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1
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Flicker SM, Sancier-Barbosa F. Your Happiness Is My Happiness: Predicting Positive Feelings for a Partner's Consensual Extra-Dyadic Intimate Relations. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:941-958. [PMID: 38177605 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This quantitative study tested hypotheses derived from a previous qualitative study of the factors that facilitated and hindered compersion (the positive feelings derived from one's partner's intimate relations with others) in consensually non-monogamous (CNM) relationships. A total of 255 participants recruited from online CNM and Alt-Sex communities reported on demographic and relationship characteristics as well as individual, relationship, and metamour-related variables in an online anonymous survey. In Flicker et al. (2022), we identified various factors that predicted three subtypes of compersion: contentment with one's partner's relationships with established metamours (intimate partners of one's partners), excitement sparked by one's partner's new/potentially new intimate connections, and sexual excitement elicited by thinking about one's partner with another person. The current findings were consistent with the Flicker et al. qualitative study, with some hypotheses from the previous study more strongly supported than others. The predictors of compersion most strongly supported by the current data include closeness with one's metamour and knowledge about the partner/metamour relationship, in a positive direction, as well as jealousy, envy, and attachment anxiety, in a negative direction. Individual-level predictors were weak predictors of compersion. The sexual arousal subtype of compersion was weakly endorsed by the current sample and predictors of this subtype were distinct from predictors of the other subtypes of compersion. The findings suggest that the development of new interventions that target reducing jealousy and envy and increasing attachment security within the unique context of CNM relationships could have the added benefit of increasing compersion. The development of these interventions stands to benefit a growing population of individuals involved in CNM relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Flicker
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento, Amador Hall 353B, MS 6007, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
| | - Flavia Sancier-Barbosa
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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2
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Dickson CA, Ergun-Longmire B, Greydanus DE, Eke R, Giedeman B, Nickson NM, Hoang LN, Adabanya U, Payares DVP, Chahin S, McCrary J, White K, Moon JH, Haitova N, Deleon J, Apple RW. Health equity in pediatrics: Current concepts for the care of children in the 21st century (Dis Mon). Dis Mon 2024; 70:101631. [PMID: 37739834 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
This is an analysis of important aspects of health equity in caring for children and adolescents written by a multidisciplinary team from different medical centers. In this discussion for clinicians, we look at definitions of pediatric health equity and the enormous impact of social determinants of health in this area. Factors involved with pediatric healthcare disparities that are considered include race, ethnicity, gender, age, poverty, socioeconomic status, LGBT status, living in rural communities, housing instability, food insecurity, access to transportation, availability of healthcare professionals, the status of education, and employment as well as immigration. Additional issues involved with health equity in pediatrics that are reviewed will include the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, behavioral health concepts, and the negative health effects of climate change. Recommendations that are presented include reflection of one's own attitudes on as well as an understanding of these topics, consideration of the role of various healthcare providers (i.e., community health workers, peer health navigators, others), the impact of behavioral health integration, and the need for well-conceived curricula as well as multi-faceted training programs in pediatric health equity at the undergraduate and postgraduate medical education levels. Furthermore, ongoing research in pediatric health equity is needed to scrutinize current concepts and stimulate the development of ideas with an ever-greater positive influence on the health of our beloved children. Clinicians caring for children can serve as champions for the optimal health of children and their families; in addition, these healthcare professionals are uniquely positioned in their daily work to understand the drivers of health inequities and to be advocates for optimal health equity in the 21st century for all children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Dickson
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Berrin Ergun-Longmire
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Donald E Greydanus
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States.
| | - Ransome Eke
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
| | - Bethany Giedeman
- Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nikoli M Nickson
- Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Linh-Nhu Hoang
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Uzochukwu Adabanya
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
| | - Daniela V Pinto Payares
- Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Summer Chahin
- Department of Psychology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital/Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jerica McCrary
- Center for Rural Health and Health Disparities, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
| | - Katie White
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Jin Hyung Moon
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
| | - Nizoramo Haitova
- Department of Educational Leadership, Research and Technology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Jocelyn Deleon
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Roger W Apple
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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3
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Chang PF. Skin Deep Disclosures: Motivations Driving Visible Forms of Disclosure among People Living with a Concealable Stigmatized Identity. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:1213-1223. [PMID: 34724837 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1996911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with invisible disabilities continually undergo decision-making processes regarding whether or not, and if so, how to disclose their disability to others. While a great deal of theorization exists regarding disclosure processes, less work has considered how and why individuals with invisible disabilities forgo the disclosure process by making the invisible visible. This study examines motivations for using tattoos as a mechanism for invisible disability disclosure among the single-sided deaf (SSD) community. Interviews with 41 individuals with SSD across the U.S. reveal a complex set of motivations for permanently and visibly disclosing invisible disability through the use of tattoos. Motivations ranged from being (1) functionally driven, such as normalizing and naturalizing disability disclosures in mixed interactions (2) identity driven, such as showing pride in their condition with the goal of de-stigmatizing SSD (3) community driven, such as educating others about SSD and increasing camaraderie within the hard-of-hearing community to (4) personally driven, such as memorializing a loss, marking the legitimacy of deafness to the self and to others, and increasing disability identification. This study contributes to existing disclosure models by considering how this emerging form of disclosure bypasses and complicates some of the foundational assumptions of disclosure decision-making processes regarding whether, to whom, and how individuals with disabilities disclose. This provides important insights regarding how disclosure decisions can be predetermined and made independent of context, situation, and relationship(s), which has several theoretical and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamara F Chang
- Department of Information and Logistics Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston
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4
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Antebi-Gruszka N, Cain D, Millar BM, Parsons JT, Rendina HJ. Stress-Related Growth Among Transgender Women: Measurement, Correlates, and Insights for Clinical Interventions. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2022; 69:1679-1702. [PMID: 33989133 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2021.1921511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although transgender women (TGW), and especially TGW of color, are disproportionately exposed to discrimination and violence, many of them experience stress-related growth. However, little is known about the experience of stress-related growth and its correlates among TGW. Using data from a racially-diverse sample of 210 TGW, the short version of the Stress-Related Growth Scale was modified to assess growth as a result of coming to terms with one's transgender identity among TGW. The psychometric properties of the modified scale were examined, along with its associations with various cognitive, emotional, and social factors. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed a unidimensional factor, along with excellent reliability. A stepwise regression revealed that positive reappraisal, internal locus of control, social support, and emotional expression were associated with greater stress-related growth. Findings suggest that cognitive, emotional, and social resources are related to stress-related growth in TGW. Interventions to foster stress-related growth among TGW are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Demetria Cain
