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Joss D, Rosansky J, Gardiner P, Edwards RR, Weiss RD, Napadow V, Schuman-Olivier Z. Modulating mechanisms of adverse childhood experiences in a mindfulness-based intervention: preliminary insights from an opioid use disorder study. Front Psychol 2025; 16:1529106. [PMID: 40370398 PMCID: PMC12075408 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are transdiagnostic developmental risk factors for various mental and physical health issues, including Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). Existing research demonstrated ACE not only affects the onset, severity, and comorbidity of disorders, but also affects treatment responses. To investigate whether and how ACE modulates treatment effects of Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI), we conducted secondary analysis on the longitudinal data from a recent clinical trial on the effects of a MBI during outpatient buprenorphine treatment. Methods Using data from a RCT that randomized (1:1) a total of 196 patients with OUD into a live online group intervention with either a 24-week MBI or a matched recovery support control group, we conducted temporal path analysis with the following outcome measures: self-critical rumination, pain catastrophizing, pain interference, severity of depression and anxiety. Results Both treatment arms had significant reduction of all symptom measures, but the MBI arm had a significant mechanistic path of ACE (baseline) ➔Self-Critical Rumination (week 8)➔Pain Catastrophizing (week 16) ➔ Pain Interference (week 24), which was not significant in the control arm. Only in the MBI arm, ACE severity was significantly correlated with score reductions of Self-Critical Rumination (week 8), which was not significant in the control arm. Conclusion ACE modulated treatment responses to MBI, through a mechanistic path in which symptom changes of Self-Critical Rumination was a mediator between ACE and psychological symptom changes of pain catastrophizing and pain interference, suggesting Self-Critical Rumination can be considered as a therapeutic target in future intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Joss
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph Rosansky
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paula Gardiner
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, MA, United States
| | - Robert R. Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Pain Management Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roger D. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Pain Management Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Schoen and Adams Discovery Center for Chronic Pain Recovery, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zev Schuman-Olivier
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Ren LN, Pang JS, Jiang QN, Zhang XF, Li LL, Wang J, Li JG, Ma YY, Jia W. Self-compassion, automatic thoughts, and mental pain in depression: Mediating effects and clinical implications. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15:101105. [PMID: 40309597 PMCID: PMC12038655 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i4.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 11/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a leading global health concern with high suicide rates and recurrence. Cognitive models suggest that mental pain and automatic thoughts are central to depression's impact. The hypothesis is that self-compassion will be negatively associated with mental pain, mediated by automatic thoughts. AIM To determine the mediating role of automatic thoughts in the relationship between self-compassion and mental pain in individuals with depression. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 389 inpatients with depression from Tianjin Anding Hospital. Participants completed the Self-Compassion Scale-Chinese Version (SCS-C), Automatic Thought Questionnaire (ATQ), and Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale-Chinese Version (OMMP). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations, multiple linear regressions, and mediation analysis. RESULTS The SCS-C total score was 68.95 ± 14.89, ATQ was 87.02 ± 28.91, and OMMP was 129.01 ± 36.74. Correlation analysis showed mental pain was positively associated with automatic thoughts (r = 0.802, P < 0.001) and negatively with self-compassion (r = -0.636, P < 0.001). Regression analysis indicated automatic thoughts (β = 0.623, P < 0.001) and self-compassion (β = -0.301, P < 0.001) significantly predicted mental pain. Mediation analysis confirmed automatic thoughts partially mediated the relationship between self-compassion and mental pain (ab = -0.269, 95%CI: -0.363 to -0.212). CONCLUSION Self-compassion is inversely related to mental pain in depression, with automatic thoughts playing a mediating role. These findings suggest potential therapeutic targets for alleviating mental pain in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Ren
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Ji-Song Pang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Qiao-Na Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Lu-Lu Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Jian-Gong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Yan-Yan Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Geriatrics, Ningxian People's Hospital, Qingyang 745200, Gansu Province, China
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Gerhardt BC, Serra JG, Zimmer C, Arteche AX. Role of self-criticism in postpartum mental health: a network analysis. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2024; 37:38. [PMID: 39276252 PMCID: PMC11401827 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-024-00321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A significant percentage of women experience psychopathological symptoms during the postpartum period, which can impact not only their mental health and well-being but also the relationship between mother and baby. However, studies investigating how specific psychological factors, such as self-compassion and self-criticism, contribute to the development and maintenance of these symptoms are scarce. METHODS This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship among compassionate self-responding (CSR), uncompassionate self-responding (USR), maternal mental health indicators, mother-infant bonding, and the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected online from 189 Brazilian women with infants aged 0 to 12 months. Participants completed measures of sociodemographic characteristics, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS-BR-RSF-C), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), and COVID-19-Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL). RESULTS Through network analysis, our findings highlighted that postpartum depression played a central role in the structuring of variables in this system. Furthermore, USR, instead of CSR, emerged as the variable most strongly associated with levels of postpartum depression, which, in turn, was associated with mother-infant bonding. CONCLUSION Mitigating levels of self-criticism in mothers may represent a pathway to prevent the development of postpartum depression, which, in turn, could impact the quality of the mother-infant relationship. Given the significance of the child's early years for their emotional development, intervening early in maternal mental health may be a means to prevent mental disorders in the child as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Cardoso Gerhardt
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Post Graduate Program in Psychology, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil.
