A.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (V.D.M.); (C.F.); (E.M.M.); (G.D.K.); (G.S.) Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy

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Bhamani SS, Van Parys AS, Arthur D, Letourneau N, Wagnild G, Degomme O. Promoting mental wellbeing in pregnant women living in Pakistan with the Safe Motherhood-Accessible Resilience Training (SM-ART) intervention: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024;24:452. [PMID: 38951777 PMCID: PMC11218085 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open

Mwita M, Patten S, Dewey D. Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression and generalized anxiety symptoms among women who delivered at a tertiary hospital in Mwanza Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. DISCOVER MENTAL HEALTH 2024;4:21. [PMID: 38849688 PMCID: PMC11161451 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-024-00074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]

Ahmed SJ, Merid M, Edessa D, Usso AA, Adem HA, Tariku M, Seid A, Alemu A, Eyeberu A, Yuya M. Prenatal depression among pregnant women attending public health facilities in Babile district, Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2024;24:339. [PMID: 38715003 PMCID: PMC11075266 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Depression during pregnancy is a significant health concern that can lead to a variety of short and long-term complications for mothers. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information available on the prevalence and predictors of prenatal depression in rural eastern Ethiopia. This study assessed prenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women attending public health facilities in the Babile district, Eastern Ethiopia.

METHOD

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 329 pregnant women attending Babile District Public Health Facilities from November 1 to December 30, 2021. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with prenatal depression. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to report the association, and the significance was declared at a p-value < 0.05.

RESULTS

The prevalence of prenatal depression was 33.1% (95% CI = 28.0%, 38.2%). A lower income (AOR = 3.85, 95% CI = 2.08, 7.13), contraceptive use (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.28, 0.98), unintended pregnancy (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.27, 3.98), history of depression (AOR = 5.09, 95% CI = 2.77, 9.35), poor social support (AOR = 5.08, 95% CI = 2.15, 11.99), and dissatisfied marriage (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.30, 4.33) were the factors associated with increased prenatal depression among pregnant women.

CONCLUSIONS

One in every three pregnant women in rural eastern Ethiopia had prenatal depression. Monthly income, contraceptive use, pregnancy intention, history of depression, social support, and marriage satisfaction status were the determinants of prenatal depression. Preventing unintended pregnancies by encouraging women to utilize modern contraceptive methods is essential for mitigating and controlling the risks and burdens of prenatal depression and its negative consequences.

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Ayen SS, Kasahun AW, Zewdie A. Depression during pregnancy and associated factors among women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024;24:220. [PMID: 38532382 PMCID: PMC10964661 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Pregnancy is one of the most remarkable experiences in a woman's life. Prenatal depression, characterized by stress and worry associated with pregnancy, can reach severe levels. On a global scale, mental and addictive disorders affect more than one billion people, causing 19% of years lived with disability. It is estimated that 25-35% of pregnant women experience depressive symptoms, with 20% meeting the diagnostic criteria for major depression.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine depression during pregnancy in Ethiopia. The search was conducted from March 1-31, 2023. Data extraction used Microsoft Excel, and analysis was performed using STATA version 17. The New Castle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool was employed to evaluate the methodological quality of included studies. The Cochrane Q test and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model estimated the pooled level of antenatal depression (APD). Publication bias was detected using a funnel plot and Begg's and Egger's tests.

RESULTS

Out of 350 studies searched, 18 were included in the analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of depression in Ethiopia was 27.85% (95% CI: 23.75-31.96). Harari region reported the highest prevalence (37.44%), while Amhara region had the lowest (23.10%). Factors significantly associated with depression included unplanned pregnancies, low social support, low income, previous history of depression, intimate partner violence, and history of abortion.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that approximately one-quarter of pregnant women in Ethiopia experience depression during pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancy, low social support, low income, previous history of depression, history of abortion, and intimate partner violence are determinants of depression. To address this high prevalence, the Ethiopian government and stakeholders should develop policies that incorporate counseling during pregnancy follow-ups. Improving the quality of life for pregnant women is crucial for the well-being of families, communities, and the nation as a whole.

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Sobol M, Błachnio A, Meisner M, Wdowiak A, Sobol MK. The relationship of couples' time perspective to pregnant women's depression symptoms and stress: Preliminary results. J Psychosom Res 2023;174:111495. [PMID: 37717426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]

Oljira L, Abdissa E, Lema M, Merdassa E, Wakoya Feyisa J, Desalegn M. Antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public health facilities in the Gida Ayana district, Oromia Region, West Ethiopia, in 2022. Front Public Health 2023;11:1176703. [PMID: 37876710 PMCID: PMC10591076 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1176703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open

Abstract

Background

Though antenatal depression (AND) has a risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, it is a neglected component of pregnancy care in Ethiopia. Research evidence is compulsory in different parts of the country to alleviate this problem. Thus, this study was needed to assess antenatal depression and its associated factors, which can help antenatal care (ANC) providers and program coordinators focus on the mental health of pregnant mothers.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women attending ANC at public health facilities in the Gida Ayana district, Oromia Region, West Ethiopia, in 2022.

Methods

A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 370 pregnant women attending ANC at public health facilities. Systematic random sampling techniques were used to select study participants. A standard (validated) tool, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, was also used to assess antenatal depression. The collected data were coded, entered into Epi-data software version 4.6, and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify associated factors with a p-value <0.05.

Results

In this study, the prevalence of antenatal depression was 62 (16.8%; 95% CI: 13, 20.5). Being single in marital status (AOR = 3, 95% CI: 1.5, 6.2), having an unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.45, 5.1), and having partner conflict (AOR = 3.49, 95% CI: 1.79, 6.8) were the factors associated with antenatal depression.

Conclusion

About one in five pregnant women has antenatal depression. Being single, having an unplanned pregnancy, and having a dissatisfied relationship with a sexual partner were the factors associated with antenatal depression. Therefore, women or partners are expected to plan pregnancy, and the dissemination of health information related to an unplanned pregnancy needs to be intensified by health providers. The partner ought to avoid conflict during the pregnancy, and healthcare providers or families are needed to support the single or widowed pregnant women. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to ascertain the effect of antenatal depression on fetal-maternal outcomes.

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Izuka EO, Iyidobu TO, Obiora-Izuka CE, Enebe JT, Onyeabochukwu AD, Nkwo PO, Nwagha UI. Evaluation of anxiety and depression among pregnant women in Enugu, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2023;26:1368-1376. [PMID: 37794552 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_196_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]

Abstract

Background

Maternal depression and anxiety during pregnancy are public health concerns. They are commonly reported among pregnant women from all over the world. Maternal mental health has not been prioritized, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Aim

To evaluate depression and anxiety among pregnant women who receive antenatal care in four randomly selected hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods

A multicenter questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of 434 pregnant women was conducted at four selected health institutions offering antenatal services in Enugu, Enugu State. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Factors associated with anxiety and depression were determined using logistic regression. P <0.05 was taken as significant.