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brett M Millar
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - H Jonathon Rendina
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Health Psychology and Clinical Science Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Foster AM, Rivas-Koehl MM, Le TH, Crane PR, Weiser DA, Talley AE. Exploring sexual minority adults’ pathway to suicidal ideation: A moderated serial mediation model. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2022.2036665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Foster
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew M. Rivas-Koehl
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Tran H. Le
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Phoenix R. Crane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Dana A. Weiser
- Department of Human Development & Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Amelia E. Talley
- Department of Human Development & Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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6
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Lee DN, Stevens EM, Keller-Hamilton B, Wedel AV, Wagener TL, Patterson JG. Minoritized Sexual Identity and Perceived Effectiveness of Instagram Public Health Messaging about E-cigarettes. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 27:115-124. [PMID: 35382702 PMCID: PMC9133203 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2022.2059724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarette (EC) use in young adult sexual-minoritized women (SMW) is disproportionately higher than among heterosexual women and sexual-minoritized men. Public health messaging utilizing social branding, a method used to tailor health messages to one's identity, may help combat this problem. We conducted an online study with SMW (N= 457) and asked them to complete scales assessing their sexual minoritized identity affirmation and centrality. Participants were randomized to view socially branded messages discouraging EC use across three themes (general wellness, pride, health harms). Results revealed that overall lesbian, bisexual, or queer (LBQ) identity (affirmation and centrality) was significantly positively associated with perceived message effectiveness (PME) (p < .001). Identity affirmation was significantly associated with PME when controlling for identity centrality (p = .004). Interaction between identity affirmation and theme was significant (p= .02), as positive effects of identity affirmation on PME were greater when participants viewed pride-themed messages versus wellness (p= .03) or harms messages (p = .01). The findings suggest that socially branded EC prevention messages emphasizing sexual minoritized identity may be more effective for SMW with a strong connection to their LBQ identity. Future research should examine how identity and socially branded messages can impact health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee N Lee
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise M Stevens
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brittney Keller-Hamilton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amelia V Wedel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Theodore L Wagener
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne G Patterson
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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7
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Witherspoon RG, Theodore PS. Exploring Minority Stress and Resilience in a Polyamorous Sample. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1367-1388. [PMID: 34109526 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-01995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyamory is a type of consensual non-monogamy (CNM) in which participants engage in multiple simultaneous romantic and often sexual relationships with the knowledge and consent of all involved. CNM practitioners in general, and polyamorous people in specific, appear to be highly stigmatized due to their relational practices, and to experience acts of CNM-related discrimination, harassment, and violence. Conceptualizing this dynamic via minority stress theory predicts that this stigma and discrimination will lead to negative mental health effects for polyamorous individuals. However, recent research has begun to identify possible sources of resilience within polyamorous populations that may ameliorate these negative effects. This study investigated these hypotheses in a sample of 1176 polyamorous American adults utilizing structural equation modeling. Four constructs were assessed as potential resilience factors: mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, a positive CNM identity, and connection to a supportive CNM community. Results indicate that CNM-related minority stress was positively related to increased psychological distress, such as higher self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms. Mindfulness was found to have both direct and moderating effects on the relationship between minority stress and psychological distress, such that higher mindfulness attenuated the negative impact of minority stress. Cognitive flexibility also displayed direct and moderating effects, but in the opposite than predicted direction. Clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed, with an emphasis on expanding understanding of how anti-CNM stigma affects practitioners and improving clinical cultural competence with this unique and under-served population.
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8
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Fox JR. Exorcising memories of internalised stigma: The demons of lived experience. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:63-72. [PMID: 33747804 PMCID: PMC7953364 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i3.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Public stigma and self-stigma impact negatively on the lives of people with mental health issues. Many people in society stereotype and discriminate against people with mental ill-health, and often this negative process of marginalisation is internalised by people with lived experiences. Thus, this negative internalisation leads to the development of self-stigma. In this article, I reflect on my own experiences of shame and self-stigma as a person with mental ill-health socially bullied by peers from my community and social groups. I present a personal narrative of both public and self-stigmatisation which I hope will enable me to exorcise memories of internalised stigma, which are encountered as my demons of lived experience. Using reflexivity, a process used widely in health and social care fields, I consider how social bullying shattered my fragile confidence, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in the early days of my recovery; the impact of associative stigma on family members is also explored. Following this, the potential to empower people who experience shame and stigma is explored alongside effective anti-stigma processes which challenge discrimination. I connect the concept of recovery with the notion of empowerment, both of which emphasise the importance of agency and self-efficacy for people with mental ill-health. Finally, I consider how the concepts of empowerment and recovery can challenge both the public stigma held by peers in the community and the self-stigma of those with lived experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ruth Fox
- School of Education and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom
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9
