Patients suffering from chronic health conditions such as pulmonary diseases, cancer, cardiovascular problems, and diabetes mellitus (DM) are facing psychological disturbance while struggling to handle their physical illnesses. Among all chronic health conditions, DM Type II is one of the main reasons for depression across the population.

The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression among the diabetic population and to determine the relationship between depression severity and diabetic duration.

We designed a questionnaire-based study to identify the prevalence of depression in the diabetic population visited tertiary care hospital in Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Patients aged above 15 were included, and their health condition was evaluated according to the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) score. We investigated 1573 diabetic individuals, including 831 males and 742 females, for depression symptoms. Data was analyzed by the Chi-square test to obtain the association between diabetes and depression. The statistical significance between variables was determined by calculating the p-value.

Among the patients who suffered from DM Type II, 32.8% of patients showed minimal depression, and 7.9% were found severely depressed. As diabetic duration prolongs, depression severity also rises, and among patients who have been suffering from DM type II for more than 13 years, most patients were suffering from moderately severe and severe depression. Moreover, depression severity was high in the patients aged over 60 years.

The overall results showed that more than half of the total diabetic population was facing mild to severe depression. Based on our results, we suggest including a psychological and mental health investigation during the evaluation of diabetes in the patients. The study might help healthcare workers assess the psychological complications of diabetic patients.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Major depressive disorder (MDD) act as risk factors for each other, and the comorbidity of both significantly increases the all-cause mortality rate. Therefore, studying the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes with depression (DD) is of great significance. In this study, we progressively identified hub genes associated with T2DM and depression through WGCNA analysis, PPI networks, and machine learning, and constructed ROC and nomogram to assess their diagnostic efficacy. Additionally, we validated these genes using qRT-PCR in the hippocampus of DD model mice. The results indicate that UBTD1, ANKRD9, CNN2, AKT1, and CAPZA2 are shared hub genes associated with diabetes and depression, with ANKRD9, CNN2 and UBTD1 demonstrating favorable diagnostic predictive efficacy. In the DD model, UBTD1 (p > 0.05) and ANKRD9 (p < 0.01) were downregulated, while CNN2 (p < 0.001), AKT1 (p < 0.05), and CAPZA2 (p < 0.01) were upregulated. We have discussed their mechanisms of action in the pathogenesis and therapy of DD, suggesting their therapeutic potential, and propose that these genes may serve as prospective diagnostic candidates for DD. In conclusion, this work offers new insights for future research on DD.

People with obesity and diabetes have poorer psychiatric and cognitive outcomes and lower quality of life (QOL) compared with those without. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) are treatments for diabetes and obesity that may also influence psychiatric outcomes.

To conduct a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials to evaluate psychiatric, cognitive, and QOL outcomes with GLP1-RA treatment.

MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception through June 24, 2024.

Double-blind placebo-controlled trials comparing GLP1-RA to placebo in adults with overweight/obesity and/or diabetes, reporting on psychiatric, cognition, or QOL outcomes, were included.

Data extraction was performed in parallel by 2 reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Effect size measures were log risk ratios (log[RR]) and standardized mean differences (Hedges g). The quality of studies was appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB2). Certainty of evidence was assessed via GRADEpro.

Main outcomes were risk of psychiatric adverse events (serious and nonserious) and change in mental health symptom severity, health-related quality of life, and cognition.

Eighty randomized clinical trials involving 107 860 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The mean (SD) age of participants across studies in the meta-analysis was 60.1 (7.1) years; 43 251 were female (40.1%) and 64 608 male (59.9%). GLP1-RA treatment was not associated with a significant difference in risk of serious psychiatric adverse events (log[RR] = -0.02; 95% CI, -0.20 to 0.17; P = .87) and nonserious psychiatric adverse events (log[RR] = -0.03; 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.16], P = .76), or depressive symptom change (g = 0.02; 95% CI, -0.51 to 0.55; P = .94), compared with placebo. GLP1-RA treatment was associated with improvements in restrained eating (g = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.57; P = .002) and emotional eating behavior (g = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.54; P = .003) and in mental health-related QOL (g = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.22; P < .001), physical health-related QOL (g = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.26; P < .001), diabetes-related QOL (g = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.32; P < .001), and weight-related QOL (g = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.35; P < .001) compared with placebo.

In patients with overweight/obesity and/or diabetes , GLP1-RA treatment is not associated with increased risk of psychiatric adverse events or worsening depressive symptoms relative to placebo and is associated with improvements in QOL, restrained eating, and emotional eating behavior. These findings provide reassurance regarding the psychiatric safety profile of GLP1-RAs and suggest that GLP1-RA treatment contributes to both physical and emotional well-being.

This study aimed to explore the association between demographic characteristics and patient-reported experiences (PREs) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in individuals living with diabetes, using the Swedish National Diabetes Register questionnaire. The study sought to understand how baseline attributes such as age, gender, and education affect patients' experiences and management of diabetes.

We used a cross-sectional survey approach with 544 patients diagnosed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus at the University of Pécs. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the key dimensions of diabetes-related experiences, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis to validate these dimensions. Regression analysis was used to examine the impact of demographic variables on the derived factors.

The factor analysis revealed 5 key dimensions: diabetes-related obstacles, diabetes coping mechanisms, flexibility of healthcare providers, general well-being, and social support. Regression analysis indicated that older patients perceived fewer obstacles and demonstrated better coping mechanisms. Higher educational levels were significantly associated with greater satisfaction with healthcare provider flexibility. Females reported poorer overall well-being but better coping mechanisms than males.