Results

The mean age of study participants was 30.09 ± 5.12 years. The proportion of participants with depressive symptoms and borderline depressive symptoms was 9.7% and 11.1%, respectively. The proportion of participants with anxiety symptoms and borderline anxiety symptoms was 10.1% and 15.7%, respectively. Husband's employment status (P = 0.033, odds ratios (OR) =0.354, 95% confidence intervals (CI) =0.137-0.918) and gestational age (P = 0.042, OR = 2.066, 95% CI = 1.028-4.151) were the only factors associated with depressive symptoms, while only educational level (P = 0.001, OR = 3.552, 95% CI = 1.674-7.537) and husband's employment status (P = 0.013, OR = 0.295, 95% CI = 0.113-0.772) were the only factors associated with anxiety symptoms.

Conclusions

Anxiety and depressive symptoms are relatively common in antenatal women in Enugu. The factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms were the respondent's educational level, gestational age, and the employment status of the husband.

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Sahoo S, Gill G, Sikka P, Nehra R. Antenatal depression and anxiety in Indian women: A systematic review. Ind Psychiatry J 2023;32:222-233. [PMID: 38161466 PMCID: PMC10756614 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_156_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open

Huang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhang L, Wang W, Shen J. Prevalence and factors associated with trajectories of antenatal depression: a prospective multi-center cohort study in Chengdu, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023;23:358. [PMID: 37198553 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Antenatal depression (AD) is a major depressive disorder during pregnancy, which may lead to devastating sequelae for the expectant mothers and infants. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, to analyze trajectory model based on EPDS score, and to explore the influence factors of AD among pregnant women in Chengdu, China.

METHODS

Participants from four maternity hospitals in Chengdu, China were recruited when they had their first pregnancy medical check-up during March 2019 to May 2020. All participants were required to fill in Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Chinese version (EPDS) once during three trimesters and provided information about their health status, social-demographic etc. The trajectory model, chi-square test and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to analyze all collected data.

RESULTS

A total of 4560 pregnant women were recruited, while 1051 women completed the study. The prevalence of depression symptoms during the first, second and third trimesters were 32.92% (346/1051), 19.79% (208/1051) and 20.46% (215/1051) respectively. According to the results of the latent growth mixture modeling, the trajectory model of three categories based on EPDS score were identified in this study: low-risk group (38.2%, 401/1051), medium-risk group (54.8%, 576/1051) and high-risk group (7%, 74/1051). Good marital relationship (P = 0.007, OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.147 ~ 0.74), good relationship with parents-in-law (P = 0.011, OR = 0.561, 95% CI 0.36 ~ 0.874), planned pregnancy (P = 0.018, OR = 0.681, 95% CI 0.496 ~ 0.936) were the protective factors while lower education level (P = 0.036, OR = 1.355, 95% CI 1.02 ~ 1.799), fear about dystocia (P = 0.0, OR = 1.729, 95% CI 1.31 ~ 2.283), recent major negative life events (P = 0.033, OR = 2.147, 95% CI 1.065 ~ 4.329) were the risk factors of medium-risk group. Good marital relationship (P = 0.005, OR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.065 ~ 0.615), good relationship with parents-in-law (P = 0.003, OR = 0.319, 95% CI 0.15 ~ 0.679) were also protective factors of high-risk group, but the risk factors for high-risk group were medical history (P = 0.046, OR = 1.836, 95% CI 1.011 ~ 3.334), pregnancy complications (P = 0.022, OR = 2.015, 95% CI 1.109 ~ 3.662), worry about dystocia (P = 0.003, OR = 2.365, 95% CI 1.347 ~ 4.153), recent major negative life events (P = 0.011, OR = 3.661, 95% CI 1.341 ~ 9.993). No protective or risk factors were identified for low-risk group.

CONCLUSION

Even the incidence and levels of depression in the first trimester of pregnancy were the highest, the probability of pregnancy women get depression during gestation period were higher than other population. Therefore, it's important to monitor the psychological status of pregnant women during the whole pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. The study suggested a good partner relationship and good relations with parents-in-law both protected pregnant women from depression and promoted the well-being of mothers and children.

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KIRAÇ R, POLAT OLCA S. Investigation of Psychosocial Health and Depression Levels of Pregnancy. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2023. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.1129906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open

Negussie A, Girma E, Kaba M. A phenomenological study of the lived experiences of partner relationship breakup during pregnancy: Psychosocial effects, coping mechanisms, and the healthcare providers' role. Front Glob Womens Health 2023;4:1048366. [PMID: 37139172 PMCID: PMC10150961 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2023.1048366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open

Abstract

Background

Pregnancy is a state of continuous changes in feelings and emotions, and highly stressful experiences such as a relationship breakup during this period may result in additional stress for the woman, making pregnancy and motherhood challenging. This study aimed to investigate pregnant women's lived experiences of partner relationship breakup during pregnancy, their coping mechanisms, and the role of healthcare providers in breakup cases during their Antenatal care visits.

Methods

A phenomenological study approach was followed to seek an understanding of the lived experiences of pregnant women who encountered partner relationship breakup. The study was carried out in Hawassa, Ethiopia, and eight pregnant women were involved in in-depth interviews. The data meanings found from participants' experiences were described in a meaningful text and organized into themes. Key themes were developed in reference to the research objectives, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.

Results

Pregnant women in such situations faced serious psychological and emotional distress, feelings of shame/embarrassment, prejudice and discrimination, and severe economic struggles. To cope with this multifaceted situation, pregnant women sought social support from family/relatives or close friends, and if they had no other options, from supporting organizations. The participants also revealed that they received no counseling from healthcare providers during their Antenatal care visits, and there was no further discussion to address their psychosocial problems.

Conclusions

Community-level information, education, and communication should be initiated to aware communities about the psychosocial consequences of relationship breakup during pregnancy, address cultural norms and discrimination, and promote supportive environments. Women's empowerment activities and psychosocial support services should also be strengthened. In addition, the need for more comprehensive Antenatal care to address such unique risk conditions is indicated.

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Prevalence of and sociodemographic factors associated with antenatal depression among women in Limpopo Province, South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.7196/sajog.2022.v28i2.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open

Massae AF, Larsson M, Pembe AB, Mbekenga C, Svanberg AS. Patterns and predictors of fear of childbirth and depressive symptoms over time in a cohort of women in the Pwani region, Tanzania. PLoS One 2022;17:e0277004. [PMID: 36327253 PMCID: PMC9632885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Fear of childbirth (FoB) and depressive symptoms (DS) are experienced by many women and can negatively affect women during and after pregnancy. This study assessed patterns of FoB and DS over time and associations of postpartum FoB and DS with sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics.

METHODS

We conducted a longitudinal study at six health facilities in Tanzania in 2018-2019. Pregnant women were consecutively assessed for FoB and DS before and after childbirth using the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire versions A & B and the Edinburgh antenatal and postnatal depressive scale. This paper is based on 625 women who completed participation.