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Meyer IH, Russell ST, Hammack PL, Frost DM, Wilson BDM. Minority stress, distress, and suicide attempts in three cohorts of sexual minority adults: A U.S. probability sample. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246827. [PMID: 33657122 PMCID: PMC7928455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 50 years, there have been marked improvement in the social and legal environment of sexual minorities in the United States. Minority stress theory predicts that health of sexual minorities is predicated on the social environment. As the social environment improves, exposure to stress would decline and health outcomes would improve. We assessed how stress, identity, connectedness with the LGBT community, and psychological distress and suicide behavior varied across three distinct cohorts of sexual minority people in the United States. Using a national probability sample recruited in 2016 and 2017, we assessed three a priori defined cohorts of sexual minorities we labeled the pride (born 1956-1963), visibility (born 1974-1981), and equality (born 1990-1997) cohorts. We found significant and impressive cohort differences in coming out milestones, with members of the younger cohort coming out much earlier than members of the two older cohorts. But we found no signs that the improved social environment attenuated their exposure to minority stressors-both distal stressors, such as violence and discrimination, and proximal stressors, such as internalized homophobia and expectations of rejection. Psychological distress and suicide behavior also were not improved, and indeed were worse for the younger than the older cohorts. These findings suggest that changes in the social environment had limited impact on stress processes and mental health for sexual minority people. They speak to the endurance of cultural ideologies such as homophobia and heterosexism and accompanying rejection of and violence toward sexual minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan H. Meyer
- The Williams Institute at the School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Phillip L. Hammack
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - David M. Frost
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca D. M. Wilson
- The Williams Institute at the School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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10
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Barnes ME, Maas SA, Roberts JA, Brownell SE. Christianity as a Concealable Stigmatized Identity (CSI) among Biology Graduate Students. CBE LIFE SCIENCES EDUCATION 2021; 20:ar9. [PMID: 33444108 PMCID: PMC8108500 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.20-09-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has begun to explore the experiences of Christian undergraduates and faculty in biology to illuminate reasons for their underrepresentation. In this study, we focused on the experiences of graduate students and explored Christianity as a concealable stigmatized identity (CSI) in the biology community. We constructed interview questions using this CSI framework, which originates in social psychology, to research the experiences of those with stigmatized identities that could be hidden. We analyzed interviews from 33 Christian graduate students who were enrolled in biology programs and found that many Christian graduate students believe the biology community holds strong negative stereotypes against Christians and worry those negative stereotypes will be applied to them as individuals. We found that students conceal their Christian identities to avoid negative stereotypes and reveal their identities to counteract negative stereotypes. Despite these experiences, students recognize their value as boundary spanners between the majority secular scientific community and majority Christian public. Finally, we found that Christian students report that other identities they have, including ethnicity, gender, nationality, and LGBTQ+ identities, can either increase or decrease the relevance of their Christian identities within the biology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elizabeth Barnes
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132
| | - Samantha A. Maas
- Biology Education Research Lab, Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282
| | - Julie A. Roberts
- Biology Education Research Lab, Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282
| | - Sara E. Brownell
- Biology Education Research Lab, Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282
- *Address correspondence to: Sara E. Brownell ()
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11
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Brandt SA, Carmichael CL. Does online support matter? The relationship between online identity-related support, mattering, and well-being in sexual minority men. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Rüsch N, Angermeyer MC, Corrigan PW. Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 20:529-39. [PMID: 16171984 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPersons with mental illness frequently encounter public stigma and may suffer from self-stigma. This review aims to clarify the concept of mental illness stigma and discuss consequences for individuals with mental illness. After a conceptual overview of stigma we discuss two leading concepts of mental illness stigma and consequences of stigma, focussing on self-stigma/empowerment and fear of stigma as a barrier to using health services. Finally, we discuss three main strategies to reduce stigma - protest, education, and contact – and give examples of current anti-stigma campaigns. Well-designed anti-stigma initiatives will help to diminish negative consequences of mental illness stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rüsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Navarro MA, Hoffman L, Crankshaw EC, Guillory J, Jacobs S. LGBT Identity and Its Influence on Perceived Effectiveness of Advertisements from a LGBT Tobacco Public Education Campaign. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 24:469-481. [PMID: 31116651 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2019.1615582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals are at increased risk for tobacco use compared to those who are not LGBT. The Food and Drug Administration's Center for Tobacco Products launched the first U.S. large-scale tobacco public education campaign for LGBT young adults aged 18-24, This Free Life. The current study, using data from the evaluation of the This Free Life campaign, investigated the role of LGBT Identity Affirmation (i.e., the development of positive feelings or attachment to being LGBT), LGBT Identity Centrality (i.e., the degree to which an aspect of a person's identity shapes their overall identity), and Identification with the LGBT Community (i.e., an individual's relationship with the LGBT community) on perceived effectiveness of four This Free Life advertisements. The current study sample included 2,788 LGBT young adults. For the "Our Story" and "Flawless" advertisements, all three identity constructs were statistically significant positive predictors of perceived advertisement effectiveness. For female-centric and male-centric "Tip the Scale" advertisements, LGBT Identity Centrality and Identification with the LGBT Community were significant positive predictors. An additional secondary analysis found differences in identity constructs between sexual and gender minority subgroups. These results support that identity constructs may be leveraged in health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Navarro
- a Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Health Communication and Education , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Leah Hoffman
- a Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Health Communication and Education , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Erik C Crankshaw
- b Public Health Research Division, Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, RTI International , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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14
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Ryan WS, Ryan RM. Toward a Social Psychology of Authenticity: Exploring Within-Person Variation in Autonomy, Congruence, and Genuineness Using Self-Determination Theory. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Authenticity entails autonomy, congruence, and genuineness. In this article, we use a self-determination theory framework to discuss a critical aspect of social environments that facilitates these aspects of authenticity, namely the experience of autonomy support. Although authenticity is often studied as a trait or individual difference, we review research demonstrating that authenticity varies within individuals and predicts variations in well-being. Next, we show that perceiving autonomy support within a relational context is associated with people feeling more authentic and more like their ideal selves and displaying constellations of Big 5 personality traits indicative of greater wellness in that context. To explore another important part of authenticity, being genuine in interactions with others, we review evidence linking autonomy support to situational variation in identity disclosure among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. This research suggests that perceiving autonomy support within a context or relationship helps lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals be more open about their sexual orientation and identity, which in turn affords greater opportunities for the satisfaction of not only autonomy, but competence and relatedness needs as well, facilitating well-being. We conclude by highlighting future directions in the study of authenticity’s dynamic nature, and the importance of the situation in its expression and its relation to well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M. Ryan
- The Institute of Positive Psychology & Education, Australian Catholic University, and Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
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15