The findings suggest that demographic characteristics significantly influence patient experiences and outcomes in diabetes care. Tailored interventions that address specific demographic needs can enhance patient-centered care and improve management strategies. These insights underscore the importance of considering patient diversity in developing healthcare interventions and underscore the utility of the Swedish National Diabetes Register questionnaire in assessing diverse patient experiences in diabetes management.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with increased rates of mental disorders, particularly depression, anxiety and binge-eating disorder. GLP-1 receptor agonists are a novel class of pharmacological agents for obesity and T2D. We aimed to describe participants' experiences of GLP-1 receptor agonists on their mental health.

Qualitative, individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted in nine participants who were prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity and/or T2D. Mental health status was measured at time of GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation and assessed again at 12-16 weeks when the semi-structured interview took place. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Three main themes were generated from the analysis: (1) acceptance of negative side effects for long term physical health benefits; (2) reflections on the diverse impact on mental health; (3) reduced appetite and increased control of eating behaviours.

Overall, participants with obesity and/or T2D described a positive impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on their mental health, especially perception of improved control of eating behaviours. This suggests GLP-1 receptor agonists should be further studied for their potential effectiveness for treatment of binge-eating disorder.

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often experience psychological challenges, such as feelings of loss of control, self-care stress, and fear of complications. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of uncontrolled DM, self-efficacy, quality of life (QoL), and well-being among patients with DM in Alqunfudah, Saudi Arabia, and to investigate the associations between these factors and diabetes control.

A cross-sectional study employing an online questionnaire was conducted among adults with DM. The questionnaire assessed demographic characteristics, diabetes-related history, and glycemic control based on glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level. Self-efficacy was evaluated using the validated Arabic version of the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale, and the Arabic version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version was utilized to assess QoL. Well-being was measured using the Arabic version of the World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index (WHO-5).

Four hundred patients with diabetes were included with a mean age of 49.3 ± 14.6 years, 40.8% were males, and 49.25% had uncontrolled DM. Compared to the controlled group, the uncontrolled group had a lower percentage of patients living in urban areas (16.8% vs. 25.6%, p = 0.037), a larger proportion of participants having DM for > 10 years (42.6% vs. 26.6%, p < 0.001), lower median (interquartile [IQR]) self-efficacy score [39.0 (30.0-46.0) vs. 47.0 (34.0-54.0), p < 0.001], lower physical QoL [75.0(60.7-85.7) vs. 67.8 (50.0-82.1), p < 0.001], and lower environmental QoL [(78.1(62.5-87.5) vs. 68.7(59.3-84.3), p = 0.005]. Predictors of glycemic control included the physical domain of QoL [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01-1.03), p < 0.001] duration of DM for 1-2 years [aOR = 2.53 (95% CI: 1.08-5.91), p= 0.032], 3-5 years [aOR = 3.76 (95% CI: 1.90-7.43), p< 0.001 ], and 6-10 years [aOR = 1.85 (95% CI: 1.04-3.32), p = 0.036], and urban residence [aOR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.11-3.18), p = 0.017].

A large sector of patients with diabetes had uncontrolled blood sugar with greater affection of QoL and self-efficacy compared to the controlled group. Physical QoL, duration of DM, and residence were the key factors to be targeted for improved diabetes management.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe affective disorder that is clearly linked to stroke and diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of stroke and diabetes in the association between the cardiometabolic index (CMI) and MDD.

This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 8312 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2018). MDD was diagnosed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9 score > 10). Associations were evaluated using multivariate logistic/linear regression, stratified interaction analyses, restricted cubic spline (RCS) models for nonlinearity, and bootstrap mediation testing.

There was a robust positive correlation between the incidence of MDD [OR = 1.36 (95 % CI: 1.21-1.51)] and the PHQ-9 score [β = 0.55 (95 % CI: 0.37-0.73)], with a one-unit increase in CMI. The participants in CMIQ4 had a 64 % greater risk of stroke than did the participants in CMIQ1 [OR = 1.64 (95 % CI: 1.17-2.29)]. The forest plot shows that the results remained stable under the grouping of stroke, diabetes, race, gender, and age. Moreover, stroke and diabetes both exhibited partial mediating roles, with indirect effects accounting for 4.03 % and 5.37 % of the total effect, respectively. Through RCS analysis, a nonlinear correlation was observed between CMI and MDD and between CMI and diabetes. There is a linear relationship between stroke and MDD, and maintaining CMI levels below 0.518 may mitigate the risk of MDD.

Stroke and diabetes partially mediated the associations between CMI and MDD. However, additional prospective studies are warranted to scrutinize the impact of CMI on MDD.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been shown to be linked, but a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to explore the biological relationship between MDD and T2D and verify the functional roles of key genes. We used the Gene Expression Omnibus database to investigate the targets associated with MDD and T2D. Using linear models for microarray data, differentially expressed genes associated with MDD and T2D were identified in GSE76826 and GSE95849, respectively, and 126 shared genes were significantly upregulated. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified modules associated with MDD and T2D in the GSE38206 and GSE20966 datasets and identified 8 common genes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were enriched in cell signaling, enzyme activity, cell structure and amino acid biosynthesis and involved in cell death pathways. Finally, combined with the CTD and GeneCards databases, lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (LPGAT1) was identified as a key gene. LPGAT1 was validated in GSE201332 and GSE182117, and the subject operating characteristic curve showed good diagnostic potential for MDD and T2D. Additionally, we used an in vitro model of MDD related to T2D to verify the expression of LPGAT1. A subsequent gene knockdown assay revealed that the downregulation of LPGAT1 improved mitochondrial function and reduced apoptosis in damaged neurons. Taken together, our results highlight the role of LPGAT1 in the connection between MDD and T2D, and these findings provide new insights into potential therapeutic targets for depression associated with diabetes.

Insulin resistance and inflammation are components of a biological framework that is hypothesised to be shared by type 2 diabetes and depression. However, depressive symptoms include a large heterogeneity of somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms, and this may obscure the associations within this biological framework. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were used to disentangle the contributions of insulin resistance and inflammation to somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms of depression.