| | - Jovana Giacobo Serra
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Post Graduate Program in Psychology, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Camila Zimmer
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Post Graduate Program in Psychology, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Adriane Xavier Arteche
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Post Graduate Program in Psychology, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
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Ristvej AJ, McLaren S, Goldie PD. The Relations Between Self-Warmth, Self-Coldness, Internalized Heterosexism, and Depressive Symptoms Among Sexual Minority Men: A Moderated-Mediation Model. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2478-2502. [PMID: 37695089 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2245523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent mental health issue for sexual minority men (SMM), with the internalization of sexual identity-based stigma a key risk factor. Self-warmth is a protective factor and self-coldness is a risk factor for depressive symptoms, yet limited research in this area has focused on SMM. In the present study, an international sample of 1,285 gay and 487 bisexual men completed measures of depression, internalized heterosexism, and self-warmth/self-coldness. A multiple linear regression showed that internalized heterosexism explained 0.4% unique variance, self-warmth explained 0.5% unique variance, and self-coldness explained 18.8% unique variance in depressive symptoms. Self-warmth was directly and indirectly related to lower levels of depressive symptoms among SMM. In contrast, self-coldness was directly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms among SMM, and indirectly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms only for gay men. Findings should inform work aiming primarily to reduce self-coldness among SMM, thereby reducing depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne McLaren
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia
| | - Peter D Goldie
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
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McDonald H, Valmaggia L, Antonova E, Chadwick P. Taking the edge off: a feasibility randomized controlled trial of an online mindfulness-based intervention to reduce suspiciousness/paranoia in high positive schizotypy. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1380077. [PMID: 38962229 PMCID: PMC11221385 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1380077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Positive schizotypy can uniquely predict the development of psychosis with suspiciousness/paranoia having emerged as a key risk factor, pointing to significant worth in reducing this aspect in individuals with high positive schizotypy. Reduced paranoia in the general population following brief online mindfulness training has been previously reported. This study investigated the feasibility of a 40-day online mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) (n = 12) in the individuals with high positive schizotypy characterized by high suspiciousness/paranoia and to estimate its effect on paranoia as compared with an active control condition using reflective journaling (n = 12). The outcome measures were self-reported trait and VR-induced state paranoia, completed at baseline, after 10 days and post-intervention. The feasibility criteria included retention, adherence, engagement, and acceptability. There was 100% retention, excellent adherence to content and engagement, with an average MBI session completion rate of 91%. Acceptability, indexed by a self-rated motivation to continue practice post-intervention, was also high. No MBI effect on trait paranoia was observed; however, the MBI group showed a reduction in the VR-induced state paranoia with a medium-to-large effect (d = 0.63). The findings support conducting larger-scale randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effects of online MBIs on reducing suspiciousness/paranoia to mitigate psychosis risk in individuals with high positive schizotypy. Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.isrctn.com/, identifier ISRCTN78697391.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather McDonald
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Valmaggia
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- ORYGEN, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Antonova
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Chadwick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Bath Centre for Mindfulness and Compassion, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Collman S, Heriot-Maitland C, Peters E, Mason O. Investigating associations between self-compassion, self-criticism and psychotic-like experiences. Psychol Psychother 2024; 97:91-103. [PMID: 37747148 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dimensional approaches suggest psychotic symptoms exist along a continuum, with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) being an expression of a non-clinical psychosis phenotype. Existing research indicates self-criticism may contribute to symptom maintenance, frequency and distress, whereas self-compassion may act protectively. Associations between self-criticism, self-compassion and PLEs in the general population have received less attention. The present study sought to investigate these associations. It was hypothesised that PLE endorsement would be associated positively with self-criticism and negatively with self-compassion. DESIGN Quantitative cross-sectional study. Data collected via an online questionnaire. METHODS Five hundred thirty-one participants completed the Self-Compassion Scale (Short Form), the Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale and the Transpersonal Experiences Questionnaire. Individuals with a psychosis-related diagnosis were excluded. The data were analysed using linear regression, accounting for the effects of demographic variables. RESULTS Self-criticism subtype self-hatred was associated with PLEs. Subtype self-inadequacy was not. No association was found between self-compassion and PLEs. Educational attainment was negatively associated with PLE endorsement. CONCLUSIONS Self-criticism, but not self-compassion, is associated with PLE endorsement, suggesting they are separate factors with different relationships to PLEs. Further research is needed to confirm the direction of the interaction. Either way, psychological interventions (where needed) could target self-criticism and may be important in assessing psychosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Heriot-Maitland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychology Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Peters
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychology Department, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Yamasaki K, Sampei A, Miyata H. Relationship between rumination, self-compassion, and psychological health among Japanese university students: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297691. [PMID: 38295067 PMCID: PMC10830058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rumination is suggested to exacerbate psychological health, but there is room for investigating the potential protecting factors for individuals with high ruminative tendencies against psychological symptoms. The present cross-sectional study aimed to uncover the associations between rumination as a maladaptive dimension of self-focus, self-compassion, and psychological health, and whether and how components of self-compassion may moderate the associations between rumination and psychological health in Japanese undergraduate students. METHODS A questionnaire survey was conducted by using both an online platform and a paper-based questionnaire. The survey included established Japanese versions of psychological scales on rumination, self-compassion, perceived stress, trait anxiety, and depression. RESULTS The results revealed statistically significant positive correlations between rumination and negative dimensions of self-compassion, and rumination and psychological symptoms. Positive dimensions of self-compassion were significantly negatively correlated with both rumination and psychological symptoms. Reflection as a positive dimension of self-focus did not show significant correlations with most psychological variables. Furthermore, hierarchical multiple regression analyses involving subscales of self-compassion and their interactions with rumination as predictors revealed that the interactions between rumination and components of self-compassion, i.e., over-identification and mindfulness, significantly predicted trait anxiety. Higher rumination predicted higher anxiety when over-identification was high, but not when over-identification was low. Also, lower rumination predicted lower anxiety when mindfulness was high, but not when mindfulness was low. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest significant associations between rumination, components of self-compassion, and psychological health in a population of Japanese undergraduate students. The data also suggest that components of self-compassion play moderating roles in the relationship between rumination and psychological health, potentially serving as aggravating/protective factors for psychological health. Longitudinal studies and comparisons between different cultures should be conducted in the future quest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Yamasaki
- School of Culture, Media and Society, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sampei
- School of Culture, Media and Society, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Miyata
- Faculty of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Rice VJB, Schroeder P, Allison SC. Effects of mindfulness meditation training offered in-person and via a virtual world on self-compassion: A study with U.S. military active duty and veterans. Work 2024; 78:1225-1245. [PMID: 39121152 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based, in-person programs are effective at reducing stress and enhancing resilience in military and civilian samples, yet few studies have examined or compared training offered via real-time, interactive social media. Such a program would have a wider-reach and could include those unable to attend in-person. There is also interest in resolving ambiguity about the effects of mindfulness training on individual difference variables, such as self-compassion. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to compare pre/post self-compassion for three interventions; Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction delivered in-person (IP), mindfulness meditation training delivered via a Virtual World (VW), and a wait-list Control Group (CG) among active duty and veteran U.S. military. METHODS A 2 (pre/post)×3 (group) factorial design was conducted with 250 active duty and veteran U.S. Military service members, with self-compassion measures as dependent variables. RESULTS Self Compassion improved 10% for the IP group and 14% for the VW group, while the CG group did not improve. Combined treatment groups yielded a 10.3% improvement in self-compassion compared with no change in the CG and with a group×time interaction effect (p < 0.01). Participants with lower initial self-compassion experienced greater benefits than those with higher baseline self-compassion (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION IP and VW Mindfulness Meditation training were equally effective in increasing self-compassion. Adding effective on-line mindfulness delivery will promote self-compassion among a more extensive audience, likely yielding improved coping, confidence, connectedness, cheerfulness, steadiness, and self-satisfaction, while lessening anxiety, fear-of-failure, and stress among participants.