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Yan H, Li X, Li J, Wang W, Yang Y, Yao X, Yang N, Li S. Association between perceived HIV stigma, social support, resilience, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nanjing, China. AIDS Care 2019; 31:1069-1076. [PMID: 30942086 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2019.1601677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Among Chinese HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), high levels of depression are common. The association between HIV and depression is attributed to several factors, particularly HIV-related stigma. However, to date, how HIV-related stigma leads to depression among Chinese HIV-positive MSM is still unclear. As such, this study aims to examine the relationships between perceived HIV stigma, social support, resilience, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among HIV-positive MSM in China. We conducted a cross-sectional survey study among 347 HIV-positive MSM from July to August 2016 in Nanjing, China. Measurements were sociodemographic and psychological constructs including perceived HIV stigma, social support, resilience, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships among these constructs. Overall,134 (38.6%) participants had depressive symptoms. Perceived stigma was directly associated with depressive symptoms (β = .196, p < .001). Perceived stigma also indirectly affected depressive symptoms (β = .200, p < .001)through social support and self-esteem. Social support (β = -.124, p = .004) and self-esteem (β = -.536, p = .001), but not resilience, were direct predictors of depressive symptoms. Resilience was directly associated with self-esteem (β = .512, p < .001). Perceived HIV stigma could directly and indirectly impact depressive symptoms in HIV-positive MSM. Improving personal self-esteem, resilience and social support might reduce impact of perceived stigma on depressive symptoms among HIV-positive MSM in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- a School of Health Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- a School of Health Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- b Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , USA
| | - Wei Wang
- a School of Health Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yinmei Yang
- a School of Health Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yao
- a School of Health Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Ningxi Yang
- a School of Health Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyue Li
- a School of Health Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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Rose S, Boyes A, Kelly B, Cox M, Palazzi K, Paul C. Help-seeking behaviour in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients: Assessing the role of perceived stigma. Psychooncology 2018; 27:2141-2147. [PMID: 29802652 PMCID: PMC6175243 DOI: 10.1002/pon.4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study explored help‐seeking behaviours, group identification, and perceived legitimacy of discrimination, and its potential relationship with perceived lung cancer stigma. Methods Consecutive consenting adults (n = 274) with a primary diagnosis of lung cancer within the previous 4 months were recruited at 31 outpatient clinics in Australia. A self‐report survey assessed help‐seeking, group identification, perceived legitimacy of discrimination, and perceived lung cancer stigma. Results Services providing assistance from health professionals (69.5%) and informational support (68.5%) were more frequently used than emotional‐based support. Only a small proportion (2.6%) of participants were unlikely to seek help from anyone, with the most popular sources of help being the general practitioner (91.0%), and oncologist/treating clinician (81.3%). One‐fifth (21.1%) indicated they identified with being a lung cancer patient, and most did not perceive discrimination against lung cancer patients. Higher perceived lung cancer stigma was significantly associated with greater perceived legitimacy of discrimination (P < 0.001), but not help‐seeking behaviours or group identification. Conclusions The relationship between lung cancer stigma and perceived legitimacy of discrimination may guide initiatives to reduce stigma for patients. It is encouraging that perceived stigma did not appear to inhibit help‐seeking behaviours. However, further research in this emerging field is needed to investigate patterns of perceived stigma and help‐seeking over time to identify how and when to offer support services most appropriate to the needs of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Rose
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
| | - Allison Boyes
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
| | - Brian Kelly
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
| | - Martine Cox
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
| | - Kerrin Palazzi
- Clinical Research, Information Technology and Statistical Support UnitHunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
| | - Christine Paul
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
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Fox C, Asquith NL. Measuring the Tangible Fear of Heterosexist Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:980-1007. [PMID: 26611615 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515614279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fear of crime (FoC) has dominated the political landscape over the last 20 years, with many crime policy developments during this period linked not to actual experiences of violence but to the fear of victimization. Fear of crime studies, in most cases, are conducted with populations that have only a passing, mediated knowledge of crime victimization. The research discussed in this article, in contrast, considers the impact of FoC with a highly victimized community, and establishes psychometric testing to validate an instrument to measure the impact of that fear ( Fear of Heterosexism Scale [ FoHS]). If FoC is related to experiences of crime as the existing research suggests, then victims of heterosexist prejudice, discrimination, and/or violence would be more likely to fear such incidents in the future. It was also predicted that participants who concealed their sexual and/or gender identity and had lower levels of social connectedness would experience higher levels of fear. The findings highlight the importance of contextual factors in FoH, and identify the critical roles that disclosure and social connectedness play in ameliorating the damaging effects of heterosexist victimization.
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18
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Fingerhut AW. The Role of Social Support and Gay Identity in the Stress Processes of a Sample of Caucasian Gay Men. PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER DIVERSITY 2018; 5:294-302. [PMID: 30221177 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Though research has demonstrated that gay men suffer stress-related mental health disparities compared to heterosexuals, little is known about factors that protect gay individuals from poor mental health and that buffer them in the face of minority stress. Using a daily diary approach, the current study examined three factors that may protect individuals from poor mental health: social support from friends, social support from family, and gay identity. Caucasian gay men (N = 89) completed a study purported to examine the everyday life experiences of gay individuals. Participants completed baseline measures of social support from friends and family, gay identity (i.e., sense of belonging to the gay community), and depression. Participants then completed measures of minority stress and negative affect at the end of each day for 14 consecutive days. Though all three predictors were negatively related to depression at baseline, only friend support remained significant when all predictors were included simultaneously. For the daily data, HLM was used to examine the moderating role that each of the predictors served in the daily minority stress-mental health link. Only friend support moderated the link. Those with more friend support experienced little change in negative affect from average to above-average minority stress days. However, those with less support experienced increases in negative affect from average to above-average minority stress days. The research highlights the importance of friend support for coping, while also suggesting that predictors of minority stress may differ when stress is assessed retrospectively versus daily.
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van den Akker H, Blaauw J, Lubbers M, van der Ploeg R, Scheepers P, Verbakel E. Health and happiness among homosexual couples in Europe. Int Psychiatry 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/s1749367600003702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from five waves (2002–10) of the European Social Survey were examined to see the extent to which heterosexual and homosexual couples differ in their health and happiness. Homosexual people had lower levels of self-rated health and happiness. We suggest that those who experience discrimination are more strongly integrated in their gay community, which, in turn, may bring positive effects in terms of happiness due to a sense of belonging, but may be accompanied by the specific health risks associated with this community.