This secondary analysis used data from the Emotional Distress Sub-Study of the GRADE trial. Insulin resistance and inflammation were assessed using the HOMA-IR estimation and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, respectively, at baseline and at the study visits at year 1 and year 3 (HOMA-IR) and every 6 months (hsCRP) for up to 3 years of follow-up. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), and a total score as well as symptom cluster scores for cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms were calculated. For the cross-sectional analyses, linear regression analyses were performed, with inflammation and insulin resistance at baseline as dependent variables. For the longitudinal analyses, linear mixed-effect regression analyses were performed, with inflammation and insulin resistance at the various time points as dependent variables. In all analyses, depressive symptoms (total score and symptom cluster scores) were the independent variables, controlled for important demographic, anthropometric and metabolic confounders. For the analysis of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), data from 1321 participants were analysed. For the analysis of inflammation (hsCRP), data from 1739 participants were analysed.

In cross-sectional analysis and after adjustment for potential confounders, a one-unit increase in PHQ-8 total score was significantly associated with a 0.8% increase in HOMA-IR (p=0.007), but not with hsCRP (0.6% increase, p=0.283). The somatic symptom score was associated with a 5.8% increase in HOMA-IR (p=0.004). Single-item analyses of depressive symptoms showed that fatigue (3.6% increase, p=0.002) and increased/decreased appetite (3.5% increase, p=0.009) were significantly associated with HOMA-IR cross-sectionally. The cognitive-affective symptom score was not significantly associated with HOMA-IR at baseline. In longitudinal analyses, a one-unit increase in PHQ-8 total score was significantly associated with a 0.8% increase in hsCRP over time (p=0.014), but not with HOMA-IR over time (0.1% decrease, p=0.564). Again, only the somatic symptom cluster was significantly associated with hsCRP over time (5.2% increase, p=0.017), while the cognitive-affective symptom score was not.

The results highlight the associations of depressive symptoms with markers of inflammation and insulin resistance, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In particular, somatic symptoms of depression appear to be the driver of these associations, even after controlling for concomitant conditions, with a potential role for fatigue and issues with appetite.

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01794143.

Diabetes and depression have a bidirectional relationship, with negative impacts on glycemia, self-care, long-term complications, quality of life, and mortality. This review highlights key aspects of the interconnected and complex relationship between diabetes and depression, including how it affects health outcomes, depression duration and recurrence, age-specific manifestations, and recommendations for screening and nonpharmacological treatment.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are widely used due to their profound efficacy in glycemic control and weight management. Real-world observations have revealed potential neuropsychiatric adverse events (AEs) associated with GLP-1RAs. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate and characterize these neuropsychiatric AEs with GLP-1RAs.

We analyzed GLP-1RA adverse reaction reports using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database. Disproportionality analysis using reporting odds ratio (ROR) identified eight categories of neuropsychiatric AEs associated with GLP-1RAs. We conducted descriptive and time-to-onset (TTO) analyses and explored neuropsychiatric AE signals among individual GLP-1RAs for weight loss and diabetes mellitus (DM) indications.

We identified 25,110 cases of GLP-1RA-related neuropsychiatric AEs. GLP-1RAs showed an association with headache (ROR 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65-1.84), migraine (ROR 1.28, 95%CI 1.06-1.55), and olfactory and sensory nerve abnormalities (ROR 2.44, 95%CI 1.83-3.25; ROR 1.69, 95%CI 1.54-1.85). Semaglutide showed a moderate suicide-related AEs signal in the weight loss population (ROR 2.55, 95%CI 1.97-3.31). The median TTO was 16 days (interquartile range: 3-66 days).

In this study, we identified eight potential neuropsychiatric adverse events (AEs) associated with GLP-1RAs and, for the first time, detected positive signals for migraine, olfactory abnormalities, and sensory abnormalities. We also observed positive suicide-related signals of semaglutide, in weight loss population. This study provides a reliable basis for further investigation of GLP-1RA-related neuropsychiatric AEs. However, as an exploratory study, our findings require confirmation through large-scale prospective studies.

Several methods are available to help identify people with depression; however, there is little guidance on when to start screening. This study estimated the incidence of new depressive episodes and identified factors associated with onset in adults with newly treated type 2 diabetes.

Administrative health data from Alberta, Canada was used to identify people starting metformin between April 2011 and March 2015. People with a history of depression before metformin initiation were excluded. Person-time analysis was used to calculate the incidence rate of new depressive episodes over the next 3 years, stratified by sex, age, and year. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with a new depressive episode.

42,694 adults initiated metformin; mean age 56 years, 38 % female. A new depressive episode occurred in 2752 (6 %) individuals, mean time to onset was 1.4 years and overall incidence rate was 22.3/1000 person-years. Factors associated with a new depressive episode were female sex, younger age, previous mental health conditions, frequent healthcare utilization, and multiple comorbid conditions.

Screening for depression should begin within 1-2 years of metformin initiation and focus on females, those < 55 years old, those with a history of mental health conditions, and those with multiple comorbid conditions.

To evaluate the effectiveness of personalized lifestyle intervention service for persons with Type 2 diabetes (T2D), implemented in a real-world setting at two Healthy Life Centers (HLC) in Norway.

Persons with T2D were randomized into either an HLC intervention group or a usual care group for 12 weeks. All participants were screened using a questionnaire tool and had one initial patient-centred health conversation at the HLC. In the intervention group, participants chose interventions with support from HLC staff. The usual care group continued independently. Outcome variables were assessed at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks (if completing two interventions).

110 participants were included (mean age 59.9, 59 % T2D duration < 10 years, 36 % females). There was no significant difference in HbA1c change between intervention and usual care groups (mean difference -1.2 mmol/l, 95 % CI: -3.7 to 1.3, p = 0.33). HbA1c was significantly reduced in both groups (mean reduction 3.8 mmol/l (95 % CI: 2.1 to 5.5, p < 0.001) vs. 2.6 mmol/l (95 % CI: 0.7 to 4.4, p = 0.006), respectively).

