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Zhang YH, Burgess R, Malone JP, Glubb GC, Helbig KL, Vadlamudi L, Kivity S, Afawi Z, Bleasel A, Grattan-Smith P, Grinton BE, Bellows ST, Vears DF, Damiano JA, Goldberg-Stern H, Korczyn AD, Dibbens LM, Ruzzo EK, Hildebrand MS, Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE. Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus: Refining the spectrum. Neurology 2017; 89:1210-1219. [PMID: 28842445 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following our original description of generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) in 1997, we analyze the phenotypic spectrum in 409 affected individuals in 60 families (31 new families) and expand the GEFS+ spectrum. METHODS We performed detailed electroclinical phenotyping on all available affected family members. Genetic analysis of known GEFS+ genes was carried out where possible. We compared our phenotypic and genetic data to those published in the literature over the last 19 years. RESULTS We identified new phenotypes within the GEFS+ spectrum: focal seizures without preceding febrile seizures (16/409 [4%]), classic genetic generalized epilepsies (22/409 [5%]), and afebrile generalized tonic-clonic seizures (9/409 [2%]). Febrile seizures remains the most frequent phenotype in GEFS+ (178/409 [44%]), followed by febrile seizures plus (111/409 [27%]). One third (50/163 [31%]) of GEFS+ families tested have a pathogenic variant in a known GEFS+ gene. CONCLUSION As 37/409 (9%) affected individuals have focal epilepsies, we suggest that GEFS+ be renamed genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus rather than generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. The phenotypic overlap between GEFS+ and the classic generalized epilepsies is considerably greater than first thought. The clinical and molecular data suggest that the 2 major groups of generalized epilepsies share genetic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Zhang
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosemary Burgess
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie P Malone
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georgie C Glubb
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine L Helbig
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lata Vadlamudi
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sara Kivity
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zaid Afawi
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Bleasel
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Padraic Grattan-Smith
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bronwyn E Grinton
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susannah T Bellows
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danya F Vears
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - John A Damiano
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hadassa Goldberg-Stern
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leanne M Dibbens
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth K Ruzzo
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- From the Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Y.-H.Z., R.B., J.P.M., G.C.G., K.L.H., L.V., B.E.G., S.T.B., D.F.V., J.A.D., M.S.H., S.F.B., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (Y.-H.Z.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (L.V.), The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (S.K., H.G.-S.), Petach Tikvah; Department of Neurology (Z.A.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Westmead Hospital (A.B.), New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (P.G.-S.), Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.D.K.), Tel Aviv University, Israel; Women's and Children's Hospital (L.M.D.), University of Adelaide, South Australia; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics (E.K.R.), Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria; and The Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health (I.E.S.), Melbourne, Australia.
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Møller RS, Wuttke TV, Helbig I, Marini C, Johannesen KM, Brilstra EH, Vaher U, Borggraefe I, Talvik I, Talvik T, Kluger G, Francois LL, Lesca G, de Bellescize J, Blichfeldt S, Chatron N, Holert N, Jacobs J, Swinkels M, Betzler C, Syrbe S, Nikanorova M, Myers CT, Larsen LHG, Vejzovic S, Pendziwiat M, von Spiczak S, Hopkins S, Dubbs H, Mang Y, Mukhin K, Holthausen H, van Gassen KL, Dahl HA, Tommerup N, Mefford HC, Rubboli G, Guerrini R, Lemke JR, Lerche H, Muhle H, Maljevic S. Mutations in GABRB3: From febrile seizures to epileptic encephalopathies. Neurology 2017; 88:483-492. [PMID: 28053010 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of mutations in GABRB3 encoding the β3 subunit of the GABAA receptor in individual patients with epilepsy with regard to causality, the spectrum of genetic variants, their pathophysiology, and associated phenotypes. METHODS We performed massive parallel sequencing of GABRB3 in 416 patients with a range of epileptic encephalopathies and childhood-onset epilepsies and recruited additional patients with epilepsy with GABRB3 mutations from other research and diagnostic programs. RESULTS We identified 22 patients with heterozygous mutations in GABRB3, including 3 probands from multiplex families. The phenotypic spectrum of the mutation carriers ranged from simple febrile seizures, genetic epilepsies with febrile seizures plus, and epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures to West syndrome and other types of severe, early-onset epileptic encephalopathies. Electrophysiologic analysis of 7 mutations in Xenopus laevis oocytes, using coexpression of wild-type or mutant β3, together with α5 and γ2s subunits and an automated 2-microelectrode voltage-clamp system, revealed reduced GABA-induced current amplitudes or GABA sensitivity for 5 of 7 mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that GABRB3 mutations are associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum of epilepsies and that reduced receptor function causing GABAergic disinhibition represents the relevant disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke S Møller
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Thomas V Wuttke
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingo Helbig
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carla Marini
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katrine M Johannesen
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eva H Brilstra
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulvi Vaher
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Inga Talvik
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tiina Talvik
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laurence L Francois
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julitta de Bellescize
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susanne Blichfeldt
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nils Holert
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julia Jacobs
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marielle Swinkels
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cornelia Betzler
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina Nikanorova
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Candace T Myers
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Line H G Larsen
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabina Vejzovic
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah von Spiczak
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Hopkins
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Holly Dubbs
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuan Mang
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Konstantin Mukhin
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hans Holthausen
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Koen L van Gassen
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hans A Dahl
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Niels Tommerup
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heather C Mefford
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guido Rubboli
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Holger Lerche
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Snezana Maljevic
- From the Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., K.M.J., M.N.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Neurology and Epileptology (T.V.W., S.V., H.L., S.M.), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Department of Neurosurgery (T.V.W.), University of Tübingen; Department of Neuropediatrics (I.H., M.P., S.v.S., H.M.), University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Division of Neurology (I.H., S.H., H.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neuroscience Department (C.M., R.G.), Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Department of Genetics (E.H.B., M.S., K.L.v.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (U.V., I.T., T.T.), Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center (I.B.), LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (I.T., T.T.), University of Tartu; Tallinn Children's Hospital (I.T.), Tallinn, Estonia; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.K., C.B., H.H.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; Paracelsus Medical Private University (G.K.), Salzburg, Austria; Neuropeadiatric Department (L.L.F.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Department of Genetics (G.L., N.C.), Lyon University Hospitals; Claude Bernard Lyon I University (G.L., N.C.); Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (G.L., N.C.), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028; Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (J.d.B.), Lyon University Hospitals, France; Clinic for Pediatric Neurology (S.B.), Pediatric Department, University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Kleinwachau (N.H.), Sächsisches Epilepsiezentrum Radeberg, Dresden; Department of Neuropediatrics/Epilepsy Center (J.J.), University Medical Center Freiburg; Department of General Paediatrics (S.S.), Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg; Department of Women and Child Health (S.S.), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (C.T.M., H.C.M.), Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Amplexa Genetics (L.H.G.L., H.A.D.), Odense, Denmark; Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents (S.v.S.), Schwentinental-Raisdorf, Germany; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research (Y.M., N.T.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen; Danish Epilepsy Center (G.R.), Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Diagnostics (J.R.L.), Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig; and Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy (K.M.), Moscow, Russia. Dr Maljevic is currently at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
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