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Ungar P, Schindler AK, Polujanski S, Rotthoff T. Online programs to strengthen the mental health of medical students: A systematic review of the literature. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2022; 27:2082909. [PMID: 35642839 PMCID: PMC9176341 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2022.2082909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Medical students have been shown to be vulnerable to mental stress. Strengthening individual protective characteristics can be one cornerstone for promoting medical students' mental health and thereby preventing mental disorders. Online programs are an opportunity to provide appropriate options that have the advantage of being accessible from anywhere, at any time, and with a low entry threshold. This review provides a literature overview of current online programs for medical students. The findings can serve as a point of reference for designing effective online programs for mental health-promotion and mental disorder-prevention in medical curricula. We applied a systematic literature search in PubMed, ERIC, Cochrane, and Web of Science. Programs offered had to be web-based, and the addressed group had to be medical students. Protective individual characteristics for mental health and information on the programs' effectiveness were included in the search. As outcomes, we included mental health, burnout, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and well-being. The search yielded 723 articles; of them, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Programs found were grouped according to their focus: mental health literacy, mindfulness, based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, or peer support. Two studies showed significant reductions in perceived stress; one study indicated reduced burnout levels. One program had significant immediate effects on mindfulness, empathy, and resilience; two studies indicated strengthening coping strategies. Two programs were qualitatively assessed as helpful; two studies are ongoing. Nine studies lacked control groups; two randomized controlled trials were ongoing. Only a few online programs with limited evidence of effectiveness were found. They addressed protective individual characteristics, highlighting their importance for mental health. Thus, more health-promoting and mental disorder-preventing programs with high-quality effectiveness studies are necessary. An integration of such programs into curricula would allow for greater utilization and could give greater emphasis to and prioritize mental health in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ungar
- Department of Medical Education (DEMEDA), University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Polujanski
- Department of Medical Education (DEMEDA), University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rotthoff
- Department of Medical Education (DEMEDA), University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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Role of polygenic and environmental factors in the co-occurrence of depression and psychosis symptoms: a network analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:259. [PMID: 35732632 PMCID: PMC9217963 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and psychosis are often comorbid; they also have overlapping genetic and environmental risk factors, including trauma and area-level exposures. The present study aimed to advance understanding of this comorbidity via a network approach, by (1) identifying bridge nodes that connect clusters of lifetime depression and psychosis symptoms and (2) evaluating the influence of polygenic and environmental risk factors in these symptoms. This study included data from European ancestry participants in UK Biobank, a large population-based sample (N = 77,650). In Step 1, a network model identified bridge nodes between lifetime symptoms of depression and psychosis and functional impairment. In Step 2, genetic and environmental risk factors were incorporated to examine the degree to which symptoms associated with polygenic risk scores for depression and schizophrenia, lifetime exposure to trauma and area-level factors (including deprivation, air pollution and greenspace). Feelings of worthlessness, beliefs in unreal conspiracy against oneself, depression impairment and psychosis impairment emerged as bridges between depression and psychosis symptoms. Polygenic risk scores for depression and schizophrenia were predominantly linked with depression and psychosis impairment, respectively, rather than with specific symptoms. Cumulative trauma emerged as a bridge node associating deprivation with feelings of worthlessness and beliefs in unreal conspiracy, indicating that the experience of trauma is prominently linked with the co-occurrence of depression and psychosis symptoms related to negative views of oneself and others. These key symptoms and risk factors provide insights into the lifetime co-occurrence of depression and psychosis.
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11
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Goad EJ, Parker K. Compassion-focused therapy groups for people with intellectual disabilities: An extended pilot study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2021; 25:661-679. [PMID: 32608299 DOI: 10.1177/1744629520925953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
People with intellectual disabilities who experience mental health difficulties often have high levels of self-criticism and shame. Compassion-focused therapy is a therapeutic modality effective in working with such feelings. This article follows on from a previous compassion-focused therapy group study exploring the impact of two compassion-focused therapy-based groups on how participants felt about themselves. Utilizing a mixed method design, the study illustrated that participants experienced higher levels of compassion and, overall, saw themselves more favourably by the end of the groups. They were also able to understand the basic concepts of compassion-focused therapy which reinforced previous study findings, suggesting that it is adaptable and clinically useful for people with intellectual disabilities.
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Chio FHN, Mak WWS, Yu BCL. Meta-analytic review on the differential effects of self-compassion components on well-being and psychological distress: The moderating role of dialecticism on self-compassion. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 85:101986. [PMID: 33667941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although self-compassion has been extensively studied in the recent decades, the representation of self-compassion as a unitary measure or the presence of self-warmth (i.e., presence of the positive components: self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness) and self-coldness (i.e., presence of the negative components: self-judgment, isolation, and mindfulness) remains controversial. Moreover, the differential effects of the six components of self-compassion on mental well-being and psychological distress have not been systematically investigated. To synthesize the differential effects of the six components of self-compassion and to examine how people in different cultures may associate the positive and negative components of self-compassion differentially, the present meta-analysis synthesized 183 effect sizes across 27 cultures. Results showed that the negative components of self-compassion (rs = 0.44 to 0.45) showed greater effect sizes with psychological distress than the positive counterparts (rs = -0.17 to -0.29) whereas the positive components of SCS (rs = 0.29 to.39) showed greater effect sizes with mental well-being than the negative counterparts (rs = -0.29 to -0.36), with the exception of common humanity and isolation (r = 0.29 and - 0.36). Cultural orientation of dialecticism moderated the association between the positive and the negative components of self-compassion, with dialectical cultures showing lower associations between the two opposing components. Findings have implications on the design and implementation of self-compassion interventions cross-culturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floria H N Chio
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie W S Mak
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
| | - Ben C L Yu
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Castilho P, Pinto AM, Viegas R, Carvalho S, Madeira N, Martins MJ. External Shame as a Mediator between Paranoia and Social Safeness in Psychosis. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Castilho
- Cognitive‐Behavioural Research Centre (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
| | - Ana Margarida Pinto
- Cognitive‐Behavioural Research Centre (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
- Psychological Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
| | - Ricardo Viegas
- Cognitive‐Behavioural Research Centre (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
| | - Sérgio Carvalho
- Cognitive‐Behavioural Research Centre (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
| | - Nuno Madeira
- Psychological Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
- Psychiatry Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal,
| | - Maria João Martins
- Cognitive‐Behavioural Research Centre (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
- Psychological Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
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14
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Hickey T, Nelson B, Meadows G. Application of a mindfulness and compassion‐based approach to the at‐risk mental state. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Hickey
- Southern Synergy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Graham Meadows
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
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15
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Dimensional investigation of individual differences in personality disorder traits based on the three-dimensional model of personality self-regulation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Yip VT, Tong M. W. E. Self-compassion and attention: self-compassion facilitates disengagement from negative stimuli. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1778060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vania T. Yip
- Department of Psychology, Yale-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eddie Tong M. W.