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20
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Feinstein BA, Davila J, Dyar C. A weekly diary study of minority stress, coping, and internalizing symptoms among gay men. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 85:1144-1157. [PMID: 29189030 PMCID: PMC6935043 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has demonstrated that gay men are at increased risk for internalizing disorders compared with heterosexual men and that minority stressors are risk factors. However, the mechanisms underlying the associations between minority stressors and internalizing symptoms remain unclear. The current study examined coping strategies (active and disengaged coping) as mediators of the associations between minority stressors (internalized homonegativity [IH] and rejection sensitivity [RS]) and internalizing symptoms. METHOD A sample of 147 gay men completed a baseline questionnaire and weekly questionnaires for seven consecutive weeks. RESULTS At the between-person level, higher IH and RS were associated with higher disengaged coping, but not active coping. In turn, higher disengaged coping was associated with higher internalizing symptoms. Disengaged coping mediated the between-person association between IH and internalizing symptoms. At the within-person level, higher IH and RS were associated with higher disengaged coping, which, in turn, was associated with higher internalizing symptoms. Higher RS was also associated with higher active coping. Disengaged coping mediated the within-person associations between both minority stressors and internalizing symptoms. Of note, some associations with IH became nonsignificant controlling for RS, suggesting that the latter has a stronger influence on coping and internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that gay men's negative thoughts and feelings about their sexual orientation and anxious expectations of rejection vary from week to week and this weekly fluctuation has an impact on mental health. Further, findings implicate disengaged coping as a mechanism through which minority stressors influence internalizing symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Feinstein
- Northwestern University Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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21
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Fingerhut AW, Peplau LA, Ghavami N. A Dual-Identity Framework for Understanding Lesbian Experience. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The diverse life experiences of contemporary lesbians are shaped by women's differing ties to two social worlds, the majority heterosexual society and the minority subculture of the lesbian or sexual-minority world. This article presents a detailed conceptual analysis of a dual-identity framework that emphasizes lesbians' simultaneous affiliations with both lesbian and mainstream/heterosexual communities. The usefulness of this approach is discussed, with emphasis on implications for understanding individual differences in exposure to gay-related stress and mental health. Results from a survey of 116 lesbians showed that scores on measures of Lesbian Identity and Mainstream Identity were not significantly correlated with each other. Both lesbian and mainstream identities were significantly related to lesbians' reported experiences of discrimination, feelings of internalized homophobia, and life satisfaction. Limitations of the dual-identity framework and suggestions for future research are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Negin Ghavami
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
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22
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Carastathis GS, Cohen L, Kaczmarek E, Chang P. Rejected by Family for Being Gay or Lesbian: Portrayals, Perceptions, and Resilience. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2016; 64:289-320. [PMID: 27093593 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2016.1179035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of negative psychosocial outcomes face gay men and lesbians who experience rejection by their family for not being heterosexual. However, what constitutes rejection is not clear, and, more importantly, it is not known how resilience is fostered within such a context. This qualitative study sought to examine these issues by exploring the lived experiences of Australian gay men and lesbians who were previously or were currently experiencing family rejection because of their sexuality. A total of 21 in-depth, semistructured interviews were individually conducted and analyzed. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed several themes that provided greater understanding of the portrayals and perceptions of family rejection; the impact of family rejection on mental health; and, importantly, how these individuals came to establish resilience in the face of experiencing family rejection. Limitations, directions for future research, and clinical implications of the findings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Carastathis
- a School of Psychology and Social Science , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Lynne Cohen
- a School of Psychology and Social Science , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kaczmarek
- a School of Psychology and Social Science , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Paul Chang
- a School of Psychology and Social Science , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Western Australia , Australia
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Swannell S, Martin G, Page A. Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual adults: Findings from an Australian national study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:145-53. [PMID: 26631718 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415615949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated associations between sexual orientation and measures of suicidality and non-suicidal self-injury in Australian adults. Previous studies of sexual orientation and suicidality have been limited by unclear conceptualisations of suicidal intent, failure to differentiate between homosexuality and bisexuality, inattention to gender differences and use of convenience-based samples. METHODS A large (N = 10,531) representative national sample of Australian adults was used to investigate associations between sexual orientation (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual) and (1) suicidal ideation, (2) attempted suicide and (3) non-suicidal self-injury, for males and females separately, in a series of sequentially adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS Sexual minority participants were at greater risk of suicidality and self-injury than heterosexuals, after adjusting for age and other covariates, with patterns of risk differing by sexual orientation and gender. Compared with their heterosexual counterparts, gay men, but not bisexual men, were more likely to report suicidal ideation (odds ratio = 3.05, 95% confidence interval = [1.65, 5.60]) and suicide attempts (odds ratio = 4.16, confidence interval = [2.18, 7.93]). Bisexual women, but not lesbian women, were more likely to report suicidal ideation (odds ratio = 4.40, confidence interval = [3.00, 6.37]) and suicide attempts (odds ratio = 4.46, confidence interval = [2.41, 8.24]). Neither bisexual nor gay men were more likely than heterosexual men to report self-injury. However, bisexual women, but not lesbian women, were more likely than heterosexual women to report self-injury (odds ratio = 19.59, confidence interval = [9.05, 42.40]). Overall, bisexual females were at greatest risk of suicidality and self-injury. CONCLUSION Clinicians working with sexual minority populations are encouraged to openly discuss suicidal and self-injurious thoughts and behaviours with their clients and may consider using therapeutic strategies to reduce internalised stigma and enhance personal and social resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Swannell
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham Martin
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Page
- Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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Zhao Y, Ma Y, Chen R, Li F, Qin X, Hu Z. Non-disclosure of Sexual Orientation to Parents Associated with Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual MSM in China. AIDS Behav 2016; 20:193-203. [PMID: 26174317 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between non-disclosure of sexual orientation to parents and sexual risk behaviors among gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. A total of 295 eligible participants (gay n = 179, bisexual n = 116) were recruited from MSM venues and MSM organizations in Anhui Province, China. Overall, 16.6 % of participants chose to disclose their sexual orientation to parents. Fewer bisexual participants chose to disclose their sexual orientation than gay participants (9.5 vs. 21.2 %, p < 0.01). A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that non-disclosers were more likely than disclosers to report having one or more female sex partners among gay and bisexual MSM (AOR = 2.91), non-disclosure of sexual orientation to parents was positively associated with the number of female sex partners (AOR = 3.40) and with engagement in unprotected anal intercourse with men (AOR = 2.49) among gay MSM, in the past 6 months. Our findings indicated that HIV/AIDS intervention programs should promote the disclosure of sexual orientation and should design interventions specific to gay and bisexual MSM separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- School of Health Service management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Literature Review and Analysis, Library of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Health Service management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ren Chen
- School of Health Service management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Li
- Medicare Office, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Qin
- School of Health Service management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- School of Health Service management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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25