RESULTS

The prevalence rates of FoB and DS during pregnancy were 16% and 18.2%, respectively, and after childbirth, 13.9% and 8.5%. Some had FoB (6.4%) and DS (4.3%) at both timepoints. FoB was strongly associated with DS at both timepoints (p < 0.001). Both FoB (p = 0.246) and DS (p < 0.001) decreased after childbirth. Never having experienced obstetric complications decreased the odds of postpartum and persisting FoB (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23-0.83). Giving birth by caesarean section (aOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.11-3.65) and having more than 12 hours pass between admission and childbirth increased the odds of postpartum FoB (aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.03-4.16). Postpartum DS was more common in women with an ill child/stillbirth/early neonatal death (aOR 4.78, 95% CI 2.29-9.95). Persisting DS was more common in single (aOR 2.59, 95% CI 1.02-6.59) and women without social support from parents (aOR 0.28, 95% 0.11-0.69).

CONCLUSIONS

FoB and DS coexist and decrease over time. Identifying predictors of both conditions will aid in recognising women at risk and planning for prevention and treatment. Screening for FoB and DS before and after childbirth and offering psychological support should be considered part of routine antenatal and postnatal care. Furthermore, supporting women with previous obstetric complications is crucial. Using interviews instead of a self-administered approach might have contributed to social desirability. Also, excluding women with previous caesarean sections could underestimate FoB and DS prevalence rates.

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Tarafa H, Alemayehu Y, Nigussie M. Factors associated with pregnancy-related anxiety among pregnant women attending antenatal care follow-up at Bedelle general hospital and Metu Karl comprehensive specialized hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Front Psychiatry 2022;13:938277. [PMID: 36213901 PMCID: PMC9537765 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.938277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open

Abstract

Pregnancy-related anxiety (PRA) is an anxiety related to the pregnancy, involving labor and delivery, the well-being of the fetus/infant and the mother, the availability of quality of healthcare resources, and the capacity to parent. There is scarcity of study conducted on magnitude of Pregnancy-related anxiety and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. The main objective of this research was to assess factors associated with Pregnancy-related anxiety among pregnant women attending ANC follow-up at Bedelle general and Metu Karl comprehensive specialized hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was used among pregnant women attending ANC follow-up. Data were collected from 406 sampled pregnant women who were selected through a systematic random sampling technique. Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised (PRAQ-R2) was used to measure the outcome variable. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with Pregnancy-related anxiety and significance level set at p < 0.05. The overall prevalence of PRA in this study was 32.7%. Unwanted pregnancy AOR = 2.77, 95% CI [1.71, 4.54], high perceived stress AOR = 2.39, 95% CI [1.54, 3.62], young age AOR = 2.14, 95% CI [1.49, 2.83], depression AOR = 2.09, 95% CI [1.39, 2.89], low income AOR = 2.01, 95% CI [1.29, 3.14], and poor social support AOR = 1.79, 95% CI [1.14, 3.37] were significantly associated with Pregnancy-related anxiety. The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of Pregnancy-related anxiety was high in the study area and positively associated with young age, low income, poor social support, high perceived stress, depression, and unwanted pregnancy. This finding suggests that clinicians should integrate screening for Pregnancy-related anxiety into clinical standards, more efforts should be made in the future to reduce the anxiety among pregnant women who had an unwanted pregnancy, young women, and poor social support. Also, it is good to encourage the pregnant mother to enhance their social connectedness by creating a self-help group, and increasing early identification of mental health problems throughout their daily ANC follow-up.

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Munisi H, Sylvester I, Mwakalebela I, Kanenda S, Rudovick L, Mwita M, Nyanza E. Depression and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study based at Bugando Medical Centre, Northwestern Tanzania. Pan Afr Med J 2022;42:297. [PMID: 36415338 PMCID: PMC9643796 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.42.297.31414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open

Hamed SA, Elwasify M, Abdelhafez M, Fawzy M. Peripartum depression and its predictors: A longitudinal observational hospital-based study. World J Psychiatry 2022;12:1061-1075. [PMID: 36158302 PMCID: PMC9476840 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i8.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Depression is a common problem in women in childbearing years due to burdens of motherhood and building a family. Few studies estimate the prevalence of antepartum depression compared to those in the postpartum period.

AIM

To estimate the prevalence and the severities of peripartum depression and major depressive disorder and their predictors.

METHODS

This is a longitudinal observation study. It included 200 women scoring ≥ 13 with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, indicating presence of symptoms of depression. They had a gestational age of ≥ 6 wk and did follow-ups until the 10th week to 12th weeks postpartum. Information of women's reactions to life circumstances and stressors during the current pregnancy were gathered from answers to questions of the designed unstructured clinical questionnaire. Severities of depression, anxiety, and parenting stress were determined by the Beck Depre-ssion Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults, and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, respectively. Psychiatric interviewing was done to confirm the diagnosis of major depression. Measuring the levels of triiodothronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was done in both antepartum and postpartum periods.

RESULTS

Out of 968 (mean age = 27.35 ± 6.42 years), 20.66% (n = 200) of the patients had clinically significant symptoms of depression and 7.44% had major depression. Previous premenstrual dysphoria, post-abortive depression, and depression unrelated to pregnancy and were reported in 43%, 8%, and 4.5% of the patients, respectively. Psychosocial stressors were reported in 15.5% of the patients. Antepartum anxiety and parenting stress were reported in 90.5% and 65% of the patients, respectively. Postpartum T3, T4, and TSH levels did not significantly differ from reference values. Regression analysis showed that anxiety trait was a predictor for antepartum (standardized regression coefficients = 0.514, t = 8.507, P = 0.001) and postpartum (standardized regression coefficients = 0.573, t = 0.040, P = 0.041) depression. Antepartum depression (standardized regression coefficients = -0.086, t = -2.750, P = 0.007), and parenting stress (standardized regression coefficients = 0.080, t = 14.34, P = 0.0001) were also predictors for postpartum depression.

CONCLUSION

Results showed that 20.66% of the patients had clinically significant symptoms of depression and 7.44% had major depression. Anxiety was a predictor for antepartum and postpartum depression. Antepartum depression and parenting stress were also predictors for postpartum depression.

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Ngocho JS, Minja LM, Mwamba RN, Knettel BA, Kisigo GA, Mmbaga BT, Watt MH. Prevalence and predictors of depression among women attending antenatal care in Moshi, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022;22:594. [PMID: 35883166 PMCID: PMC9316357 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open

Vaillancourt M, Lane V, Ditto B, Da Costa D. Parity and Psychosocial Risk Factors Increase the Risk of Depression During Pregnancy Among Recent Immigrant Women in Canada. J Immigr Minor Health 2022;24:570-579. [PMID: 34595614 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-021-01284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]

Oboro OF, Ebulue V, Oboro VO, Ohenhen V, Oyewole A, Akindele R, Ala O, Oyeniran O, Isawumi A, Afolabi B. The magnitude and determinants of depressive symptoms amongst women in early pregnancy in Southern Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. S Afr J Psychiatr 2022;28:1691. [PMID: 35747343 PMCID: PMC9210182 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open

Jannati N, Farokhzadian J, Ahmadian L. The Experience of Healthcare Professionals Providing Mental Health Services to Mothers with Postpartum Depression: A qualitative study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2021;21:554-562. [PMID: 34888074 PMCID: PMC8631231 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.4.2021.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open

Abstract

Objectives

This study aimed to describe the experience of healthcare professionals in providing mental health services to women with postpartum depression (PPD).