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Brown P, Waite F, Rovira A, Nickless A, Freeman D. Virtual reality clinical-experimental tests of compassion treatment techniques to reduce paranoia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8547. [PMID: 32444619 PMCID: PMC7244556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paranoia may build on negative beliefs held both about the self and others. Compassionate imagery may be one way of reducing such negative beliefs, and hence paranoia. Two studies tested this idea, one targeting compassion for the self and one targeting compassion for others. Two-hundred individuals from the general population scoring highly for paranoia were recruited. The studies used a randomised controlled experimental design, with embedded tests for mediation. Study one targeted self-compassion via creation of a compassionate coach (CC) image. Study two targeted compassion for others via loving kindness meditation (LKM). Individuals repeatedly entered neutral virtual reality social environments. Changes in compassion and paranoia were assessed. Compared to controls, the CC group increased in self-compassion (group difference = 2.12, C.I. = 1.57;2.67, p = <0.0001, d = 1.4) and decreased in paranoia (group difference = -1.73, C.I. = -2.48; -0.98, p = <0.0001, d = 0.8). Change in self-compassion explained 57% of change in paranoia. Compared to controls, the LKM group increased their compassion for others (group difference = 3.26, C.I. = 2.72;3.80, p = <0.0001, d = 1.7), and decreased in paranoia (group difference = -1.70, C.I. = -2.50; -0.89, p = <0.0001, d = 0.8). Change in compassion for others explained 67% of change in paranoia. Targeting negative beliefs about the self and others using compassionate imagery causes reductions in paranoia. Tests in clinical populations are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Felicity Waite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Aitor Rovira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Daniel Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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18
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Wasson RS, Barratt C, O'Brien WH. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Self-compassion in Health Care Professionals: a Meta-analysis. Mindfulness (N Y) 2020; 11:1914-1934. [PMID: 32421083 PMCID: PMC7223423 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Health care professionals have elevated rates of burnout and compassion fatigue which are correlated with poorer quality of life and patient care, and inversely correlated with self-compassion. Primary studies have evaluated the extent to which mindfulness-based interventions increase self-compassion with contradictory findings. A meta-analytic review of the literature was conducted to quantitatively synthesize the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on self-compassion among health care professionals. Methods Twenty-eight treatment outcome studies were identified eligible for inclusion. Five cumulative effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models to evaluate differences of changes in self-compassion for treatment and control groups. Within and between group comparisons were evaluated. Sub-group and moderator analyses were conducted to explore potential moderating variables. Results Twenty-seven articles (k = 29, N = 1020) were utilized in the pre-post-treatment meta-analysis. Fifteen samples (52%) included health care professionals and fourteen (48%) professional health care students. Results showed a moderate effect size between pre-post-treatment comparisons (g = .61, 95% CI = .47 to .76) for self-compassion and a strong effect size for pre-treatment to follow-up (g = .76, 95% CI = .41 to 1.12). The effect size comparing post-treatment versus post-control was moderate. One exploratory moderator analysis was significant, with stronger effects for interventions with a retreat component. Conclusions Findings suggest mindfulness-based interventions improve self-compassion in health care professionals. Additionally, a variety of mindfulness-based programs may be useful for employees and trainees. Future studies with rigorous methodology evaluating effects on self-compassion and patient care from mindfulness-based interventions are warranted to extend findings and explore moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Wasson
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA
| | - Clare Barratt
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA
| | - William H O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA
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19
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Scheunemann J, Schlier B, Ascone L, Lincoln TM. The link between self-compassion and psychotic-like experiences: A matter of distress? Psychol Psychother 2019; 92:523-538. [PMID: 30091175 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Self-shaming and self-criticism have been shown to contribute to the emergence of distressing psychotic symptoms and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). In contrast, a self-compassionate mindset may protect against negative evaluations in response to PLEs leading to less distress. This study explores the association between self-compassion, the frequency of PLEs, and their associated distress. DESIGN The study used a correlational, cross-sectional design on a German community sample. METHODS A total of 234 participants completed the self-compassion scale (SCS), the Peters' Delusions Inventory, and a modified version of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale that measures frequency and distress of hallucinatory experiences. Pearson correlations between SCS and frequency of PLEs as well as between SCS and PLE-distress were compared. Additionally, network analyses of SCS and PLE-measures were calculated. RESULTS Self-compassion was associated with less-frequent PLEs and with less PLE-distress, with stronger correlations between self-compassion and PLE-distress. The network analysis showed the self-compassion facets isolation and overidentification to be the closest links to PLE-distress. CONCLUSIONS Self-compassion is associated with less PLE related distress. Prevention programmes and interventions that target the negative facets associated with lack of self-compassion may be promising. However, future studies need to explore the causal role of self-compassion facets in the formation of PLE-distress. PRACTITIONER POINTS Low levels of self-compassion are associated with being more distressed by psychotic experiences. As the self-compassion facets isolation and overidentification are most strongly related to distress, prevention and intervention programmes may benefit from focusing on these negative facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Scheunemann
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Science, Universität Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Björn Schlier
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Science, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Ascone
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Science, Universität Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Tania M Lincoln
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Science, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Martins MJ, Macedo A, Carvalho CB, Pereira AT, Castilho P. Are shame and self‐criticism the path to the pervasive effect of social stress reactivity on social functioning in psychosis? Clin Psychol Psychother 2019; 27:52-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Martins
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - António Macedo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Célia Barreto Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences University of Azores Portugal
| | - Ana Telma Pereira
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Paula Castilho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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21
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Noureen S, Malik S. Conceptualized-self and depression symptoms among university students: Mediating role of cognitive fusion. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Self-criticism, Strivings and Aggressive Behavior in Spanish Children: The Two Sides of Self-Oriented Perfectionism. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 22:E29. [PMID: 31148527 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2019.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the two intrapersonal perfectionism dimensions (i.e., Self-Oriented Perfectionism-Critical, SOP-C, and Self-Oriented Perfectionism-Strivings, SOP-S) and the components of aggressive behavior (cognitive, emotional and motor) in a sample of 804 (48.3% females) Spanish students between the ages of 8 and 11 (M = 9.57; DE = 1.12). The Spanish versions of the SOP-C and SOP-S subscales of the Child/Adolescent Perfectionism Scale and the Aggression Questionnaire were used. Students with high SOP-C scored significantly higher (p < .001) than their peers with low SOP-C on all components of aggressive behavior. The magnitude of these differences (Cohen's d index) ranged from .40 to .59. In contrast, non-significant statistical differences were found between students with high and low SOP-S. Moreover, logistic regression analysis revealed that SOP-C significantly and positively predicted high Hostility, Anger and Physical and Verbal Aggression, whereas none of these components were significantly predicted by SOP-S (95% CI). Results are discussed, taking into account the debate on the conceptualization and nature of intrapersonal perfectionism.