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Velkoff EA, Forrest LN, Dodd DR, Smith AR. Identity, Relationship Satisfaction, and Disclosure. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684315621496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested the usefulness of combining the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide and minority stress models in studying suicidality among sexual minority women. According to the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide, perceptions of being a burden on others and feelings of failed belongingness predict suicidal ideation. In a sample of sexual minority women ( n = 51), we tested first, if the interaction of perceived burdensomeness and failed belongingness predicted lifetime suicidal behavior; second, if identity affirmation was negatively related to perceived burdensomeness and if this relation was moderated by disclosure; and third, if relationship satisfaction was negatively related to failed belongingness and if this relation was moderated by acceptance concerns. The proposed interaction of perceived burdensomeness and failed belongingness predicted lifetime suicide attempts. Moreover, among sexual minority women with greater disclosure of their sexual minority identities, low identity affirmation was related to higher perceived burdensomeness. For sexual minority women with high acceptance concerns, relationship satisfaction did not relate to lower feelings of failed belongingness. These findings suggest that sexual minority related stressors moderate risk factors for suicidality—in particular, perceptions of burdensomeness and failed belongingness. We suggest clinicians and others encourage sexual minority individuals to engage in activities that promote effectiveness and interpersonal closeness. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ's website at http://pwq.sagepub.com/supplemental
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dorian R. Dodd
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - April R. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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26
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Weiss BJ, Garvert DW, Cloitre M. PTSD and Trauma-Related Difficulties in Sexual Minority Women: The Impact of Perceived Social Support. J Trauma Stress 2015; 28:563-71. [PMID: 26625354 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related symptoms among sexual minority (SM) and heterosexual women and the influence of social support on the relationship between SM status and symptoms. We hypothesized that SM women would endorse higher symptoms of PTSD and related difficulties and that social support would moderate the relationship between SM status and symptoms. The sample, women seeking treatment for PTSD related to interpersonal violence (n = 477; mean age = 36.07 years; 22.9% SM) completed clinician-administered measures of PTSD and self-report measures of trauma-related difficulties and social support. The rate of PTSD diagnosis was higher for SM women. Social support and SM status were significantly associated with suicidality, self-perceptions, depression, somatic complaints, and functional impairment. The interaction between social support and SM status was significant for both functional impairment (β = -.26) and somatic complaints (β = -.39). High social support had an equal, positive effect among SM and nonminority women, whereas low social support had a greater negative impact among SM women. Results suggested the particular salience of social support on functioning and symptom severity among SM women and the potential importance of including interventions addressing social support into PTSD treatments for SM women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Weiss
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Donn W Garvert
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Marylène Cloitre
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Miller LR, Grollman EA. The Social Costs of Gender Nonconformity for Transgender Adults: Implications for Discrimination and Health. SOCIOLOGICAL FORUM (RANDOLPH, N.J.) 2015; 30:809-831. [PMID: 27708501 PMCID: PMC5044929 DOI: 10.1111/socf.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that transgender people face high levels of discrimination in society, which may contribute to their disproportionate risk for poor health. However, little is known about whether gender nonconformity, as a visible marker of one's stigmatized status as a transgender individual, heightens trans people's experiences with discrimination and, in turn, their health. Using data from the largest survey of transgender adults in the United States, the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (N = 4,115), we examine the associations among gender nonconformity, transphobic discrimination, and health-harming behaviors (i.e., attempted suicide, drug/alcohol abuse, and smoking). The results suggest that gender nonconforming trans people face more discrimination and, in turn, are more likely to engage in health-harming behaviors than trans people who are gender conforming. Our findings highlight the important role of gender nonconformity in the social experiences and well-being of transgender people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R. Miller
- Department of SociologyIndiana UniversityBallantine Hall 744, 1020 E. Kirkwood AvenueBloomingtonIndiana47405
| | - Eric Anthony Grollman
- Department of Sociology and AnthropologyUniversity of Richmond302 E. Weinstein Hall, 28 Westhampton WayRichmondVirginia23173
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28
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Whitman CN, Nadal KL. Sexual Minority Identities: Outness and Well-Being Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2015.1038974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lick DJ, Durso LE, Johnson KL. Minority Stress and Physical Health Among Sexual Minorities. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 8:521-48. [PMID: 26173210 DOI: 10.1177/1745691613497965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals suffer serious mental health disparities relative to their heterosexual peers, and researchers have linked these disparities to difficult social experiences (e.g., antigay victimization) and internalized biases (e.g., internalized homophobia) that arouse stress. A recent and growing body of evidence suggests that LGB individuals also suffer physical health disparities relative to heterosexuals, ranging from poor general health status to increased risk for cancer and heightened diagnoses of cardiovascular disease, asthma, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. Despite recent advances in this literature, the causes of LGB physical health problems remain relatively opaque. In this article, we review empirical findings related to LGB physical health disparities and argue that such disparities are related to the experience of minority stress-that is, stress caused by experiences with antigay stigma. In light of this minority stress model, we highlight gaps in the current literature and outline five research steps necessary for developing a comprehensive knowledge of the social determinants of LGB physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lick
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Laura E Durso
- The Williams Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kerri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles Department of Communication Studies, University of California, Los Angeles
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30
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Abstract
This study delineated a microaggressions typology and corresponding intensity levels that occur to adopted adolescents. The microaggressions framework by Sue et al. was adapted to identify this adoptive microaggression typology. Interviews with 153 (males = 79, females = 74) non-Latino/a White adolescent adopted individuals in same-race families were analyzed. Thematic analysis was used to discover 16 themes: (a) Silence, (b) Overly Intrusive Questions, (c) Assumption of Bionormativity, (d) Recurring Confusion/Ignorance, (e) In-House Divisions, (f) Public “Outing,” (g) Using Adoption, (h) Questioning Authenticity, (i) Unacknowledged Identity Status, (j) Spokesperson for Adoption, (k) Adoptees as Nonnormative, (l) Sensitivity, (m) Negative Stereotypes about Birth parents, (n) Adoptees as Orphans, (o) Negative Societal Portrayal of Adoption, and (p) Other. Implications for theory and practice are provided.
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31
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Olson ED, Ro H. Typology of gay consumers' interaction styles on complaining propensity. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2015; 62:664-682. [PMID: 25415649 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2014.988541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop a typology of gay male consumers based on self-concept variables related to social interactions. Openness about sexual orientation, collective self-esteem, stigma-consciousness, and negative evaluation were used to identify clusters of gay male consumers. An initial test sample (n = 125) suggested a three-cluster solution, and a validation sample (n = 247) established reproducibility of the proposed typology. Three clusters with distinct interaction styles emerged: "confident gay," "diffident gay," and "guarded gay." Additionally, the usefulness of the typology is demonstrated by comparing the clusters on the basis of complaining propensity. Typologies of each cluster and implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Olson
- a College of Human Sciences , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa , USA
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Windsor-Shellard B, Haddock G. On Feeling Torn About One's Sexuality: The Effects of Explicit-Implicit Sexual Orientation Ambivalence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:1215-1228. [PMID: 24972940 PMCID: PMC4230544 DOI: 10.1177/0146167214539018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Three studies offer novel evidence addressing the consequences of explicit–implicit sexual orientation (SO) ambivalence. In Study 1, self-identified straight females completed explicit and implicit measures of SO. The results revealed that participants with greater SO ambivalence took longer responding to explicit questions about their sexual preferences, an effect moderated by the direction of ambivalence. Study 2 replicated this effect using a different paradigm. Study 3 included self-identified straight and gay female and male participants; participants completed explicit and implicit measures of SO, plus measures of self-esteem and affect regarding their SO. Among straight participants, the response time results replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2. Among gay participants, trends suggested that SO ambivalence influenced time spent deliberating on explicit questions relevant to sexuality, but in a different way. Furthermore, the amount and direction of SO ambivalence was related to self-esteem.