Methods

In this qualitative study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with five physicians, five midwives and five psychologists from 14 urban healthcare centres in Kerman, Iran, from April 2019 to September 2019. Purposeful sampling was used to select the participants. Data were qualitatively analysed using a content analysis approach.

Results

Data analysis revealed the main theme of the study: ‘the long way ahead for comprehensive, integrated and responsive mental health services’. This theme included four categories: ‘postpartum depression challenges’, ‘social and personal factors’, ‘structural challenges’ and ‘need for change in mental health services’. The participants described that depression diagnosis is difficult due to insufficient knowledge among healthcare providers and the hidden signs of PPD. They also described how different factors such as economic and cultural factors, personality traits, a community’s lack of knowledge, negative attitude towards depression and limited family support might cause depression. Moreover, providing mental health services involves certain challenges, such as limited human resources, insufficient financial resources and incomplete or inefficient policy-making.

Conclusion

Although measures have been taken to provide mental health services, there are many challenges regarding providing mental health services to mothers. Therefore, serious measures should be taken to improve mental health services and re-define the existing measures. Informing the community, empowering the healthcare providers and attempting to change the community’s attitudes and beliefs can affect the mental healthcare of women with depression.

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Beketie ED, Kahsay HB, Nigussie FG, Tafese WT. Magnitude and associated factors of antenatal depression among mothers attending antenatal care in Arba Minch town, Ethiopia, 2018. PLoS One 2021;16:e0260691. [PMID: 34855843 PMCID: PMC8638914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Depression is a common mental disorder. The burden of antenatal depression is higher in developing countries which is 20% as compared to developed ones 10% to 15%. In Ethiopia around one-fifth of pregnant mothers are depressed. Despite the severity of the problem, only a few studies have been done in Ethiopia, and there is no study done in Arba Minch on the problem.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the magnitude and associated factors of antenatal depressive symptoms among pregnant women attending Public Health facilities in Arba Minch town Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Region, Ethiopia 2018.

METHODS

Health Institution based, cross-sectional study design was used to assess the magnitude and associated factors of antenatal depression among 323 pregnant mothers who came for antenatal care follow-up in all public health facilities in Arba Minch town. The systematic random sampling technique was applied. Interviewer administered, pretested structured Questionnaire containing Edinburgh postpartum depression scale was utilized. EPI INFO was used to enter data and then the data were analyzed by logistic regression using SPSS. Variables with P-value less than 0.2 in the bivariate logistic regression were inserted in for multivariable analysis to see their independent effect and those with P-value less than 0.05 were used to determine the significant association between dependent and independent variables.

RESULT

The magnitude of antenatal depression was 35.4%. Variables that were significantly associated with antenatal depression on multivariate analysis were anxiety (AOR = 5.49, 95%CI: 2.56, 11.77), un-planned pregnancy (AOR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.21, 6.07), and Primigravida (AOR = 2.96, 95%CI: 1.28, 6.8). Similarly, uneducated mothers and those who attend only elementary school had AOR 4.92, 95% CI 1.36,17.73 and AOR 4.04955CI 1.23, 13.39 respectively.

CONCLUSION

The magnitude of antenatal depression, intimate partner violence, and threatening life event in Arba Minch town was high. Anxiety, unplanned pregnancy, educational status, and Primigravida were significantly associated factors with depression. There should be a mechanism for routine screening and management of antenatal depression and intimate partner violence during antenatal care follow-up.

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Massae AF, Larsson M, Leshabari S, Mbekenga C, Pembe AB, Svanberg AS. Predictors of fear of childbirth and depressive symptoms among pregnant women: a cross-sectional survey in Pwani region, Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021;21:704. [PMID: 34666696 PMCID: PMC8524824 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Many women experience fear of childbirth (FoB) and depressive symptoms (DS) during pregnancy, but little is known about FoB among Tanzanian women. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of FoB and DS among pregnant women and determine predictors of each and both, focusing on sociodemographic and obstetric predictors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted at six health facilities in two districts in Tanzania between 2018 and 2019. In total, 694 pregnant women with gestational age between 32 and 40 weeks and expecting vaginal delivery were consecutively recruited and assessed for FoB and DS. We collected data through interviews using 6 and 4-points Likert Scale of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire Version A and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, respectively. Women who scored ≥66 and ≥ 10 were categorised as having FoB and DS, respectively. We performed multivariable logistic regression to investigate the predictors of FoB and DS.

RESULTS

The prevalence rates of FoB and DS among pregnant women were 15.1 and 17.7%, respectively. FoB and DS were more likely in women aged above 30 years [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 6.29, 95%CI 1.43-27.84] and in single mothers (AOR 2.57, 95%CI 1.14-5.78). Women with secondary education and above (AOR 0.22, 95%CI 0.05-0.99) and those who had given birth previously (AOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09-0.87) were less likely to have FoB in combination with DS Women who had previous obstetric complications, and those who did not receive any social support from male partners in previous childbirth were more likely to have FoB and DS. FoB was strongly associated with DS (AOR 3.42, 95%CI 2.12-5.53). DS only was more common in women who had inadequate income (AOR 2.35, 95%CI 1.38-3.99) or had previously experienced a perineal tear (AOR 2.32, 95%CI 1.31-4.08).

CONCLUSIONS

Not having a formal education, having only primary education, being aged above 30 years, being single, being nulliparous, having experienced obstetric complications, and having a lack of social support from a male partner during previous pregnancy and childbirth were predictors of FoB and DS during pregnancy. FoB and DS were strongly associated with each other. It is vital to identify at-risk women early, to offer support during pregnancy and childbirth.

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Khan R, Waqas A, Mustehsan ZH, Khan AS, Sikander S, Ahmad I, Jamil A, Sharif M, Bilal S, Zulfiqar S, Bibi A, Rahman A. Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:584287. [PMID: 34566707 PMCID: PMC8461022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.584287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open

Abstract

Objective: To determine the prevalence and association of prenatal depression with socioeconomic, demographic and personal factors among pregnant women living in Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Methods: Five hundred women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living in Kallar Syedan, a rural area of district Rawalpindi Pakistan, were included in the study. Depression was assessed using "Patient health questionnaire" (PHQ9) in Urdu, with a cut-off score of 10. Multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was used to assess perceived social support. Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) were used to measure stressful life events in past 1 year. Tool to assess intimate partner violence (IPV) was based on WHO Multi Country Study on "Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women." Results: Prevalence of prenatal depression was found to be 27%. Number of pregnancies was significantly associated with prenatal depression (p < 0.01). Women living in a joint family and those who perceived themselves as moderately satisfied or not satisfied with their life in the next 4 years were found to be depressed (p < 0.01, OR 6.9, CI 1.77-26.73). Depressive symptomatology in women who experienced more than five stressful life events in last 1 year was three times higher (p < 0.001, OR 3.2, CI 1.68-5.98) than in women with 1-2 stressful events. Women who were supported by their significant others or their family members had 0.9 times (p < 0.01, OR 0.9, CI 0.85-0.96) less chance of getting depressed. Pregnant women who were psychologically abused by their partners were 1.5 times more depressed (p < 0.05 CI 1.12-2.51). Odds of having depression was also high in women who had less mean score of MSSI (p < 0.05, OR 1.1, CI 1.01-1.09). Women who had suitable accommodation had 0.5 times less chance of having depression than others (p < 0.05, OR 0.5, CI 0.27-0.92). Conclusion: Over a quarter of the women in the study population reported prenatal depression, which were predicted predominantly by psychosocial variables.