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23
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Vignaud P, Reilly KT, Donde C, Haesebaert F, Brunelin J. Clinical Effects of Mindfulness-Based Intervention in Patients With First Episode Psychosis and in Individuals With Ultra-High Risk for Transition to Psychosis: A Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:797. [PMID: 31736811 PMCID: PMC6837071 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Recent clinical studies and meta-analyses have reported the clinical effects of mindfulness-based interventions as a complementary treatment for patients with schizophrenia, but their possible efficacy in patients with first episode of psychosis (FEP) and in individuals with ultra-high risk (UHR) of transition to psychosis is less clear. Here, we investigated the current evidence on the usefulness of mindfulness-based interventions in these two populations. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the literature according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: Among the 102 references retrieved, 9 responded to the inclusion criteria (8 in FEP patients and 1 in UHR individuals). In FEP patients, mindfulness interventions are well-tolerated and have a satisfactory level of adherence. The clinical benefits consist primarily of reduced anxiety and sadness and improved quality of life. None of the studies reported any increase in positive symptoms. Conclusion: Future sham-controlled studies with large sample sizes are needed to definitively conclude on the clinical interest of mindfulness-based interventions in FEP patients and UHR individuals as well as to understand their underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vignaud
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Karen T Reilly
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, ImpAct Team, Lyon, Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Clément Donde
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Frédéric Haesebaert
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Jérôme Brunelin
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
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24
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Montero-Marin J, Kuyken W, Crane C, Gu J, Baer R, Al-Awamleh AA, Akutsu S, Araya-Véliz C, Ghorbani N, Chen ZJ, Kim MS, Mantzios M, Rolim dos Santos DN, Serramo López LC, Teleb AA, Watson PJ, Yamaguchi A, Yang E, García-Campayo J. Self-Compassion and Cultural Values: A Cross-Cultural Study of Self-Compassion Using a Multitrait-Multimethod (MTMM) Analytical Procedure. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2638. [PMID: 30622499 PMCID: PMC6308155 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-compassion is natural, trainable and multi-faceted human capacity. To date there has been little research into the role of culture in influencing the conceptual structure of the underlying construct, the relative importance of different facets of self-compassion, nor its relationships to cultural values. This study employed a cross-cultural design, with 4,124 participants from 11 purposively sampled datasets drawn from different countries. We aimed to assess the relevance of positive and negative items when building the self-compassion construct, the convergence among the self-compassion components, and the possible influence of cultural values. Each dataset comprised undergraduate students who completed the "Self-Compassion Scale" (SCS). We used a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach to the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) model, separating the variability into self-compassion components (self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness), method (positive and negative valence), and error (uniqueness). The normative scores of the Values Survey Module (VSM) in each country, according to the cultural dimensions of individualism, masculinity, power distance, long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence, were considered. We used Spearman coefficients (r s) to assess the degree of association between the cultural values and the variance coming from the positive and negative items to explain self-compassion traits, as well as the variance shared among the self-compassion traits, after removing the method effects produced by the item valence. The CFA applied to the MTMM model provided acceptable fit in all the samples. Positive items made a greater contribution to capturing the traits comprising self-compassion when the long-term orientation cultural value was higher (r s = 0.62; p = 0.042). Negative items did not make significant contributions to building the construct when the individualism cultural value was higher, but moderate effects were found (r s = 0.40; p = 0.228). The level of common variance among the self-compassion trait factors was inversely related to the indulgence cultural value (r s = -0.65; p = 0.030). The extent to which the positive and negative items contribute to explain self-compassion, and that different self-compassion facets might be regarded as reflecting a broader construct, might differ across cultural backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Montero-Marin
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, RedIAPP, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Willem Kuyken
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Gu
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Baer
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Satoshi Akutsu
- Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy, Hitotsubashi University Business School, Hitotsubashi University, Hitotsubashi, Japan
| | | | - Nima Ghorbani
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhuo Job Chen
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Communicology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Danilo N. Rolim dos Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Psicobiologia (DSE/CCEN), Universidade Federal da Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luiz C. Serramo López
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Psicobiologia (DSE/CCEN), Universidade Federal da Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ahmed A. Teleb
- Special Education Department, Faculty of Education, King Khalid University, Asir, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Psychology, The New Valley Faculty of Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - P. J. Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, United States
| | - Ayano Yamaguchi
- College of Community and Human Services, Rikkyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eunjoo Yang
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Javier García-Campayo
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, RedIAPP, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
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25
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Coroiu A, Kwakkenbos L, Moran C, Thombs B, Albani C, Bourkas S, Zenger M, Brahler E, Körner A. Structural validation of the Self-Compassion Scale with a German general population sample. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190771. [PMID: 29408888 PMCID: PMC5800544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Published validation studies have reported different factor structures for the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). The objective of this study was to assess the factor structure of the SCS in a large general population sample representative of the German population. Methods A German population sample completed the SCS and other self-report measures. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in MPlus was used to test six models previously found in factor analytic studies (unifactorial model, two-factor model, three-factor model, six-factor model, a hierarchical (second order) model with six first-order factors and two second-order factors, and a model with arbitrarily assigned items to six factors). In addition, three bifactor models were also tested: bifactor model #1 with two group factors (SCS positive items, called SCS positive) and SCS negative items, called SCS negative) and one general factor (overall SCS); bifactor model #2, which is a two-tier model with six group factors, three (SCS positive subscales) corresponding to one general dimension (SCS positive) and three (SCS negative subscales) corresponding to the second general dimension (SCS negative); bifactor model #3 with six group factors (six SCS subscales) and one general factor (overall SCS). Results The two-factor model, the six-factor model, and the hierarchical model showed less than ideal, but acceptable fit. The model fit indices for these models were comparable, with no apparent advantage of the six-factor model over the two-factor model. The one-factor model, the three-factor model, and bifactor model #3 showed poor fit. The other two bifactor models showed strong support for two factors: SCS positive and SCS negative. Conclusion The main results of this study are that, among the German general population, six SCS factors and two SCS factors fit the data reasonably well. While six factors can be modelled, the three negative factors and the three positive factors, respectively, did not reflect reliable or meaningful variance beyond the two summative positive and negative item factors. As such, we recommend the use of two subscale scores to capture a positive factor and a negative factor when administering the German SCS to general population samples and we strongly advise against the use of a total score across all SCS items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Coroiu
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Linda Kwakkenbos
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Behavioural Science Institute, Clinical Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Chelsea Moran
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Brett Thombs
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cornelia Albani
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Medical Center of the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia Bourkas
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Markus Zenger
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Medical Center of the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Applied Human Studies, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Stendal, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases - Behavioral Medicine, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elmar Brahler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Universal Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annett Körner
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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Abstract
Self-compassion has shown to be beneficial for individuals’ wellbeing; in particular, it has been associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to further explore the association between self-compassion, as measured by the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and depressive symptoms, in a large representative sample of community adults (n = 734, Mean age = 55.7, SD = 15.2). We examined the association of depressive symptoms with the SCS total score, the SCS six subscales (i.e., self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification), and the SCS positive and negative items (referred to as self-compassion and self-coldness, respectively). In addition, we explored the predictive ability of self-compassion, self-coldness, and the SCS six subscales on depressive symptoms both cross-sectionally and over a 1-year period of time. Finally, we sought to test the moderating role of self-compassion on the association between self-coldness and depressive symptoms. Results showed that the SCS negative items and subscales were more strongly related to depressive symptoms than the SCS positive items and subscales. Accordingly, self-coldness was a stronger predictor of depressive symptoms, cross-sectionally and over a 1-year timeframe, when compared with self-compassion. Particularly, the feeling of being isolated was shown to be strongly associated with depressive symptoms. We did not find substantial evidence for a moderating role of self-compassion on the association between self-coldness and depressive symptoms. Future research needs to determine the added value of assessing self-coldness and whether or not it is an essential part of self-compassion.
