• electroconvulsive therapy
• pharmacotherapy
• postpartum anxiety
• postpartum depression
• psychiatric inpatient unit

• Humans
• Female
• Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Adult
• Retrospective Studies
• Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
• Anxiety Disorders/therapy
• Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy
• Australia
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Depressive Disorder/therapy
• Depressive Disorder/drug therapy
• Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use
• Young Adult
• Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data
• Mothers

• Anorectal tube
• Enterocolitis
• Hirschsprung disease home rectal irrigation
• Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis
• Neonate
• Pull-through
• Rectal irrigation
• Single-stage surgery

• Humans
• Hirschsprung Disease/surgery
• Infant, Newborn
• Retrospective Studies
• Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/statistics & numerical data
• Male
• Female
• Enterocolitis/etiology
• Enterocolitis/epidemiology
• Therapeutic Irrigation/methods
• Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data
• Postoperative Complications/epidemiology
• Postoperative Complications/etiology
• Decompression, Surgical/methods
• Incidence

• antidepressants
• anxiolytic drugs
• breastfeeding
• consensus
• postpartum depression

• Humans
• Breast Feeding
• Female
• Depression, Postpartum/drug therapy
• Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
• Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use
• Infant, Newborn
• Consensus

• Depression
• mood disorder
• perinatal depression
• perinatal psychiatry
• postpartum depression

• Prenatal role overload
• first-time mothers
• maternal responsiveness
• postnatal depressive symptoms
• transition to motherhood

• Female
• Pregnancy
• Humans
• Depression
• Depression, Postpartum
• Mothers
• Postpartum Period
• Pregnancy Trimester, Third

• Female
• Humans
• Mothers/psychology
• Depression, Postpartum/therapy
• Depression, Postpartum/psychology
• Postpartum Period/psychology
• Mental Health
• Mother-Child Relations

• Bayesian analysis
• Child development
• Maternal mental health
• Millennium Cohort Study
• Structural equation modelling

• Child
• Humans
• Female
• Male
• Problem Behavior/psychology
• Mental Health
• Cohort Studies
• Bayes Theorem
• Mothers/psychology

• Medical Research Council
• Department of Health
• Chief Scientist Office
• British Heart Foundation
• Wellcome Trust
• Health Data Research UK
• ADR Wales - as part of the Economic and Social Research Council

• Maternal postpartum anxiety symptoms
• Maternal postpartum depressive symptoms
• Microanalysis
• Mother-infant face-to-face communication
• Self- and interactive contingency
• Temporal dynamics of interaction

• Female
• Pregnancy
• Humans
• Gynecology
• Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use
• Psychiatry
• Anxiety
• Drug Prescriptions
• Obstetrics

• UL1 TR001857 NCATS NIH HHS

• child
• child development
• developmental
• developmental delays
• developmental milestones
• intervention
• language delay
• motor skills delay
• risk scores
• scoring methods
• surveillance
• young children

• Child, Preschool
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Pregnancy
• Child Development
• Reference Values

• 5-aminovaleric acid betaine
• 919 Syrup
• erucamide
• fecal microbiota transplantation
• postpartum depression

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

• Biological sciences
• Metabolomics
• Physiology

• Women’s health
• digital technology
• perinatal cardiovascular disease
• postpartum depression
• pregnancy-related death

• Female
• Humans
• Pregnancy
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Feedback
• Maternal Health
• Outcome Assessment, Health Care
• United States

• Anxiety
• Covid-19
• Depression
• Lockdown
• Mother-child interaction
• Post-traumatic stress
• Pregnancy

• Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD)
• illness identity
• postpartum
• pregnancy

• Mother–infant relationship
• postpartum depression
• psilocybin
• psychedelics

• Foster care
• grandparents
• mental health
• parenting
• stress

Perinatal depression is estimated to affect ~ 12% of pregnancies and is linked to numerous negative outcomes. There is currently no model to predict perinatal depression at multiple time-points during and after pregnancy using variables ascertained early into pregnancy.