Both the HLC personalized follow-up and usual care groups reduced HbA1c with no significant differences between groups. This suggests that low-threshold municipal healthcare can effectively support lifestyle changes in individuals with T2D.

The relationship between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and the incidence of depression in populations with diabetes or pre-diabetes remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between the TyG index and depression incidence in diabetic/pre-diabetic populations.

Data from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. After adjustment for confounders, multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the association between TyG index and depression incidence. Restricted cubic splines (RCS), subgroup analysis, interaction analysis, and mediation analysis were also constructed.

A total of 8,970 participants with diabetes or pre-diabetes were enrolled. The linear positive association between TyG index and the incidence of depression was observed. Insulin resistance partly mediates this association in mediation analysis. There is a U-shape association between TyG index and the incidence of depression in diabetic/pre-diabetic populations whose ethnicity is Other Hispanic (p for nonlinearity =0.0237). Subgroup analysis evaluated the robustness of our findings and interaction analysis showed that this association can be modified by race/ethnicity.

There is a linear positive association between the TyG index and the incidence of depression in populations with diabetes or pre-diabetes.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are extensively evaluated for the risk of suicidal behaviors or ideation; the influence of psychiatric history or obesity on this potential effect remains to be investigated. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association between GLP-1 RA and suicide or suicide attempt, considering these factors.

Patients ≥18 y who died by suicide or were hospitalized for suicide attempt (2013-2021) with at least one GLP-1 RA dispensing within the 180 preceding days were selected from the French National Health Data System (SNDS). A case-time-control design compared, for each patient, GLP-1 RA exposure in the 30 days preceding the outcome (composite of suicide or suicide attempt) to three earlier 30-day reference periods. Potential exposure trend bias was controlled using up to five time-controls matched on age, sex, psychiatric history, obesity, calendar time. Analyses were adjusted for time-varying confounders. Finally dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors were studied as negative controls for potential biases.

This study included 1102 cases and 5494 controls. Mean case age was 57.4 years (SD 11.4); 44.6% were male, 67.6% had a recent psychiatric history and 51.3% had obesity. GLP-1 RA use was not associated with an increased risk of suicide or suicide attempt (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.51-0.75), with consistent results for DPP-4 inhibitors (0.75; 0.67-0.84). Results obtained according to recent psychiatric history and obesity were comparable.

This large nationwide case-time-control study provides reassurance about the short-term psychiatric safety of GLP-1 RA, showing no specific risk for patients with psychiatric disorders or obesity.

French Medicines Agency.

The co-occurrence of diabetes and mental disorders is an exceedingly common comorbidity with poor prognosis. We aim to investigate the impact of green space, garden space, and the natural environment on the risk of mental disorders among the population living with diabetes.

We performed a longitudinal analysis based on 39,397 participants with diabetes from the UK Biobank. Residential green and garden space modeled from land use data and the natural environment from Land Cover Map were assigned to the residential address for each participant. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the associations between nature exposures and mental disorders of diabetes. Casual mediation analysis was used to quantify indirect effect of air pollution.

During a mean follow-up of 7.55 years, 4513 incident mental disorders cases were identified, including 2952 depressive disorders and 1209 anxiety disorders. Participants with natural environment at 300 m buffer in the second and third tertiles had 7% (HR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99) and 12% (HR = 0.88, 95%CI: 0.82-0.94) lower risks of incident mental disorders compared with those in the first tertile, respectively. The risk of mental disorders incidence among diabetes patients will decrease by 13% when exposed to the third tertile of garden space at 300 m buffer. The natural environment and garden space individually prevented 6.65% and 10.18% of mental disorders incidents among diabetes patients. The risk of incident mental disorders was statistically decreased when exposed to the third tertile of green space at 1000 m buffer (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.78-0.90). Protective effects of three nature exposures against depressive and anxiety disorders in diabetes patients were also observed. Air pollution, particularly nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and fine particulate matter, significantly contributed to the associations between nature exposures and mental disorders, mediating 48.3%, 29.2%, and 62.4% of the associations, respectively.

Residential green and garden space and the natural environment could mitigate mental disorders risk in diabetes patients, with air pollution playing a vital mediator. This highlights the potential for local governments to enhance the sustainability of such interventions, grounded in public health and urban planning, through strategic planning initiatives.

This study examined the association between specific depressive symptoms and incident diabetes, and whether overweight or obesity mediates this relationship among middle-aged and older adults in China.

In a nationally representative prospective cohort study of 11,893 middle-aged and older Chinese adults without baseline diabetes, we used Cox models to assess the association between depressive symptoms and diabetes. The quantile g-computation (qgcomp) model evaluated the contribution of 10 specific depressive symptoms to diabetes risk, and a two-stage regression method explored the mediation effect of overweight or obesity.

Over a median follow-up of 7.1 years, 1,314 cases of diabetes were identified. Elevated depressive symptoms were associated with increased diabetes risk (HR 1.23; 95 % CI 1.09-1.38). Eight out of 10 depressive symptoms were significantly associated to diabetes, with loneliness (weight = 18 %; HR 1.23; 95 % CI 1.10-1.39), restless sleep (weight = 17 %; HR 1.16; 95 % CI 1.04-1.29), and bother (weight = 15 %; HR 1.19; 95 % CI 1.07-1.33) being the primary contributors. Mediation analysis showed that overweight and obesity reduced the depression-diabetes risk association by 8.21 % and 12.61 %, respectively.

Diagnosis of diabetes was self-reported.

Eight out of ten specific depressive symptoms were associated to diabetes, overweight and obesity may partially mitigate the effect of depressive symptoms on diabetes among middle-aged and older adults in China.