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Hammack PL, Mayers L, Windell EP. Narrative, psychology and the politics of sexual identity in the United States: from ‘sickness’ to ‘species’ to ‘subject’. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2011.621131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Lehmiller JJ, Konkel KE. Commitment to the GLBT community: an investment model analysis of its antecedents and consequences. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pachankis JE, Hatzenbuehler ML. The Social Development of Contingent Self-Worth in Sexual Minority Young Men: An Empirical Investigation of the “Best Little Boy in the World” Hypothesis. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2013.764304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bockting WO, Miner MH, Swinburne Romine RE, Hamilton A, Coleman E. Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:943-51. [PMID: 23488522 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 883] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the association between minority stress, mental health, and potential ameliorating factors in a large, community-based, geographically diverse sample of the US transgender population. METHODS In 2003, we recruited through the Internet a sample of 1093 male-to-female and female-to-male transgender persons, stratified by gender. Participants completed an online survey that included standardized measures of mental health. Guided by the minority stress model, we evaluated associations between stigma and mental health and tested whether indicators of resilience (family support, peer support, identity pride) moderated these associations. RESULTS Respondents had a high prevalence of clinical depression (44.1%), anxiety (33.2%), and somatization (27.5%). Social stigma was positively associated with psychological distress. Peer support (from other transgender people) moderated this relationship. We found few differences by gender identity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the minority stress model. Prevention needs to confront social structures, norms, and attitudes that produce minority stress for gender-variant people; enhance peer support; and improve access to mental health and social services that affirm transgender identity and promote resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter O Bockting
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Yule MA, Brotto LA, Gorzalka BB. Mental health and interpersonal functioning in self-identified asexual men and women. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2013.774162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Herek GM, Saha S, Burack J. Stigma and Psychological Distress in People With HIV/AIDS. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sona Saha
- b East Bay AIDS Research Institute and University of California , Berkeley
| | - Jeffrey Burack
- c East Bay AIDS Center , University of California , Berkeley
- d University of California , San Francisco
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McLaren S, Gibbs PM, Watts E. The interrelations between age, sense of belonging, and depressive symptoms among Australian gay men and lesbians. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2013; 60:1-15. [PMID: 23241198 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2013.735933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have demonstrated that age is related to depression among gay men and lesbians, with younger adults experiencing more depression than older adults. Other researchers have indicated that a sense of belonging is related to lower levels of depression. This study investigated whether sense of belonging to the gay and lesbian community moderates and mediates the relationship between age and depressive symptoms among gay men and lesbians. An Australian sample of self-identified gay men (n = 346) and lesbians (n = 270) completed the Psychological subscale of the Sense of Belonging Instrument and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results indicated that age and sense of belonging were directly and independently related to depressive symptoms for gay men and lesbians. In addition, for lesbians only, sense of belonging moderated the age-depressive symptom relation. For lesbians with low levels of sense belonging to the lesbian community, age was not associated with depressive symptoms. In contrast, for lesbians with high levels of sense of belonging to the lesbian community, the association between sense of belonging and depressive symptoms decreased with increasing age. Encouraging gay men and lesbians (especially younger lesbians) to become involved in the gay and lesbian community is likely to be beneficial for their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne McLaren
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, Mt. Helen, Victoria, Australia.
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40
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Schrimshaw EW, Siegel K, Downing MJ, Parsons JT. Disclosure and concealment of sexual orientation and the mental health of non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men. J Consult Clin Psychol 2012; 81:141-53. [PMID: 23276123 DOI: 10.1037/a0031272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although bisexual men report lower levels of mental health relative to gay men, few studies have examined the factors that contribute to bisexual men's mental health. Bisexual men are less likely to disclose, and more likely to conceal (i.e., a desire to hide), their sexual orientation than gay men. Theory suggests that this may adversely impact their mental health. This report examined the factors associated with disclosure and with concealment of sexual orientation, the association of disclosure and concealment with mental health, and the potential mediators (i.e., internalized homophobia, social support) of this association with mental health. METHOD An ethnically diverse sample of 203 non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men who do not disclose their same-sex behavior to their female partners were recruited in New York City to complete a single set of self-report measures. RESULTS Concealment was associated with higher income, a heterosexual identification, living with a wife or girlfriend, more frequent sex with women, and less frequent sex with men. Greater concealment, but not disclosure to friends and family, was significantly associated with lower levels of mental health. Multiple mediation analyses revealed that both internalized homophobia and general emotional support significantly mediated the association between concealment and mental health. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that concealment and disclosure are independent constructs among bisexual men. Further, they suggest that interventions addressing concerns about concealment, emotional support, and internalized homophobia may be more beneficial for increasing the mental health of bisexual men than those focused on promoting disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Schrimshaw
- Center for the Psychosocial Study of Health & Illness, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY, USA.
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41
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Hostetler AJ. Community Involvement, Perceived Control, and Attitudes toward Aging among Lesbians and Gay Men. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.2190/ag.75.2.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A person-environment approach was used to explore the relationship between community involvement and attitudes toward aging among middle-age and older lesbians and gay men. Specifically, this study investigated the relationships between participation in gay community activities, perceived control, and aging-related concerns among two partially-overlapping convenience samples of middle-aged and older lesbians and gay men ( N = 136). As expected, perceived control was negatively associated with aging concerns, while community involvement was surprisingly positively associated with the latter. Although the hypothesized interaction between control and community participation was not supported, exploratory analysis revealed an interaction between participation and a measure of autonomy in the single men sample. Specifically, the combination of high autonomy and low community participation was associated with the lowest levels of aging-related concern. Findings are discussed with respect to the implications of having aging-related concerns, the limitations of both control and community, and different possible pathways to positive aging.