A prospective cohort design where 858 participants filled in a baseline self-reported survey at week 4–10 of pregnancy (that included social economics, health history, various psychiatric measures), with follow-up until 3 months after delivery. Our primary outcome was an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS) score of 12 or more (a proxy for perinatal depression) assessed during each trimester and again at two time periods after delivery. Five gradient boosting machines were trained to predict the risk of having EPDS score >  = 12 at each of the five follow-up periods. The predictors consisted of 21 variables from 3 validated psychometric scales. As a sensitivity analysis, we also investigated different predictor sets that contained: i) 17 of the 21 variables predictors by only including two of the psychometric scales and ii) including 143 additional social economics and health history predictors, resulting in 164 predictors.

We developed five prognostic models: PND-T1 (trimester 1), PND-T2 (trimester 2), PND-T3 (trimester 3), PND-A1 (after delivery 1) and PND-A2 (delayed onset after delivery) that calculate personalised risks while only requiring that women be asked 21 questions from 3 validated psychometric scales at weeks 4–10 of pregnancy. C-statistics (also known as AUC) ranged between 0.69 (95% CI 0.65–0.73) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.74–0.80). At 50% sensitivity the positive predictive value ranged between 30%-50% across the models, generally identifying groups of patients with double the average risk. Models trained using the 17 predictors and 164 predictors did not improve model performance compared to the models trained using 21 predictors.

The five models can predict risk of perinatal depression within each trimester and in two post-natal periods using survey responses as early as week 4 of pregnancy with modest performance. The models need to be externally validated and prospectively tested to ensure generalizability to any pregnant patient.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04741-9.

• Machine learning
• Model development
• Patient-level prediction
• Perinatal depression

To investigate whether maternal common mental disorders (CMD) in the postnatal period are prospectively associated with child development at 2.5 and 3.5 years in a rural low‐income African setting.

This study was nested within the C‐MaMiE (Child outcomes in relation to Maternal Mental health in Ethiopia) population‐based cohort in Butajira, Ethiopia, and conducted from 2005 to 2006. The sample comprised of 496 women who had recently given birth to living, singleton babies with recorded birth weight measurements, who were 15 to 44 years of age, and residing in six rural sub‐districts. Postnatal CMD measurements were ascertained 2 months after delivery. Language, cognitive, and motor development were obtained from the child 2.5 and 3.5 years after birth using a locally adapted version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (3rd Ed). Maternal CMD symptoms were measured using a locally validated WHO Self‐Reporting Questionnaire. A linear mixed‐effects regression model was used to analyze the relationship between postnatal CMD and child development.

After adjusting for confounders, there was no evidence for an association between postnatal CMD and overall child development or the cognitive sub‐domain in the preschool period. There was no evidence of effect modification by levels of social support, socioeconomic status, stunting, or sex of the child.

Previous studies from predominantly urban and peri‐urban settings in middle‐income countries have established a relationship between maternal CMD and child development, which contrasts with the findings from this study. The risk and protective factors for child development may differ in areas characterized by high social adversity and food insecurity. More studies are needed to investigate maternal CMD’s impact on child development in low‐resource and rural areas.

To examine the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and the resulting isolation measures on the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) after preterm birth.

This is a cross‐sectional study of mothers of extreme and early preterm infants who completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at the standardized 3–6 months follow‐up consultation for preterm infants. Mothers assessed during the COVID‐19 pandemic (n = 34; from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021) were compared with an antecedent control group (n = 108; from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019). A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the relationship between the pandemic and the risk of PPD (EPDS score ≥13).

The prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in the COVID‐19 study group (26% versus 12%, P = 0.043). The multivariable logistic regression model showed a significant association between the COVID‐19 pandemic and the risk of PPD (adjusted odds ratio 3.60, 95% confidence interval 1.06–12.59, P = 0.040).

Among mothers of extreme and early preterm infants, the COVID‐19 pandemic was independently associated with a higher risk of PPD. This confirms the need for a close and long‐term follow up of maternal psychological health after preterm birth.

The COVID‐19 pandemic was independently associated with a higher risk of postpartum depression among mothers of extreme and early preterm infants.

• Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
• coronavirus disease 2019
• pandemic
• postpartum depression
• preterm birth
• risk factor

Perinatal mental illness is a known risk to maternal–infant attachment and healthy infant development. Mothers experiencing complex mental health issues in the first year following birth are less likely to become involved in parenting programs or day stay interventions because of their mental health difficulties and perceived stigma. Currently, most perinatal day or group treatment programs only include the mother and not their infant. This paper describes “Together in Mind,” a perinatal and infant mental health day program developed by the Queensland Centre for Perinatal and Infant Mental Health, targeting mothers with moderate to severe mental illness and their infants under 12 months. The service model was a 6‐week, 1 day per week psychoeducation intervention. Psychoeducational material and support were provided across each day session by an adult perinatal mental health clinician, an infant mental health clinician, and a child health nurse working in collaboration. The program was trialed across seven Hospital and Health Service sites in Queensland, Australia, during 2016–18. In total, 24 group day programs were delivered with 84 mothers and their infants. Pre and post intervention quantitative measures and a post‐program qualitative survey about participant satisfaction were collected. Statistically significant improvements in all quantitative measures showed a large to medium effect size on the: Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) (d = 0.82; p < .000); Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS‐21) (d = 0.5; p < .000); Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS) (d = 0.63; p < .000); Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS) (d = 0.49; p < .000), Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social‐Emotional (6 months) (d = 0.83; p < .000). The results indicate collaboration and early intervention contributes to strengthening the emerging development of the maternal–infant relationship within the context of complex maternal mental health issues.

• Collaboration
• Groupe d'intervention
• Gruppenintervention
• Kindergesundheit
• Kollaboration
• Perinatale psychische Gesundheit
• Salud Child
• Santé de l'enfant
• Santé mentale du nourrisson
• Santé mentale périnatale
• child health
• colaboración
• collaboration
• group intervention
• infant mental health
• intervención de grupo
• perinatal mental health
• psychische Gesundheit von Kleinkindern
• salud mental infantile
• salud mental perinatal
• الصحة النفسية في الفترة المحيطة بالولادة، الصحة النفسية للرضع، صحة الطفل، التعاون، التدخل الجماعي
• グループ介入
• 乳幼児精神保健
• 儿童健康
• 児童の健康
• 协作
• 協働
• 周産期精神保健
• 团体干预
• 围产期心理健康
• 婴儿心理健康

• Emotions
• Female
• Humans
• Infant
• Mental Disorders/therapy
• Mental Health
• Mother-Child Relations
• Mothers
• Parenting
• Pregnancy

Background: Research shows that caregiver mental health problems have direct, significant effects on child behaviour. While these risks are amplified in low-resource settings, limited evidence exists from these places, especially sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective: We measured associations between caregiver mental health and child behaviour in a rural Kenyan sample, hypothesizing that higher rates of caregiver mental health would be associated with increased child behavioural problems. We also sought to provide an overview of caregiver mental health symptoms in our sample.

Method: Cross-sectional data were collected from caregivers of children ages 4–5 years old enrolled in a community-based early child development programme in western Kenya. 465 caregivers were recruited and assessed at baseline, and answered questions about child behaviour, mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress), and help-seeking. A multivariate linear regression model was used to assess significance of each mental health factor.

Results: Caregiver anxiety (p = 0.01) and parenting stress (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with child behavioural problems. 245 caregivers (52.9%) had high levels of symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both; furthermore, 101 caregivers (21.7%) scored above the cut-off for both of these scales. A high proportion of our sample (60.6%) reported seeking some formal or informal psychosocial support services; however, less than one-third of these caregivers were symptomatic (30.9%).

Conclusion: Anxiety and stress were associated with poorer child behavioural outcomes. Our sample reflected a higher prevalence of caregiving adults with mental health symptomology than previous estimates from Kenya, with few high-symptom caregivers seeking support. We discuss further implications for programming and health services delivery.