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Bonatti ADT, Roberto APDSC, Oliveira TD, Jamas MT, Carvalhaes MADBL, Parada CMGDL. Do depressive symptoms among pregnant women assisted in Primary Health Care services increase the risk of prematurity and low birth weight? Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2021;29:e3480. [PMID: 34495191 PMCID: PMC8432585 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.4932.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open

Bliznashka L, Yousafzai AK, Asheri G, Masanja H, Sudfeld CR. Effects of a community health worker delivered intervention on maternal depressive symptoms in rural Tanzania. Health Policy Plan 2021;36:473-483. [PMID: 33313814 PMCID: PMC8128007 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czaa170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open

Abstract

Maternal depression affects one in four women in sub-Saharan Africa, yet evidence on effective and scalable interventions is limited. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a community health worker (CHW) delivered home visit responsive stimulation, health and nutrition intervention, and conditional cash transfers (CCTs) for antenatal care and child growth monitoring attendance on maternal depressive symptoms. We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial in 12 villages in rural Ifakara, Tanzania (September 2017 to May 2019). Study villages were randomly assigned to one of three arms: (1) CHW, (2) CHW + CCT and (3) Control. Pregnant women and mothers with a child <12 months were enrolled. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using a Tanzanian-adapted version of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) after 18 months of follow-up. We used linear mixed-effects models to estimate intervention effects on HSCL-25 scores. Results showed that the CHW intervention significantly reduced HSCL-25 scores as compared with control [unadjusted mean difference (MD) −0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.47, −0.15]. The CHW + CCT intervention also appeared to lower HSCL-25 scores (MD −0.17, 95% CI −0.33, −0.01), but results were not statistically significant. Our findings showed that a low-intensity CHW-delivered home visit responsive stimulation, health and nutrition intervention, which did not explicitly aim to improve mental health, reduced maternal depressive symptoms, though the precise mechanisms of action remain unknown. CCTs for antenatal care and child growth monitoring appeared to provide limited to no additional benefit. Community-based integrated interventions that broadly consider maternal and child health, development and well-being have the potential to promote maternal mental health in rural Tanzania and similar settings.

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Bedaso A, Adams J, Peng W, Sibbritt D. The relationship between social support and mental health problems during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health 2021;18:162. [PMID: 34321040 PMCID: PMC8320195 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open

Abstract

Background

Pregnancy is a time of profound physical and emotional change as well as an increased risk of mental illness. While strengthening social support is a common recommendation to reduce such mental health risk, no systematic review or meta-analysis has yet examined the relationship between social support and mental problems during pregnancy.

Methods

The PRISMA checklist was used as a guide to systematically review relevant peer-reviewed literature reporting primary data analyses. PubMed, Psych Info, MIDIRS, SCOPUS, and CINAHL database searches were conducted to retrieve research articles published between the years 2000 to 2019. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale tool was used for quality appraisal and the meta-analysis was conducted using STATA. The Q and the I² statistics were used to evaluate heterogeneity. A random-effects model was used to pool estimates. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger’s regression test and adjusted using trim and Fill analysis.

Result

From the identified 3760 articles, 67 articles with 64,449 pregnant women were part of the current systematic review and meta-analysis. From the total 67 articles, 22 and 45 articles included in the narrative analysis and meta-analysis, respectively. From the total articles included in the narrative analysis, 20 articles reported a significant relationship between low social support and the risk of developing mental health problems (i.e. depression, anxiety, and self-harm) during pregnancy. After adjusting for publication bias, based on the results of the random-effect model, the pooled odds ratio (POR) of low social support was AOR: 1.18 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.41) for studies examining the relationship between low social support and antenatal depression and AOR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.34, 2.92) for studies examining the relationship between low social support and antenatal anxiety.

Conclusion

Low social support shows significant associations with the risk of depression, anxiety, and self-harm during pregnancy. Policy-makers and those working on maternity care should consider the development of targeted social support programs with a view to helping reduce mental health problems amongst pregnant women.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12978-021-01209-5.

Pregnancy is a significant event for reproductive-age women. It is supplemented by hormonal changes and can represent a time of increased risk for the occurrence of mental illness like depression, anxiety and self-harm. Providing good social support for the pregnant mother reduce this risk and prevent pregnancy complication and adverse birth outcome. However, no systematic review and/or meta-analysis has explored the associations between social support and mental illness (depression, anxiety, self-harm) among pregnant women. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the association between social support and mental illness (anxiety, depression, and self-harm) during pregnancy.

The review identified 67 relevant articles with 64,449 pregnant women, from PubMed, Psych Info, MIDIRS, SCOPUS, and CINAHL database. Of the total 67 articles, 22 articles included in the narrative review and 45 articles included in the meta-analysis. Among studies included in the narrative synthesis, a majority of them reported significant positive associations between low social support and antenatal depression, antenatal anxiety and self-harm during pregnancy. Further, the pooled estimates of the meta-analysis show that low social support had a significant positive association with antenatal depression (AOR: 1.18 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.41)) and antenatal anxiety (AOR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.34, 2.92)). Therefore, maternal health professionals need to have discussions with pregnant women regarding the level and source of social support they receive. Maternal health professionals may also need to consider encouraging the social network of pregnant women to improve social support being given. Policy-makers and those working on maternity care should consider the development of targeted social support programs with a view to helping reduce mental health problems amongst pregnant women.