Our results highlight the importance of tailoring diabetes prevention and management strategies according to specific depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China.

The increasing specialization and dispersion of healthcare systems have led to a shortage of resources to address comorbidities. Patients with coexisting mental and physical conditions are disadvantaged, as medical providers often only focus on the patient's mental illness while neglecting their physical needs, resulting in poorer health outcomes.

This study aimed to shed light on the systemic flaws in healthcare systems that contribute to suboptimal health outcomes in individuals with comorbid diseases, including depression and diabetes. This paper also discusses the clinical and economic benefits of collaborative methods for diagnosing and treating depressive disorders in primary care settings.

A comprehensive literature review of the relationship between depression and diabetes was conducted. The outcomes of the literature review were carefully analyzed. Several databases were searched using keywords such as "diabetes," "depression," "comorbidity," "prevalence," "epidemiology," and "risk factors" using Google Scholar and PubMed as search engines. The review and research papers written between 1961 and 2023 were our main focus.

This study revealed improved depressive symptoms and better blood sugar and blood pressure control. Additionally, individuals with comorbid depression and diabetes have higher direct and secondary medical costs. Antidepressants and psychological interventions are equally effective in treating depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes, although they have conflicting effects on glycemic control. For individuals with comorbid diabetes and depression, clear care pathways, including a multidisciplinary team, are essential for achieving the best medical and mental health outcomes.

Coordinated healthcare solutions are necessary to reduce the burden of illness and improve therapeutic outcomes. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms interact with one another and may support the comorbidities of T2DM, and depressive disorders could exacerbate the course of both diseases.

Diabetes mellitus and depression are comorbidities that can be caused by each other. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) functions as a neuronal growth factor. It maintains the functional integrity of the nervous system.

To study the possible association between BDNF levels and gene polymorphism with depression in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Elisa technique measured BDNF, and rs6265 gene polymorphism was detected using real-time PCR. Depression was assessed utilizing a clinical interview tool designed to establish the diagnosis of depression and differentiate it from other psychiatric diseases.

BDNF levels were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and symptoms of depression than in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and no symptoms of depression (82.6±16.1. vs. 122± 17.47, P< 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in BDNF levels in patients with diabetes among the three genotypes of the BDNF gene (P-value < 0.001). Val/ Val carriers had the highest serum BDNF levels, and Met/ Met carriers had the lowest serum BDNF levels. Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant genotype-related differences in serum BDNF levels among the three subgroups in the Depression group. Val/ Val carriers had the highest serum BDNF levels, and Met/ Met carriers had the lowest serum BDNF levels. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism had no significant association with the presence of depression, yet there was a trend towards significance (p = 0.05).

In this pilot, Low levels of BDNF were associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Carriers of the Met/ Met allele have the lowest serum BDNF levels. Multicenter studies with more participants are required.

The escalating global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mental disorder (MD) including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and anxiety highlights the urgency for comprehensive therapeutic strategies. Aerobic exercise (AE) is a viable adjunct therapy, providing significant benefits for individuals dealing with both T2DM and MD. This review consolidates evidence on AE's role in alleviating the physiological and psychological effects of these comorbid conditions. It delves into the pathophysiological connections between T2DM and various MD, including depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, and bipolar disorder-emphasizing their reciprocal exacerbation. Key neurophysiological mechanisms through which AE confers benefits are explored, including neuroinflammation modulation, brain structure and neuroplasticity enhancement, growth factor expression regulation, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)/microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis normalization. Clinical results indicate that AE significantly improves both metabolic and psychological parameters in patients with T2DM and MD, providing a substantial argument for integrating AE into comprehensive treatment plans. Future research should aim to establish detailed, personalized exercise prescriptions and explore the long-term benefits of AE in this population. This review underscores the potential of AE to complement existing therapeutic modalities and enhance the management of patients with T2DM and MD.

To explore whether the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio are associated with the trajectories of depressive symptoms.

In this longitudinal study, 4215 participants aged 45 years and older were recruited from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2018. The trajectories of depressive symptoms, measured by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10), were identified using group-based trajectory modeling. Multinomial logistic models and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to investigate the relationships between the TyG index and the TG/HDL-C ratio and the trajectories of depressive symptoms. Stratified analyses were conducted based on sex, age, place of residence, and body mass index (BMI).

Five distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms characterized by stable low, stable moderate, decreasing, increasing, and stable high were identified during a follow-up of 7 years. The associations of the TyG index and the TG/HDL-C ratio with trajectories of depressive symptoms are not entirely consistent. After adjusting for covariates, a higher TyG index at baseline was associated with lower odds of being on the decreasing trajectory of depressive symptoms (ORad = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.40-0.92) compared to the stable low trajectory, and restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a negative linear relationship between the TyG index and the likelihood of a decreasing trajectory of depressive symptoms. However, the relationship between the TG/HDL-C ratio and the decreasing trajectory of depressive symptoms was no longer statistically significant when all confounders were controlled (ORad = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.50-1.04). Additionally, this negative association between the TyG index and decreasing trajectory of depressive symptoms was observed among 45-64-year-old individuals, female participants, those living in rural areas, and those with a normal BMI.

This study was conducted in a middle-aged and elderly population in China, and extrapolation to other regions and populations requires further confirmation.

Compared to the TG/HDL-C ratio, the TyG index may be a better predictor for trajectories of depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. Considering that the pathology of depression progresses long term, our findings may have utility for identifying available and reliable markers for the development of depression.

The precise impact of tea consumption on the risk of depression remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the consumption patterns of tea and the likelihood of depression onset, utilizing a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology.