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27
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Cooper D, Anderson T. Interpersonal Subtypes Within Social Anxiety: The Identification of Distinct Social Features. J Pers Assess 2017; 101:64-72. [PMID: 28980830 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2017.1373116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although social anxiety disorder is defined by anxiety-related symptoms, little research has focused on the interpersonal features of social anxiety. Prior studies (Cain, Pincus, & Grosse Holtforth, 2010; Kachin, Newman, & Pincus, 2001) identified distinct subgroups of socially anxious individuals' interpersonal circumplex problems that were blends of agency and communion, and yet inconsistencies remain. We predicted 2 distinct interpersonal subtypes would exist for individuals with high social anxiety, and that these social anxiety subtypes would differ on empathetic concern, paranoia, received peer victimization, perspective taking, and emotional suppression. From a sample of 175 undergraduate participants, 51 participants with high social anxiety were selected as above a clinical cutoff on the social phobia scale. Cluster analyses identified 2 interpersonal subtypes of socially anxious individuals: low hostility-high submissiveness (Cluster 1) and high hostility-high submissiveness (Cluster 2). Cluster 1 reported higher levels of empathetic concern, lower paranoia, less peer victimization, and lower emotional suppression compared to Cluster 2. There were no differences between subtypes on perspective taking or cognitive reappraisal. Findings are consistent with an interpersonal conceptualization of social anxiety, and provide evidence of distinct social features between these subtypes. Findings have implications for the etiology, classification, and treatment of social anxiety.
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28
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Martins MJ, Castilho P, Carvalho CB, Pereira AT, Carvalho D, Bajouco M, Madeira N, Santos V, Macedo A. Pathways from paranoid conviction to distress: exploring the mediator role of Fears of Compassion in a sample of people with psychosis. PSYCHOSIS-PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIAL AND INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2017.1349830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Martins
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Cognitive and Behavioural Center for Research and Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Castilho
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Cognitive and Behavioural Center for Research and Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Barreto Carvalho
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Cognitive and Behavioural Center for Research and Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Ana Telma Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Carvalho
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Cognitive and Behavioural Center for Research and Intervention, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Bajouco
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University and Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Madeira
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University and Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vitor Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University and Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Macedo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University and Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
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Carvalho CB, da Motta C, Pinto-Gouveia J, Peixoto E. Influence of Family and Childhood Memories in the Development and Manifestation of Paranoid Ideation. Clin Psychol Psychother 2017; 23:397-406. [PMID: 26103941 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several studies point out to the influence of social experiences on perceptions of the environment and others in cognitive functioning and different aspects of psychopathology. The current study aimed at studying the influence of the psychosocial risk factors in a mixed sample of participants from the general population and affected by paranoid schizophrenia. The extent to which the existence of negative life events and events that are threatening to the inner models of the self (i.e., history of maltreatment, physical, social or psychological abuse) or the memories of these traumatic events occurring during childhood are related to the existence of paranoid beliefs in adulthood was explored. Results suggested that memories of parental behaviours characterized by antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization were important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life. This further emphasizes the need for understanding the family and social dynamics of people presenting paranoid ideations to the development of therapeutic interventions that can effectively reduce the invalidation caused by severe psychopathology, as is the case of schizophrenia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE Memories of family dynamics characterized by behaviours of antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization are important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life. The study highlights the importance of exploring subjective recalls of feelings and behaviours associated with early rearing experiences, peer relationships and themes related to social rank theory in the roots of internal models of relationship with the self and others in the general sample, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives. Our findings indicate that schizophrenic patients in active phase differ regarding memories of threat and submission and are more likely to remember childhood experiences perceived as threatening during an active phase than when in remission. It is possible that by changing these internal models and social interaction styles, patients may be able to get involved in more cooperating and affiliative interactions, disconfirming these early beliefs about others being rejecting, critical or hostile towards the self, and more effectively reducing the invalidation caused by positive and negative symptomatology of schizophrenia on social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Barreto Carvalho
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal. .,CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carolina da Motta
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal.,CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pinto-Gouveia
- CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ermelindo Peixoto
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal
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Gilbert P, Catarino F, Duarte C, Matos M, Kolts R, Stubbs J, Ceresatto L, Duarte J, Pinto-Gouveia J, Basran J. The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kingston C, Schuurmans-Stekhoven J. Life hassles and delusional ideation: Scoping the potential role of cognitive and affective mediators. Psychol Psychother 2016; 89:445-463. [PMID: 26846698 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An intertemporal association between major psychological stress and subsequent delusion formation has been established by others. The current study explores (1) whether the stress from life hassles predicts delusional ideation and (2) if so, do self-criticism, self-reassurance, and positive and negative affectivity (PA and NA, respectively) mediate this link. This paper thus aimed to scope-out viable psychological processes involved in the formation of stress-induced delusions. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey using a non-clinical community sample. METHODS Responses (N = 251) to an online community survey were tested via a nonparametric bootstrap sampling approach to examine the effects of multiple mediators. RESULTS Self-criticism and NA appear to mediate a connection found between life hassles and delusions. A second mediation analysis found that life hassles positively predicts NA directly and indirectly (via self-criticism). NA in turn predicted delusional tendencies. Life events had direct statistical effects on delusions in all models. Neither PA nor self-reassurance mediated the stress-delusion link. CONCLUSIONS Self-criticism and NA seem to be viable mediators worth contemplating when elaborating upon the connection between life hassles and delusions. Compared to self-criticism, NA appears to be the intervening variable most proximal to delusions and explains more variance. Even if these cross-sectional results were interpreted as causative, life hassles and delusions remained directly interconnected in all mediation models (suggesting much of the association remains unexplained). Although the results are theory-consistent, investigations using longitudinal, known-group, and experimental methods are now warranted to establish causation and possible feedback loops - especially from delusion to life hassles. PRACTITIONER POINTS Self-criticism and negative affectivity (NA) mediate the link between stressful life events and delusions suggesting they might actively elicit delusional ideation, whereas self-reassurance and PA (although negatively associated with life hassles) have no unique predictive link to delusions. This study offers initial evidence that NA and self-criticism may be viable clinical intervention targets for early psychosis-sufferers under stress - especially for medically non-compliant and marginal (where drug treatment is not clinically indicated) cases. The clinical efficacy of alleviating self-criticism and/or negative emotional processes in those displaying early psychosis or at high risk appear worthy of exploration using both practice-based case studies and formal experimental research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Kingston