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Fu F, Yan P, You S, Mao X, Qiao T, Fu L, Wang Y, Dai Y, Maimaiti P. The pregnancy-related anxiety characteristics in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: why should we care? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021;21:424. [PMID: 34112107 PMCID: PMC8194142 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open

Yetwale A, Gultie T, Ajema D, Afework B, Tilahun S. Prevalence of Antenatal Depression and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Pregnant Mothers Attending Antenatal Care Service at Jinka Public Health Facilities, Southern Ethiopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILDBIRTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1891/ijcbirth-d-20-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]

Abstract BACKGROUNDAntenatal depression is the most common psychiatric disorder during pregnancy with serious consequences for the mother and the fetus. However, there are few studies about this health issue in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antenatal depression and its associated risk factors among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care service at Jinka public health facilities, south Omo zone, Southern Ethiopia.METHODSInstitutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 446 pregnant women at Jinka public health facilities, from June 1 to June 30, 2018. Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess women's level of depression. Statistical package for social science version 20.0 was used for analysis. Logistic regression was used to find out the association between explanatory and depression. The strength of association was evaluated using odds ratio at 95% confidence interval (CI).RESULTThe magnitude of antenatal depression in this study was 24.4% (20.2–28.5 at 95% CI) and it had statistically significant association with unmarried marital status adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 13.39 [(95% CI); (3.11–57.7)], chronic medical illness AOR = 3.97 [(95% CI); (1.07–14.7)], unplanned pregnancy AOR = 6.76 [(95% CI); (2.13–21.4)], history of abortion AOR = 2.8 [(95% CI); (1.14–7.02)], history of previous pregnancy complication AOR = 4.8 [(95% CI); (2.12–17.35)], and fear of pregnancy-related complications AOR = 5.4 [(95% CI); (2.32–12.4)].CONCLUSIONSNearly one pregnant woman develops antenatal depression in every four pregnant women. Variables like unmarried marital status, chronic medical illness and unplanned pregnancy, history of previous pregnancy complications, and fear of pregnancy-related complications were associated with antenatal depression. Therefore, it is recommended that these risks factors should be evaluated during antenatal care with a view to improving maternal health. Collapse

Hamzehgardeshi Z, Omidvar S, Amoli AA, Firouzbakht M. Pregnancy-related anxiety and its associated factors during COVID-19 pandemic in Iranian pregnant women: a web-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021;21:208. [PMID: 33722198 PMCID: PMC7957463 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open

Mwita M, Kasongi D, Bernard E, Gunda D, Mmbaga B. The magnitude and determinants of antepartum depression among women attending antenatal clinic at a tertiary hospital, in Mwanza Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2021;38:258. [PMID: 34104306 PMCID: PMC8164423 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.258.27023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open

Ghasemi S, Rayyani M, Farokhzadian J. General health and self-efficacy for health practices of pregnant women: is it important for motherhood? J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-019-01094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open

Magnusson FL, Rogathi JJ, Sigalla GN, Manongi R, Rasch V, Gammeltoft T, Meyrowitsch DW. Does resilience moderate the effect of intimate partner violence on signs of depression among Tanzanian pregnant women: A cross-sectional study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021;100:768-774. [PMID: 33316080 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) has been found to be associated with a multitude of poor health and quality of life outcomes. Among the risks exacerbated by IPV is prenatal depression. Resilience is hypothesized to protect against psychopathology after exposure to a traumatic influence. The present study aims to investigate resilience as a moderator of the effect of exposure to IPV on prenatal depression among pregnant women in Moshi, Tanzania.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, nested within a larger longitudinal study, pregnant women receiving antenatal care were interviewed about exposure to IPV, signs of depression using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, and resilience using the abbreviated Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Logistic regression was used to test the effect of the interaction term of resilience and exposure to IPV during pregnancy on the risk of high level of signs of depression.

RESULTS

In total, 1013 women completed all interviews, 300 women reported exposure to IPV, and 113 had high levels of signs of depression. Mean resilience score was 14.26 (SD 9.45). Exposure to IPV was correlated with signs of depression (adjusted odds ratio 6.49, 95% CI 3.75-11.24). Resilience was not correlated with signs of depression, nor was the interaction term of resilience and exposure to IPV.

CONCLUSIONS

The study did not find that resilience acted as a moderator of the effect of exposure to IPV during pregnancy on the risk of prenatal depression. The cross-sectional design of the study may not be well suited to investigate resilience, which could take time to manifest. The abbreviated Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale has not been validated in a Tanzanian setting, or in the Swahili version. Practitioners should take note that all women and families affected by IPV should be afforded relevant assistance from social services, law enforcement, healthcare practitioners, and other relevant services, regardless of their apparent level of resilience.

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Abdullahi AT, Farouk ZL, Imam A. Common mental disorders in mothers of children attending out-patient malnutrition clinics in rural North-western Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021;21:185. [PMID: 33478451 PMCID: PMC7818054 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open

Abstract

Background

Children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition are managed routinely within out-patient malnutrition treatment programs. These programs do not offer maternal mental health support services, despite maternal mental health playing a significant role in the nutritional status of children. Additionally, the burden of maternal Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) is poorly described among mothers of children attending these programs.

This study thus determined the burden and risk factors for maternal CMDs among children attending out-patient malnutrition clinics in rural North-western Nigeria.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 204 mothers of children with severe acute malnutrition who attending eight out-patient malnutrition clinics in Jigawa, North-western Nigeria. We used the World Health Organization Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 (WHO SRQ-20) screening tool, a recognised and validated proxy measure for CMDs to identify mothers with CMDs. The prevalence of maternal CMDs was determined by identifying the proportion of mothers with SRQ scores of ≥8. Risk factors for CMD were determined using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Maternal CMD prevalence in children attending these facilities was high at 40.7%. Non-receipt of oral polio vaccine (OPV) (AOR 6.23, 95%CI 1.85 to 20.92) increased the odds for CMD. While spousal age above 40 (AOR 0.95, 95%CI 0.90 to 0.99) and long years spent married (AOR 0.92, 95%CI 0.85 to 0.98) decreased the odds for CMD.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate maternal CMD burden is high in out-patient malnutrition clinics in North-western Nigeria. Maternal mental health services would need to be integrated into the community management of acute malnutrition programs to provide more holistic care, and possibly improve long-term outcomes after discharge from these programs.

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Mooij R, Kapanga RR, Mwampagatwa IH, Mgalega GC, van Dillen J, Stekelenburg J, de Kok BC. Beyond severe acute maternal morbidity: a mixed-methods study on the long-term consequences of (severe pre-)eclampsia in rural Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2020;26:33-44. [PMID: 33151624 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]

Pregnancy-related anxiety among Chinese pregnant women in mid-late pregnancy under the two-child policy and its significant correlates. J Affect Disord 2020;276:272-278. [PMID: 32697709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]

McCauley M, Zafar S, van den Broek N. Maternal multimorbidity during pregnancy and after childbirth in women in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:637. [PMID: 33081734 PMCID: PMC7574312 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open

Abstract

Background

For every maternal death, 20 to 30 women are estimated to have morbidities related to pregnancy or childbirth. Much of this burden of disease is in women in low- and middle-income countries. Maternal multimorbidity can include physical, psychological and social ill-health. Limited data exist about the associations between these morbidities. In order to address all health needs that women may have when attending for maternity care, it is important to be able to identify all types of morbidities and understand how each morbidity influences other aspects of women’s health and wellbeing during pregnancy and after childbirth.

Methods

We systematically reviewed published literature in English, describing measurement of two or more types of maternal morbidity and/or associations between morbidities during pregnancy or after childbirth for women in low- and middle-income countries. CINAHL plus, Global Health, Medline and Web of Science databases were searched from 2007 to 2018. Outcomes were descriptions, occurrence of all maternal morbidities and associations between these morbidities. Narrative analysis was conducted.