We utilized available genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets on tea intake and depressive disorders. To investigate the causal relationship between tea consumption and depression, we employed a set of two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) methods. These included the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) analysis, weighted median approach, and MR-Egger regression. Additionally, we utilized MR-PRESSO and the MR-Egger intercept test for the detection of pleiotropic effects. To ensure the robustness and consistency of our findings, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, applying the 'leave-one-out' strategy. The Bayesian weighted Mendelian randomization (BWMR) was employed to conduct additional testing on the obtained results.

The study's outcomes revealed a causal association between increased tea intake and an increased risk of depression (Inverse-Variance Weighted Analysis: Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.029, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.003-1.055, p = 0.027). This was observed despite variations in instrumental variables and the nonexistence of horizontal pleiotropy. Furthermore, the robustness of our Mendelian Randomization investigation was affirmed through the implementation of the 'leave-one-out' method in our sensitivity analysis. The findings from BWMR were in line with those obtained from IVW (BWMR: OR=1.030, 95% CI: 1.003-1.057, p = 0.029).

The results from this study indicate a substantial and positive causal link between the regularity of tea drinking and the risk of depression onset.

The subjective experiences of individuals living with diabetes is commonly assessed with patient-reported outcomes (PROs; eg, depression symptoms, wellbeing, health-related quality of life [HRQOL], and diabetes-related distress). Cluster analyses have identified novel diabetes subtypes differing in phenotypic and metabolic characteristics. We aimed to investigate associations between these subtypes and PROs and whether subtype predicted PROs 5 years later.

Baseline (<12 months after a diabetes diagnosis) and 5-year follow-up data were collected from German Diabetes Study (GDS) participants. Multiple regressions were applied to analyse associations between diabetes subtypes and depression symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), wellbeing (WHO-5), HRQOL (SF-36), and diabetes-related distress (Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale).

Cluster analyses at baseline (n=1391) identified participants with severe autoimmune diabetes (SAID, 417 [30%]), severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD, 33 [2%]), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD, 150 [11%]), mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD, 354 [25%]), and mild age-related diabetes (MARD, 437 [31%]). At baseline, multiple regression analyses showed that participants with SIRD had higher depression symptoms than participants with MARD and lower physical HRQOL than all other subtypes. Participants with SAID reported higher depression symptoms and lower mental HRQOL than participants with MARD, higher physical HRQOL than participants with MARD and MOD, and higher diabetes-related distress than most other subtypes. At the 5-year follow-up, clustering predicted no statistically significant changes in PROs after adjustment for multiple testing, whereas descriptive analyses demonstrated that individuals with SIRD were more likely to experience clinically relevant depression symptoms (16% vs 6%) and low wellbeing (31% vs 14%), respectively, than individuals with MARD.

Diabetes subtypes already differ in PROs at diabetes diagnosis. Our analyses had limited predictive power during follow-up. However, our findings suggest that clustering could predict future changes in depression symptoms.

The GDS was initiated and financed by the German Diabetes Center, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Culture and Science of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the German Center for Diabetes Research.

For the German translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Chronic comorbidities are often associated with higher risks of depression and mortality. This study aims to explore the relationships between the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and depression, and their combined effect on mortality.

This study made use of data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018, including a collective of 23,927 adult participants. According to CCI score distribution, CCI was categorized into three groups (T1 with CCI = 0; T2 with CCI = 1; T3 with CCI ≥ 2). In the CCI ≥ 2 group, patients may have two or more chronic diseases. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to explore the relationship between CCI and depression. The study utilized the Cox proportional hazards model to investigate the association between CCI, the combination of CCI and depression, and all-cause mortality.

Our analysis revealed that after adjusting for potential confounders, a positive association was found between CCI and depression (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.29). Moreover, a greater CCI was found to be closely linked to higher mortality in individuals with depression (HR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.11, 1.18). Stratifying CCI into tertiles, higher tertiles of CCI (T2, T3 vs T1) also showed positive associations with depression and all-cause mortality. For patients with CCI ≥2 (T3) combined with depression, the risk of mortality was significantly elevated compared to those with CCI = 0 (T1) and non-depressed participants (HR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.60, 2.52).

The study findings demonstrate a positive correlation between CCI and the risk of depression, along with an association with increased all-cause mortality among depression patients. Hence, it is important to prioritize the clinical care of patients with a high CCI (≥2) and depression in order to lower the chances of mortality.

Diabetes mellitus complicated with depression (DD) is a prevalent psychosomatic disorder. It is characterized by severe cognitive impairment, and associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Although conventional treatment options are available, the efficacy of these regimens in managing DD remains limited. Molecular hydrogen (H2), a selective hydroxyl radical scavenger, has shown therapeutic potential in the treatment of various systemic diseases. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of H2 on DD. A DD mouse model was established through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 150 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg/kg). Following the induction of DD, the mice were treated with H2/O2 (66.7 %/33.3 %)inhalation for 7 days. Behavioral assessments were conducted by standard behavioral tests, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood serum and hippocampal tissue were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and immunofluorescence staining of the hippocampus were performed to evaluate hippocampal structural integrity. The results demonstrated that inhalation of H2/O2 (66.7 %/33.3 %) significantly ameliorated depressive behaviors and symptoms in DD mice, reversed hippocampal volume reduction, decreased inflammatory cytokine levels in peripheral blood serum and hippocampal tissue, and inhibited the activation of A1 astrocytes in the hippocampus. Our study suggests that H2/O2 (66.7 %/33.3 %) inhalation therapy may offer a promising treatment strategy for DD and its associated symptoms.

Diabetes and poor glycaemic control have been shown to negatively impact cognitive abilities, while also raising risk of both mood disorders and brain structural atrophy. Sites of atrophy include the hippocampus, which has been implicated in both memory performance and depression. The current study set out to better characterise the associations between poor glycaemic control, memory performance, and depression symptoms, and investigate whether loss of hippocampal volume could represent a neuropathological mechanism underlying these.