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
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Costa J, Marôco J, Pinto-Gouveia J, Ferreira C, Castilho P. Validation of the Psychometric Properties of the Self-Compassion Scale. Testing the Factorial Validity and Factorial Invariance of the Measure among Borderline Personality Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Eating Disorder and General Populations. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 23:460-468. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Costa
- CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação; Universidade de Coimbra Rua do Colégio Novo; Coimbra Portugal
| | - João Marôco
- Unidade de Investigação em, Psicologia e Saúde (UIPES); ISPA-IU; Lisbon Portugal
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López A, Sanderman R, Schroevers MJ. Mindfulness and Self-compassion as Unique and Common Predictors of Affect in the General Population. Mindfulness (N Y) 2016; 7:1289-1296. [PMID: 27909464 PMCID: PMC5107192 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-016-0568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the increased research interest in the benefits of mindfulness and self-compassion, relatively few studies have examined their unique and combined effects in predicting affect. This cross-sectional study examined the predictive value of mindfulness and self-compassion for depressive symptoms, negative affect, and positive affect in a large representative sample of community adults (N = 1736). The Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) was used as a measure of mindfulness and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) as a measure of self-compassion. Five FFMQ facets were explored: observe, describe, act with awareness, non-judgment, and non-reactivity. Two SCS facets were explored: its positive items (SCS Pos) and its negative items (SCS Neg). When simultaneously examining all seven facets of mindfulness and self-compassion, three of the five FFMQ facets and SCS Neg significantly predicted both depressive symptoms and negative affect, with SCS Neg and act with awareness being the strongest predictors. These findings suggest that a harsh attitude towards oneself and a lack of attention when acting have the greatest value in predicting the presence of psychological symptoms. With respect to positive affect, four of the five FFMQ facets (except non-judgment) were significant predictors, with no unique predictive value of the two SCS's facets, suggesting that mindfulness is a more important predictor of positive affect than self-compassion, as measured by the FFMQ and SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica López
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, De Brug FA12, Groningen, 9700 RB The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Sanderman
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, De Brug FA12, Groningen, 9700 RB The Netherlands ; Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maya J Schroevers
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, De Brug FA12, Groningen, 9700 RB The Netherlands
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Collett N, Pugh K, Waite F, Freeman D. Negative cognitions about the self in patients with persecutory delusions: An empirical study of self-compassion, self-stigma, schematic beliefs, self-esteem, fear of madness, and suicidal ideation. Psychiatry Res 2016; 239:79-84. [PMID: 27137965 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing awareness of the high prevalence of negative cognitions about the self in patients with persecutory delusions, and it has been proposed that paranoid fears build upon these perceived vulnerabilities. This study aimed to investigate for the first time a wide range of different conceptualisations of the negative self, and to examine associations with suicidal ideation, in patients with persecutory delusions. Twenty-one patients with persecutory delusions and twenty-one non-clinical individuals completed measures relating to negative self cognitions. The delusions group also completed a measure of suicidal ideation. It was found that the patients with persecutory delusions had low self-compassion, low self-esteem, increased fears of being mad, beliefs of inferiority to others, negative self-schemas, and low positive self-schemas when compared to the non-clinical control group. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) were large, and the different conceptualisations of negative self cognitions were highly associated with one another. Self-stigma did not differ between the two groups. Furthermore, suicidal ideation was highly associated with low self-compassion, low self-esteem, fears of madness, and negative self-schema but not self-stigma. This study shows marked negative self cognitions in patients with persecutory delusions. These are likely to prove targets of clinical interventions, with patient preference most likely determining the best conceptualisation of negative self cognitions for clinicians to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Collett
- The Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training, University of Oxford, Isis Education Centre, Roosevelt Drive, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Katherine Pugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Felicity Waite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Daniel Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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Bullock G, Newman-Taylor K, Stopa L. The role of mental imagery in non-clinical paranoia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50:264-8. [PMID: 26492591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Cognitive models of paranoia incorporate many of the processes implicated in the maintenance of anxiety disorders. Despite this, the role of mental imagery in paranoia remains under-researched. The current study examined the impact of a self-imagery manipulation in people with high non-clinical paranoia. METHODS We used a mixed design with one between-subjects variable (type of self-imagery) and one within-subjects variable (time--pre and post imagery manipulation). Thirty participants with high trait paranoia were allocated alternately to a positive or negative self-imagery condition. Scripts were used to elicit positive and negative self-imagery. All participants completed self-report state measures of paranoia, mood, self-esteem and self-compassion. RESULTS Group by time interaction effects were found for each of the dependent variables. Positive imagery led to less state paranoia, anxiety and negative affect, and more positive affect, self-esteem and self-compassion, compared with the negative imagery group. LIMITATIONS This was a non-blind study, limited by allocation method and a brief time-frame which did not allow us to assess longevity of effects. We recruited a relatively small and predominantly female sample of people with high non-clinical paranoia. The study did not include a neutral control condition, a low paranoia comparison group, or a manipulation check following the imagery task. CONCLUSIONS Self-imagery manipulations may affect paranoia, mood and self-beliefs. If the findings are replicated with clinical groups, and maintained over a longer period, this would suggest that imagery-based interventions targeting persecutory delusions might be usefully examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Bullock
- Psychology Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Building 44, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Katherine Newman-Taylor
- Psychology Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Building 44, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; Southampton Psychological Therapies Service, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, College Keep, Terminus Terrace, Southampton, SO14 3DT, UK.