• Child behaviour
• Kenya
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• caregiver anxiety
• caregiver depression
• parenting stress

• COVID-19
• cooperative breeding
• lockdown
• maternal social networks
• mothers
• postnatal depression
• social distancing

• Birth cohort
• Physical activity
• Postnatal depressive symptoms
• Pregnancy
• Prenatal
• South India

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Cohort Studies
• Depression/epidemiology
• Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology
• Exercise/psychology
• Female
• Humans
• India/epidemiology
• Middle Aged
• Pregnancy
• Pregnant Women/psychology
• Prevalence
• Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
• Young Adult

• Wellcome Trust
• IA/CPHI/14/1/501499 DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance

• Child development
• Development delay
• Development skills
• Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS)
• Postpartum depression

• ADHD
• ADHS
• Atención Compartida
• Attention Commune
• Intersubjectivité
• Intersubjektivität
• Intervention précoce
• Synchronisation
• TDAH
• early intervention
• frühzeitige Intervention
• gemeinsame Aufmerksamkeitsausrichtung
• intersubjectivity
• intersubjetividad
• intervención temprana
• joint attention
• sincronización
• synchronization
• اضطراب فرط النشاط ونقص الانتباه، الاجتهاد، الانتباه المشترك، التزامن، التدخل المبكر
• 主体间性
• 共同注意
• 同期
• 同步性
• 多动症
• 早期介入
• 早期干预
• 間主観性

Postpartum depression is a serious health issue beyond the mental health problems that affect mothers after childbirth. There are no predictive tools available to screen postpartum depression that also allow early interventions. We aimed to develop predictive models for postpartum depression using machine learning (ML) approaches. We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2012–2013 with 28,755 records (3339 postpartum depression and 25,416 normal cases). The imbalance between the two groups was addressed by a balanced resampling using both random down-sampling and the synthetic minority over-sampling technique. Nine different ML algorithms, including random forest (RF), stochastic gradient boosting, support vector machines (SVM), recursive partitioning and regression trees, naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbor (kNN), logistic regression, and neural network, were employed with 10-fold cross-validation to evaluate the models. The overall classification accuracies of the nine models ranged from 0.650 (kNN) to 0.791 (RF). The RF method achieved the highest area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) value of 0.884, followed by SVM, which achieved the second-best performance with an AUC value of 0.864. Predictive modeling developed using ML-approaches may thus be used as a prediction (screening) tool for postpartum depression in future studies.

• Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)
• machine learning
• postpartum depression
• predictive modeling

• attachment
• gaze following
• infant
• longitudinal
• maternal postpartum depression
• social context

• Riksbankens Jubileumsfond
• Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse

• Beziehungsbasierte Betreuung
• Eltern-Kind-Interaktion
• NBO
• Neugeborene mit hohem Risiko
• Selbstregulierung
• auto-régulation
• autorregulación
• cognitive function
• cuidado basado en la relación
• developmentally supportive care
• early intervention
• high-risk newborns
• interacción progenitor-infante
• interaction parent-nourrisson
• nouveaux-nés à haut risque
• parent-infant communication
• parent-infant interaction
• recién nacidos de alto riesgo
• relationship-based care
• self-regulation
• social-emotional function
• soin basé sur la relation
• الرعاية القائمة على العلاقة، الأطفال حديثي الولادة المعرضين للخطر، التنظيم الذاتي، والتفاعل بين الوالدين والرضع
• ハイリスク新生児
• 亲子互动
• 基于关系的护理
• 自己制御
• 自我调节
• 親子相互作用
• 関係性に基づいたケア
• 高危新生儿

• child psychiatry
• evidence based medicine
• multidisciplinary team-care
• paediatric practice
• psychology

• Depression
• Internet gaming disorder
• Parental competence
• Parenting
• Pathological video game play
• Video game addiction

• epidemiology
• etiology
• major depressive disorder
• postpartum depression
• treatment

• T32 MH015442 NIMH NIH HHS
• U54 AG062319 NIA NIH HHS

• Depression
• Maternity care
• Mental health
• Mood disorder
• Screening
• Women’s health / gynecology

• Adult
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology
• Depressive Disorder/epidemiology
• Female
• Humans
• Mothers/psychology
• Mothers/statistics & numerical data
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology
• Self Efficacy
• Severity of Illness Index
• Young Adult