Results

Included were 38 papers reporting about 36 studies (71,229 women; 60,911 during pregnancy and 10,318 after childbirth in 17 countries). Most studies (26/36) were cross-sectional surveys. Self-reported physical ill-health was documented in 26 studies, but no standardised data collection tools were used. In total, physical morbidities were included in 28 studies, psychological morbidities in 32 studies and social morbidities in 27 studies with three studies assessing associations between all three types of morbidity and 30 studies assessing associations between two types of morbidity. In four studies, clinical examination and/or basic laboratory investigations were also conducted. Associations between physical and psychological morbidities were reported in four studies and between psychological and social morbidities in six. Domestic violence increased risks of physical ill-health in two studies.

Conclusions

There is a lack of standardised, comprehensive and routine measurements and tools to assess the burden of maternal multimorbidity in women during pregnancy and after childbirth. Emerging data suggest significant associations between the different types of morbidity.

Systematic review registration number

PROSPERO CRD42018079526.

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Psychological Distress During Pregnancy: Cross-Sectional Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in a South African Sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 2020;208:755-763. [PMID: 32301847 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]

Zelalem ED, Asaye MM, Mihret MS. Antenatal depression and its correlates on northwestern Ethiopian women: community-based cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2020;36:239. [PMID: 33708330 PMCID: PMC7908391 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.239.19890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open

Dadi AF, Wolde HF, Baraki AG, Akalu TY. Epidemiology of antenatal depression in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:251. [PMID: 32345263 PMCID: PMC7189721 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-02929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Antenatal depression is a serious problem worldwide that has devastating consequences not only for the mother but also for the child and family. The pooled evidence regarding the prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression is rare in Africa. Hence this review aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression in Africa.

METHODS

We searched CINHAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Psychiatry online, PubMed, SCOPES, and Emcare databases for English written observational studies conducted in Africa from 2007 to 2018.Quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS), and studies with good quality were included in the final review. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the I² and Higgins test. Publication bias was checked using Funnel plot symmetry, and Egger's regression test and adjustment was made by using Duval and Tweedie's Trim and Fill analysis. A random effect Meta-analysis was employed to determine the pooled estimates with 95% confidence interval (CI). Stata 14 was used for analysis. The review protocol has been registered in PROSPERO number CRD42018106717.

RESULT

Of the 175 studies identified, 28 studies with an overall sample size of 17,938 were included. According to the random effect model following trim and fill analysis, the pooled prevalence of antenatal depression in Africa was 26.3% (95%CI: 22.2, 30.4%). Economic difficulties [POR = 1.87;95%CI:1.25,2.78,I² = 88.1%], unfavorable marital condition [POR = 4.17;95% CI:1.75, 9.94, I² = 81.2%], poor support from relatives [POR = 1.36;95% CI:1.18, 1.56, I² = 78.0%], bad obstetric history [POR = 2.30;95% CI:1.81, 2.92), I² = 81.7%], and history of mental health problem [POR = 2.97; 95% CI:1.74, 5.06, I² = 92.0%]were the factors associated with antenatal depression.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of antenatal depression is high in Africa, which showed that one in four pregnant women had depression. Pregnant mothers who had economic difficulties, bad obstetric history, poor support from relatives, previous mental health problems, and unfavorable marital conditions were at higher risk of antenatal depression. Therefore these factors should be considered while designing mental health care services for pregnant mothers.

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Dadi AF, Miller ER, Woodman R, Bisetegn TA, Mwanri L. Antenatal depression and its potential causal mechanisms among pregnant mothers in Gondar town: application of structural equation model. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:168. [PMID: 32183726 PMCID: PMC7079401 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-02859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Various forms of life stressors have been implicated as causes of antenatal depression. However, there is a lack of understanding of which forms of stress lead to antenatal depression and through what mechanisms. Modeling stress processes within a theoretical model framework can enhance an understanding of the mechanisms underlying relationships between stressors and stress outcomes. This study used the stress process model framework to explore the causal mechanisms underlying antenatal depression in Gondar, Ethiopia.

METHODS

Questionnaires, using an Online Data collection Kit (ODK) tool were administered face-to-face in 916 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters. Pregnant women were included from six randomly selected urban districts in Gondar, Ethiopia during June and August 2018. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for antenatal depression. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed to explore the direct, indirect, and total effect of stressors and mediators of antenatal depression.

RESULT

Sixty-three participants (6.9%) reported symptoms of depression. Of these, 16 (4.7%) and 47 (8.1%) were in their second and third trimesters, respectively. The SEM demonstrated several direct effects on antenatal depression scores including unplanned pregnancy (standardized β = 0.15), having a history of common mental health disorder (standardized β = 0.18) and fear of giving birth to the current pregnancy (standardized β = 0.29), all of which were associated with a higher depression score. Adequate food access for the last 3 months (standardized β = - 0.11) was associated with decreased depression score. Social support (β = - 0.21), marital agreement (β = - 0.28), and partner support (β = -.18) appeared to partially mediate the link between the identified stressors and the risk of antenatal depression.

CONCLUSION

Both direct and indirect effects contributed to higher antenatal depression score in Ethiopian women. The three psychosocial resources namely marital agreement, social and partner support, mediated reduced antenatal depression scores. Early screening of antenatal depression and enhancing the three psychosocial resources would help to improve maternal resilience.

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Munkhondya BMJ, Munkhondya TE, Chirwa E, Wang H. Efficacy of companion-integrated childbirth preparation for childbirth fear, self-efficacy, and maternal support in primigravid women in Malawi. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:48. [PMID: 31964346 PMCID: PMC6975021 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open

Abstract

Background

In resource-limited settings, childbirth remains a matter of life and death. High levels of childbirth fear in primigravid women are inevitable. To date, few studies have explored interventions to reduce childbirth fear in primigravid women. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of companion-integrated childbirth preparation (C-ICP) during late pregnancy for reducing childbirth fear and improving childbirth self-efficacy, birth companion support, and other selected pregnancy outcomes in primigravid women.

Methods

A quasi-experimental study was carried out using a non-equivalent control group design to recruit a sample of 70 primigravid women in hospital maternity waiting homes in the intervention and control groups, with 35 in each group. The primigravid women and their birth companions in the intervention group received two sessions of companion-integrated childbirth preparation, whereas the control group received routine care. A questionnaire that incorporated the childbirth attitude questionnaire (CAQ), the childbirth self-efficacy inventory (CBSEI), the birth companion support questionnaire (BCSQ), and a review checklist of selected pregnancy outcomes was used to collect data. Pretest and post-test data were analyzed using simple linear regression. Beta coefficients were adjusted at a 95% confidence interval with statistical significance set at a P-value of < 0.05 using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.

Results

At pretest, mean scores were similar in the intervention and control groups. At post-test, being in the intervention group significantly decreased childbirth fears (β: = − .866, t (68) = − 14.27, p < .001) and significantly increased childbirth self-efficacy (β: = .903, t (68) = 17.30, p < .001). In addition, being in the intervention group significantly increased birth companion support (β: = − 0.781, t (68) = 10.32, p < .001). However, no statistically significant differences regarding pregnancy outcomes were observed between the study groups (Mann–Whiney U test, p > .05).