1331 participants (60.9% female, age range 18-88 (Mean = 44.02), 6.5% with likely diabetes) provided HbA1c data (as an index of glycaemic control), completed a word list learning task, and a validated depression scale. A subsample of 392 participants underwent structural MRI; hippocampal volumes were extracted using FreeSurfer.

Partial correlation analyses (controlling for age, gender, and education) showed that, in the full sample, poorer glycaemic control was related to lower word list memory performance. In the MRI sub-sample, poorer glycaemic control was related to higher depressive symptoms, and lower hippocampal volumes. Total hippocampus volume partially mediated the association between HbA1c levels and depressive symptoms.

Results emphasise the impact of glycaemic control on memory, depression and hippocampal volume and suggest hippocampal volume loss could be a pathophysiological mechanism underlying the link between HbA1c and depression risk; inflammatory and stress-hormone related processes might have a role in this.

This study aimed to investigate cross-sectional associations of total, animal, and plant-based protein intake and depressive symptoms in Dutch adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

We included 1137 individuals with T2D (aged 68.6 ± 9.0) from the Hoorn Diabetes Care System cohort. Energy-adjusted protein intake was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10 and/or anti-depressant use) and the severity of depressive symptoms (continuous PHQ-9 score). Associations between total, animal, and plant-based protein (quartiles) with depressive symptoms were assessed using multiple logistic and linear regression.

Highest intake of total, animal, and plant-based protein was not associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms, compared to lowest intake (e.g., total protein, ORQ4vsQ1:0.75, 95%CI 0.42;1.32). For the severity of depressive symptoms, highest total protein intake was significantly associated with lower PHQ-9 scores (ORQ4vsQ1:0.87, 95%CI 0.75;1.00), compared to lowest intake. Animal protein was not associated with the severity of depressive symptoms (β ∼ 1), while the association for plant-based protein was marginally non-significant (βQ4vsQ1:0.88, 95%CI 0.76;1.02).

In individuals with T2D, higher total protein intake was associated with reduced severity of depressive symptoms, but not with the prevalence of depressive symptoms. Further prospective research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm these associations.

This study examined serum cytochrome P450-soluble epoxide hydrolase (CYP450-sEH) oxylipins and depressive symptoms together in relation to cognitive performance in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Clinically cognitively normal T2DM individuals were recruited (NCT04455867). Depressive symptom severity was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; total scores ≤13 indicated minimal depressive symptoms and ≥ 14 indicated significant depressive symptoms). Executive function and verbal memory were assessed. Fasting serum oxylipins were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry.

The study included 85 participants with minimal depressive symptoms and 27 with significant symptoms (mean age: 63.3 ± 9.8 years, 49 % women). In all participants, higher concentrations of linoleic acid derived sEH (12,13-dihydroxyoctadecamonoenoic acid; DiHOME) and CYP450 (12(13)-epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acid; EpOME) metabolites were associated with poorer executive function (F1,101 = 6.094, p = 0.015 and F1,101 = 5.598, p = 0.020, respectively). Concentrations of multiple sEH substrates interacted with depressive symptoms to predict 1) poorer executive function, including 9(10)-EpOME (F1,100 = 12.137, p < 0.001), 5(6)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5(6)-EpETrE; F1,100 = 6.481, p = 0.012) and 11(12)-EpETrE (F1,100 = 4.409, p = 0.038), and 2) verbal memory, including 9(10)-EpOME (F1,100 = 4.286, p = 0.041), 5(6)-EpETrE (F1,100 = 6.845, p = 0.010), 11(12)-EpETrE (F1,100 = 3.981, p = 0.049) and 14(15)-EpETrE (F1,100 = 5.019, p = 0.027).

Associations of CYP450-sEH metabolites and depressive symptoms with cognition highlight the biomarker and therapeutic potential of the CYP450-sEH pathway in T2DM.

Metal exposure and depression have each been associated with adverse metabolic diseases, but no study has examined the potential interaction between them. We examined the interaction of depression on the association between metals and metabolic diseases among adults.

The interaction of depression in the relationship between metal and metabolic disease in adults was investigated using NHANES, a cross-sectional survey design.

By employing data from the NHANES database spanning the years 2007-2018, regression models were employed to investigate the independent impacts of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, and mercury) and depression on metabolic diseases (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome). Subsequently, the association between metals and metabolic diseases was explored stratified by depression, and the interaction between heavy metals and depression was explored. Because of the complex NHANES design, statistical evaluations were adjusted through weighting to represent the populace of the United States.

We found log transformed-urinary lead was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (OR: 2.33; 95 % CI: 1.23, 4.41) in adults with depression. Log transformed-urinary lead was not associated with type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.84; 95 % CI: 0.56, 1.27) in adults without depression. The interaction between Pb and depression in type 2 diabetes was significant (P for interaction = 0.033). Log transformed-urinary lead * depression was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (OR: 1.82; 95 % CI: 1.01, 3.34) in adults. There was no significant interaction between cadmium and mercury exposure and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome (P for interaction > 0.05).

The presence of depression positively modified the adverse associations between urinary lead and type 2 diabetes.

Cancer patients have a higher risk of depression and are associated with severe adverse prognosis. The relationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and depressive symptoms in cancer patients is currently unclear. Therefore, our study mainly explores the potential association between LTPA and the weekly cumulative time of LTPA with depressive symptoms in cancer patients.

We included and analyzed 3368 cancer patients (aged >20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of the United States from 1999 to 2018. The LTPA score was evaluated through a self-report questionnaire, while depressive symptoms were evaluated through the Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between LTPA duration and the occurrence of cancer-related depressiive symptoms. Linear correlation was studied using the restricted cubic spline method.