• L60 MD008481 NIMHD NIH HHS

• Child
• Child Development
• Child Rearing
• Child, Preschool
• Emotions
• Female
• Humans
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Male
• Object Attachment
• Parents/psychology
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Recent FDA approval of an allopregnanolone-based treatment specifically for postpartum depression, brexanolone, now commercially called Zulresso®, is an exciting development for patients and families impacted by postpartum depression and allows us to start asking questions about why and how this compound is so effective. Allopregnanolone is a neuroactive steroid, or neurosteroid, which can be synthesized from steroid hormone precursors, such as progesterone, or synthesized de novo from cholesterol. Neurosteroids are positive allosteric modulators at GABA_A receptors (GABA_ARs), a property which is thought to mediate the therapeutic effects of these compounds. However, the durability of effect of brexanolone in clinical trials questions the mechanism of action mediating the remarkable antidepressant effects, leading us to ask why and how does this drug work. Asking why this drug is effective may provide insight into the underlying neurobiology of postpartum depression. Exploring how this drug works will potentially elucidate a novel antidepressant mechanism of action and may provide useful information for next generation drug development. In this review, we examine the clinical and preclinical evidence supporting a role for allopregnanolone in the underlying neurobiology of postpartum depression as well as foundational evidence supporting the therapeutic effects of allopregnanolone for treatment of postpartum depression.

• Allopregnanolone
• GABA
• Neurosteroids
• Postpartum depression

• Bindung
• Depression
• Meta-Analyse
• Mutter-Kind-Beziehung
• afectividad
• attachement
• attachment
• child development
• depresión
• depression
• desarrollo del niño
• dépression
• développement de l'enfant
• kindliche Entwicklung
• meta-analysis
• meta-análisis
• mother-infant relations
• méta-analyse
• relaciones entre madre e infante
• relations mère-nourrisson
• الاكتئاب
• التحليل التلوي
• التعلق
• العلاقات بين الأم والطفل
• نمو الطفل
• メタ解析
• 依附
• 兒童發育
• 子どもの発達
• 愛着
• 抑うつ
• 抑鬱
• 整合分析
• 母乳幼児関係性
• 母嬰關係

• Saudi mothers
• Saudi society
• postnatal depression

• Animal models
• Hypothalamus
• Maternal brain
• Neuroimaging
• Opioid
• Periaqueductal gray

• Animals
• Brain/drug effects
• Brain/metabolism
• Brain/physiology
• Brain/physiopathology
• Female
• Humans
• Maternal Behavior/drug effects
• Maternal Behavior/physiology
• Opiate Substitution Treatment
• Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy
• Stress, Psychological/drug therapy

• R01 DA047336 NIDA NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000433 NCATS NIH HHS

• emotional expressions
• mother-child interaction
• maternal depression
• facial electromyogram (emg)
• synchrony

• Microbiome
• attachment
• maternal–child interaction
• neurobiology
• perinatal depression

• Adult
• Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology
• Depression, Postpartum/physiopathology
• Depression, Postpartum/psychology
• Female
• Humans
• Infant, Newborn
• Male
• Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome/epidemiology
• Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome/physiopathology
• Pregnancy
• Severity of Illness Index
• West Virginia/epidemiology

• Allopregnanolone
• Circuit dysfunction
• Epigenetics
• GABA
• HPA axis
• Neuroinflammation
• Oscillations
• Postpartum depression
• Stress

• Animals
• Depression, Postpartum/etiology
• Depression, Postpartum/genetics
• Depression, Postpartum/immunology
• Depression, Postpartum/metabolism
• Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
• Female
• Humans
• Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism
• Inflammation/complications
• Inflammation/immunology
• Inflammation/metabolism
• Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism

• R01 NS102937 NINDS NIH HHS
• R01 MH104262 NIMH NIH HHS
• R01 MH112704 NIMH NIH HHS
• R01 NS073574 NINDS NIH HHS
• R01 AA026256 NIAAA NIH HHS

• Idioms of distress
• Mali
• Mental health
• Perinatal

• Adult
• Anxiety/ethnology
• Depression/ethnology
• Female
• Health Personnel
• Humans
• Mali/ethnology
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Complications/ethnology
• Qualitative Research
• Rural Population
• Stress, Psychological/ethnology
• Terminology as Topic
• Young Adult

• F31 MH110155 NIMH NIH HHS
• R21 TW009885 FIC NIH HHS
• 1R21TW009885-01 Fogarty International Center
• 1F31 MH110155- 01A1 National Institute of Mental Health