Conclusion

The findings of our study suggest that C-ICP is a promising intervention to reduce childbirth fear while increasing childbirth self-efficacy and maternal support. We recommend the inclusion of C-ICP for primigravid women during late pregnancy in resource-limited settings.

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Fekadu Dadi A, Miller ER, Mwanri L. Antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020;15:e0227323. [PMID: 31923245 PMCID: PMC6953869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open

Abstract

Background

Depression in pregnancy (antenatal depression) in many low and middle-income countries is not well documented and has not been given priority for intervention due to competing urgencies and the belief that it does not immediately cause fatalities, which mainly emanated from lack of comprehensive research on the area. To fill this research gap, this systematic review was conducted to investigate the burden of antenatal depression and its consequences on birth outcomes in low- and middle-income countries.

Methods

We systematically searched the databases: CINHAL, MEDLINE, EMCare, PubMed, PSyc Info, Psychiatry online, and Scopus for studies conducted in low and middle-income countries about antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes. We have included observational studies (case control, cross-sectional and cohort studies), written in English-language, scored in the range of “good quality” on the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS), and were published between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2017. Studies were excluded if a standardized approach was not used to measure main outcomes, they were conducted on restricted (high risk) populations, or had fair to poor quality score on NOS. We used Higgins and Egger’s to test for heterogeneity and publication bias. Primary estimates were pooled using a random effect meta-analysis. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO with protocol number CRD42017082624.

Result

We included 64 studies (with 44, 035 women) on antenatal depression and nine studies (with 5,540 women) on adverse birth outcomes. Antenatal depression was higher in the lower-income countries (Pooled Prevalence (PP) = 34.0%; 95%CI: 33.1%-34.9%) compared to the middle-income countries (PP = 22.7%, 95%CI: 20.1%-25.2%) and increased over the three trimesters. Pregnant women with a history of economic difficulties, poor marital relationships, common mental disorders, poor social support, bad obstetric history, and exposure to violence were more likely to report antenatal depression. The risk of having preterm birth (2.41; 1.47–3.56) and low birth weight (1.66; 1.06–2.61) was higher in depressed mothers compared to mothers without depression.

Conclusions

Antenatal depression was higher in low-income countries than in middle-income countries and was found to be a risk factor for low birth weight and preterm births. The economic, maternal, and psychosocial risk factors were responsible for the occurrence of antenatal depression. While there could be competing priority agenda to juggle for health policymakers in low-income countries, interventions for antenatal depression should be reprioritized as vitally important in order to prevent the poor maternal and perinatal outcomes identified in this review.

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Tiki T, Taye K, Duko B. Prevalence and factors associated with depression among pregnant mothers in the West Shoa zone, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2020;19:24. [PMID: 32280359 PMCID: PMC7137423 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-020-00275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Depression during pregnancy, the most prevalent mental health problem, can alter fetal development and has important consequences on the offspring's physical and mental health. Evidence suggests increasing rates of prevalence of depression in low-income settings such as Ethiopia. However, there are a few studies on the topic with inconsistent results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antenatal depression and its correlates among pregnant women in Ethiopia.

METHODS

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the West Shoa zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, from February 20, 2018, to March 20, 2018. Pregnant women were recruited by using cluster sampling techniques. Data on socio-demographic, obstetric, and psychosocial characteristics were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression during pregnancy. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were fitted to identify correlates of depression. The level of statistical significance was declared at p value < 0.05.

RESULTS

The mean age (± SD) of the pregnant women was 28.41 ± 5.9 years. The prevalence of depression during pregnancy was 32.3%. When we adjusted for possible confounding variables in the final model; those pregnant mothers with an average monthly income of less than 500 (18 USD) Ethiopian birr [AOR = 3.19, 95% CI (1.47, 6.96)], unplanned pregnancy [AOR = 1.52, 95% CI (1.04, 2.21)] and having history of abortion [AOR = 5.13, 95% CI (2.42, 10.85)] have higher odds of depression when compared to their counterparts.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of depression during pregnancy was high. Strengthening the counseling service as well as increasing access and availability of modern contraceptive methods may reduce the rates of unplanned pregnancy in Ethiopia and this, in turn, plays a significant role in alleviating a resultant depression. Further, the integration of mental health services with existing maternal health care as well as strengthening the referral system among public health centers was warranted to minimize antenatal depression in the West Shoa zone health facilities.

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Magnitude of Antenatal Depression and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in West Badewacho Woreda, Hadiyya Zone, South Ethiopia: Community Based Cross Sectional Study. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020;2020:2950536. [PMID: 32411456 PMCID: PMC7212330 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2950536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Antenatal depression is prevalent and serious problems that is associated with psychosocial factors, obstetric history, and history of psychiatric illness. Evidence on prevalence and factors associated with antenatal depression at community level is limited in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was assessing the prevalence of antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women in West Badewacho Woreda, Hadiyya Zone, South Ethiopia, 2018.

METHODS

A community based cross sectional study was conducted from March 15 to April 12, 2018. To draw a total sample size of 541 pregnant women, multistage sampling technique was used. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire and standardized scale was used to collect data from each study subject. Data were entered and cleaned using Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Bivariate analysis was carried out to see crude association between each independent variable and outcome variable. Odds ratios at 95%CI were computed to measure the strength of the association between the outcome and the independent variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant in multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

The prevalence of antenatal depression in the study population was 23.3% (CI: 19.8-26.8). Factors significantly associated with antenatal depression were marital status other than married (single, widowed, divorced) [AOR: (2.807; 95%CI: (1.268, 6.227); p-value = 0.042], history of previous depression [AOR: 3.414; 95%CI: (1.154, 12.999); p-value = 0.001] family history of mental illness [AOR: 3.874; 95%CI: (1.653, 7.052); p-value = 0.028], recent violence from intimate partner [AOR: 3.223; 95%CI: (1.359, 7.643); p-value = 0.008], unsatisfactory marital relation [AOR: 7.568; 95%CI: (3.943, 14.523); p-value < 0.001], lack of adequate social support [AOR: 5.491; 95%CI: (2.086, 14.451); p-value < 0.001] and unplanned current pregnancy [AOR: 2.013; 95%CI: (1.025, 3.953); p-value = 0.042].

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of antenatal depression in west Badewacho woreda was high and it is associated with marital status, unplanned current pregnancy, history of previous depression, family history of mental illness, recent violence from intimate partner, poor marital satisfaction level, and poor social support. Improving maternal and child health services and introducing screening for depression as part of routine antenatal assessment to curb antenatal depression should get due attention.

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Al-Hejji Z, Al-Khudhair M, Al-Musaileem M, Al-Eithan M. Prevalence and associated risk factors of antenatal depression among women attending antenatal clinics in primary health care centers in the Ministry of Health in Al-Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3900-3907. [PMID: 31879633 PMCID: PMC6924245 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_724_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open