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Rieger G, Savin-Williams RC. Gender nonconformity, sexual orientation, and psychological well-being. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2012; 41:611-21. [PMID: 21350914 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-011-9738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Both a same-sex sexual orientation and gender nonconformity have been linked with poorer well-being; however, sexual orientation and gender nonconformity are also correlated. It is, therefore, critical to investigate their independent contributions to well-being. Based on survey responses of 230 female and 245 male high school seniors, the present study is one of the first to provide empirical data on this topic. Both childhood and adolescent gender nonconformity were negatively related to well-being. In the same analyses, neither sexual orientation nor biological sex was a significant predictor of well-being. These results suggest that gender-atypical traits may be more relevant for psychological health than a same-sex sexual orientation. Both environmental and biological influences may account for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerulf Rieger
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, B42 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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43
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Doyle DM, Molix L. Perceived discrimination and well-being in gay men: the protective role of behavioural identification. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2011.653689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bosson JK, Weaver JR, Prewitt-Freilino JL. Concealing to Belong, Revealing to be Known: Classification Expectations and Self-threats Among Persons with Concealable Stigmas. SELF AND IDENTITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2010.513508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gajaria A, Yeung E, Goodale T, Charach A. Beliefs about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and response to stereotypes: youth postings in Facebook groups. J Adolesc Health 2011; 49:15-20. [PMID: 21700151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by abnormal levels of hyperactivity and distractibility. However, very few studies have been conducted to examine how youth with ADHD view themselves in the context of their disorder. The aim of this project was to examine what youth think about having ADHD by collecting data in a naturalistic setting - a popular social networking site. METHODS Using ethnographic content analysis, we examined text from 25 public, English-language Facebook groups with "ADHD" in the title. The groups chosen were those that were either created or administered by someone with a current high school or university affiliation and had at least 100 members. To capture narratives from youth, postings between September 1, 2006, and April 30, 2007 were examined; postings from individuals who self-identified as high school or university students were included. RESULTS The dominant theme that was identified (202 of 479 coded items) concerned the collective construction of a positive group identity. The Facebook groups functioned like electronic support groups, with members providing support to one another and sharing experiences and information, including advice about medication. Many jokes referencing ADHD stereotypes were posted. CONCLUSION Youth used the supportive environment of an electronic group to develop a positive group identity and to reject negative aspects of common stereotypes related to young people with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gajaria
- Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Ballan MS, Romanelli M, Harper JN. The Social Model: A Lens for Counseling Transgender Individuals with Disabilities. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2011.582073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Burkhalter JE, Hay JL, Coups E, Warren B, Li Y, Ostroff JS. Perceived risk for cancer in an urban sexual minority. J Behav Med 2011; 34:157-69. [PMID: 20872174 PMCID: PMC3684154 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-010-9296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals are a sexual minority experiencing elevated cancer risk factors and health disaparites, e.g., elevated tobacco use, disproportionate rates of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Little attention has been paid to cancer prevention, education, and control in sexual minorities. This study describes cancer risk perceptions and their correlates so as to generate testable hypotheses and provide a foundation for targeting cancer prevention and risk reduction efforts in this high risk population. A cross-sectional survey of affiliates of a large urban community center serving sexual minority persons yielded a study sample of 247 anonymous persons. The survey assessed demographics, absolute perceived cancer risk, cancer risk behaviors, desired lifestyle changes to reduce cancer risk, and psychosocial variables including stress, depression, and stigma. Univariate and multivariate nonparametric statistics were used for analyses. The sample was primarily white non-Hispanic, middle-aged, and > 80% had at least a high school education. Mean values for absolute perceived cancer risk (range 0-100% risk), were 43.0 (SD = 25.4) for females, and for males, 49.3 (SD = 24.3). For females, although the multivariate regression model for absolute perceived cancer risk was statistically significant (P < .05), no single model variable was significant. For men, the multivariate regression model was significant (P < .001), with endorsement of "don't smoke/quit smoking" to reduce personal cancer risk (P < .001), and greater number of sexual partners (P = .054), positively associated with absolute perceived risk for cancer. This study provides novel data on cancer risk perceptions in sexual minorities, identifying correlates of absolute perceived cancer risk for each gender and several potential foci for cancer prevention interventions with this at-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E. Burkhalter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 641 Lexington Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022-4503, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 641 Lexington Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022-4503, USA
| | - Elliot Coups
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, UMDNJ-Robert Wood, Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, 5th Floor, Room 5567, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Barbara Warren
- Hunter College Institute for LGBT Social Science & Public Policy, 695 Park Avenue, Rm 1305, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuelin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 641 Lexington Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022-4503, USA
| | - Jamie S. Ostroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 641 Lexington Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022-4503, USA
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Cox N, Dewaele A, van Houtte M, Vincke J. Stress-related growth, coming out, and internalized homonegativity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. An examination of stress-related growth within the minority stress model. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2011; 58:117-37. [PMID: 21213178 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2011.533631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates how young lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals deal with coming out and how perceived personal growth may result from that experience. We considered stress-related growth as a mediator between coming-out experiences and internalized homonegativity (IH). Our sample was taken from an online survey and is comprised of 502 LGBs aged 14-30. The social environment's acceptance of an individual's sexual orientation and the individual's social identification influence stress-related growth. Several coming-out indicators influence internalized homonegativity and, although growth perception does not function as a mediator between coming out and internalized homonegativity, it has a direct effect on IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Cox
- Department of Sociology, Research team CuDOS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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49
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Gomillion SC, Giuliano TA. The influence of media role models on gay, lesbian, and bisexual identity. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2011; 58:330-354. [PMID: 21360390 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2011.546729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation examined the influence of the media on gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) identity using both survey and in-depth interview approaches. In Study 1, 126 GLB survey respondents (11 unreported) in Texas indicated that the media influenced their self-realization, coming out, and current identities by providing role models and inspiration. In Study 2, 15 interviewees (6 women and 9 men) revealed that media role models serve as sources of pride, inspiration, and comfort. Our findings suggest that increasing the availability of GLB role models in the media may positively influence GLB identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Gomillion
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas 78626, USA.
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50
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Tragakis MW, Smith JL. The Relation Between Social Identity Integration and Psychological Adjustment: A Focus on Mainstream and Marginalized Cultural Identities. IDENTITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2010.495909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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