According to a fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model with confounding variables, the odds ratio (OR) between LTPA and depressive symptoms in cancer patients in this study was 0.59 (95 % confidence interval = 0.39, 0.92; P = 0.02). When the LTPA level was ≥300 min/week, the incidence of depressive symptoms was reduced by 59 % (OR = 0.41, 95 % CI = 0.21, 0.83). In addition, the cubic spline method was used to obtain a linear negative correlation between LTPA duration and tumor depressive symptoms.

LTPA was negatively correlated with cancer-related depressive symptoms, and the cumulative time of LTPA/week was linearly correlated with depressive symptoms. The slope of the benefit curve changed significantly when the cumulative time of LTPA reached 600 min per week, suggesting that appropriately increasing LTPA had significant benefits on mental health of cancer patients.

This study analyzed China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study data to explore the HbA1c-depression link, including depressive trajectories, while considering the mitigating impact of healthy lifestyles. Cross-lagged panel models and group-based trajectory modeling were performed to investigate the temporal relationship between HbA1c levels and depressive symptoms, as well as the depressive trajectories. Structural equation models were used to assess the mediating effects of healthy lifestyles. The mean age of the participants was 57.66 ± 9.04 years, with 53.68% being female. Analyzing 8826 participants across three waves, we observed a significant prediction of subsequent depressive symptoms by the preceding HbA1c levels (β = 0.296; p < 0.001). Four distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were distinguished: stable low, stable moderate, increasing, and stable high. Elevated HbA1c levels were associated with a higher risk of developing stable high (OR 1.12 and 95% CI 1.02-1.23), increasing (OR 1.21 and 95% CI 1.11-1.32), and stable moderate depressive symptoms (OR 1.07 and 95% CI 1.01-1.13). Engaging in two healthy life behaviors reduced stable high and increasing depressive pattern risks by 32% and 30%, respectively. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle lessened 7.2% of the impact of high HbA1c levels on the subsequent depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the potential benefits of incorporating adequate sleep and light physical activities, which might reduce the adverse impact of elevated HbA1c levels on depressive symptoms.

Studies have shown a strong bidirectional association between diabetes and depression, with diabetes increasing the risk of developing depression and vice versa. Depression among patients with diabetes is associated with poor glycemic control, complications, and poor self-care.

To explore the present state of research globally concerning diabetes and depression, to aid understanding the current research landscape and identify potential future areas of research.

A bibliometric approach was used, utilizing the Scopus database to gather pertinent research articles released from 2004 to 2023. Analyses encompassed publication patterns, significant contributors, research focal points, prevalent themes, and the most influential articles, aimed at discerning emerging research subjects.

A total of 3229 publications that met the search criteria were identified. A significant increase in the number of publications related to diabetes and depression has been observed in the past two decades. The most productive nation was the USA (n = 1015; 31.43%), followed by China (n = 325; 10.07%), the UK (n = 236; 7.31%), and Germany (n = 218; 6.75%). Three principal themes in research on depression and diabetes were delineated by the analysis. First, the exploration of the elevated prevalence and etiology of this comorbidity; second, the focus on interventions, particularly randomized controlled trials, aimed at enhancing diabetes management among individuals with depression; and finally, the investigation of the involved risk factors and biological mechanisms underlying this bidirectional relationship.

There has been a recent surge of interest in the relationship between diabetes and depression. This could aid researchers to identify areas lacking in the literature and shape future research.

Poorer health and well-being are associated with diabetes risk. However, little is known about the trajectory of health and well-being from before to after diabetes diagnosis. We compared depressive symptoms, quality of life, self-rated health, and loneliness at three time points (prediagnosis, diagnosis, 2-4 years post diagnosis) in individuals who developed diabetes and a comparison group.

Health and well-being measures were self-reported by 3474 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Repeated measures analysis of variance and generalized estimating equations were used to investigate differences by group, time, and group-by-time interactions.

A total of 473 (13.6%) participants developed diabetes. The diabetes group reported greater depressive symptoms (W2(1) = 20.67, p < .001) and lower quality of life (F = 1, 2535 = 10.30, p = .001) and were more likely to rate their health as fair/poor (W2(1) = 67.11, p < .001) across time points, adjusting for age, sex, and wealth. They also reported greater loneliness (F = 1, 2693 = 9.70, p = .002) in unadjusted analyses. However, this was attenuated to the null in adjusted analyses. The group-by-time interaction was significant for quality of life (F = 1.97, 5003.58 = 5.60, p = .004) and self-rated health (W2(2) = 11.69, p = .003), with a greater decline in these measures over time in the diabetes group in adjusted analyses.

People who received a diabetes diagnosis had greater depressive symptoms, lower quality of life, and poorer self-rated health than those who did not develop diabetes. Quality of life and self-rated health deteriorated more rapidly following a diagnosis. Screening for these factors around the time of diagnosis could allow for interventions to improve the health and well-being of those with diabetes.

This study aims to examine the relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the likelihood of postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and the Wiley Online Library were systematically searched for relevant literature. Our results included eight studies with a total of 4,209 women diagnosed with GDM and/or PPD. The prevalence of PPD in women diagnosed with GDM ranged from 6.5% to 48.4%. The included studies demonstrated that PPD was more likely to strike women with GDM. One study reported that the most severe type of GDM is more likely to occur in those with a history of depression. Perinatal depression during pregnancy can be strongly predicted by age, BMI, and a personal history of depression. The findings imply that GDM and the likelihood of depression during the postpartum phase are related. It was also found that there was a positive correlation between depression and the chance of having GDM. This emphasizes how the association between GDM and depression appears to be reciprocal. However, the association does not imply causation, and the data at hand do not allow for the establishment of causality. Subsequent studies ought to endeavor to show causative connections between GDM and depression as well as pinpoint shared underlying endocrine variables that may play a role in the genesis of both conditions. The available information that is now available is limited due to the complexity of the etiology of both GD and depression in pregnant women; nonetheless, prevention of both conditions depends on a better understanding of the link between GD and depression. The risk of bias in the included studies was moderate to high.