| | - Luisa Stopa
- Psychology Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Building 44, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Muris P, Petrocchi N. Protection or Vulnerability? A Meta-Analysis of the Relations Between the Positive and Negative Components of Self-Compassion and Psychopathology. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 24:373-383. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- Maastricht University; The Netherlands
- Virenze-RIAGG; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Stellenbosch University; South Africa
| | - Nicola Petrocchi
- John Cabot University; Rome Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia; Rome Italy
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Muris P, Meesters C, Pierik A, de Kock B. Good for the Self: Self-Compassion and Other Self-Related Constructs in Relation to Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Non-clinical Youths. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2016; 25:607-617. [PMID: 26834447 PMCID: PMC4720693 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-015-0235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined relationships among self-compassion, self-esteem, and self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a sample of 132 non-clinical adolescents aged 12-17 years. The results first of all indicated that the Shortened Self-Compassion Scale for Adolescents was reliable (i.e., all Cronbach's alphas were >.70) and valid in terms of both construct (as demonstrated by a principal components analysis which revealed the hypothesized three-factor structure) and concurrent validity (i.e., as shown by means of positive correlations with self-esteem and self-efficacy). Further, the expected negative correlations were found between self-compassion and anxiety and depression, indicating that higher levels of this self-related construct are associated with lower symptom levels, and vice versa. Of the three components of self-compassion, mindfulness appeared most convincingly related to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Finally, when controlling for other self-related constructs, self-compassion no longer accounted for a significant proportion in the variance of symptom levels. In contrast, self-esteem (depression) and in particular self-efficacy (anxiety and depression) did show unique explanatory power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- />Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- />Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cor Meesters
- />Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pierik
- />Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bo de Kock
- />Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Baião R, Gilbert P, McEwan K, Carvalho S. Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale: Psychometric properties and normative study. Psychol Psychother 2015; 88:438-52. [PMID: 25492845 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS, Gilbert, Clarke, Hempel, Miles, & Irons, 2004, Br. J. Clin. Psychology, 43, 31) is a self-report instrument that measures self-criticism and self-reassurance. It has shown good reliability and has been used in several different studies and in a range of different populations. The aim of this study was to explore its psychometric proprieties in a large clinical and non-clinical sample, to establish its reliability. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first study to provide normative data to FSCRS. Differences in population scores will also be addressed. METHOD Data were collated from 12 different studies, resulting in 887 non-clinical participants and 167 mixed diagnosis patients who completed the FSCRS. RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis shows that both in non-clinical and clinical samples, the three-factor model of FSCRS is a well-adjusted measure for assessing the two forms of self-criticism and a form of self-reassurance. Normative data for the scale are presented. Comparing the two populations, the non-clinical was more self-reassuring and less self-critical than the clinical one. Comparing genders, in the non-clinical population men were more self-reassuring and less self-critical than women. No significant gender differences were found in the clinical population. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results corroborate previous findings about the link between self-criticism and clinical population, which stresses the need to both assess and address it in therapy. Results also confirm that FSCRS is a robust and reliable instrument, which now can aid clinicians and researchers to have a better understanding of the results, taking into account the norms presented. PRACTITIONER POINTS Practical implications The normative study of the FSCRS facilitates a better understanding of clinical and research results; The paper accounts for large clinical and non-clinical populations, which contribute to robust findings; Cautions Cultural and age differences should be carefully addressed; Generalizations to different psychopathologies deserve attention, as the clinical population considered here derived mainly from depressed participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Baião
- CINEICC - Cognitive and Behavioural Centre for Research and Intervention, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paul Gilbert
- Mental Health Research Unit, Kinsgway Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Kirsten McEwan
- Institute of Translation, Innovation, Methodology & Engagement, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sérgio Carvalho
- CINEICC - Cognitive and Behavioural Centre for Research and Intervention, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Körner A, Coroiu A, Copeland L, Gomez-Garibello C, Albani C, Zenger M, Brähler E. The Role of Self-Compassion in Buffering Symptoms of Depression in the General Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136598. [PMID: 26430893 PMCID: PMC4591980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-compassion, typically operationalized as the total score of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003b), has been shown to be related to increased psychological well-being and lower depression in students of the social sciences, users of psychology websites and psychotherapy patients. The current study builds on the existing literature by examining the link between self-compassion and depressive symptomatology in a sample representative of the German general population (n = 2,404). The SCS subscales of self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification, and the "self-coldness", composite score, which encompass these three negative subscales, consistently differed between subsamples of individuals without any depressive symptoms, with any depressive syndromes, and with major depressive disorder. The contribution of the positive SCS subscales of self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness to the variance in depressive symptomatology was almost negligible. However, when combined to a "self-compassion composite", the positive SCS subscales significantly moderated the relationship between "self-coldness" and depressive symptoms in the general population. This speaks for self-compassion having the potential to buffer self-coldness related to depression--providing an argument for interventions that foster self-caring, kind, and forgiving attitudes towards oneself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Körner
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Louise-Granofsky-Psychosocial Oncology Program, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Psychosocial Oncology Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Adina Coroiu
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laura Copeland
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carlos Gomez-Garibello
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cornelia Albani
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Zenger
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elmar Brähler
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Applied Human Studies, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg and Stendal, Stendal, Germany
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López A, Sanderman R, Smink A, Zhang Y, van Sonderen E, Ranchor A, Schroevers MJ. A Reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale's Total Score: Self-Compassion versus Self-Criticism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132940. [PMID: 26193654 PMCID: PMC4508060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is currently the only self-report instrument to measure self-compassion. The SCS is widely used despite the limited evidence for the scale’s psychometric properties, with validation studies commonly performed in college students. The current study examined the factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the SCS in a large representative sample from the community. The study was conducted in 1,736 persons, of whom 1,643 were included in the analyses. Besides the SCS, data was collected on positive and negative indicators of psychological functioning, as well as on rumination and neuroticism. Analyses included confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and correlations. CFA showed that the SCS’s proposed six-factor structure could not be replicated. EFA suggested a two-factor solution, formed by the positively and negatively formulated items respectively. Internal consistency was good for the two identified factors. The negative factor (i.e., sum score of the negatively formulated items) correlated moderately to strongly to negative affect, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, as well as to rumination and neuroticism. Compared to this negative factor, the positive factor (i.e., sum score of the positively formulated items) correlated weaker to these indicators, and relatively more strongly to positive affect. Results from this study do not justify the common use of the SCS total score as an overall indicator of self-compassion, and provide support for the idea, as also assumed by others, that it is important to make a distinction between self-compassion and self-criticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica López
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Psychology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Sanderman
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Psychology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Smink
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Psychology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric van Sonderen
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Psychology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adelita Ranchor
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Psychology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maya J. Schroevers
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Psychology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Yarnell LM, Stafford RE, Neff KD, Reilly ED, Knox MC, Mullarkey M. Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Compassion. SELF AND IDENTITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Castilho P, Pinto-Gouveia J, Duarte J. Evaluating the Multifactor Structure of the Long and Short Versions of the Self-Compassion Scale in a Clinical Sample. J Clin Psychol 2015; 71:856-70. [PMID: 25907562 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been a growing interest in the concept of self-compassion in Eastern psychology. The aim of the present study was to explore the dimensionality of the widely used Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; long and short versions) in both clinical and nonclinical samples METHOD Several confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were computed in a mixed clinical (n = 316) and a nonclinical sample (n = 1128) from the Portuguese population. Also, differences were tested between the groups in the SCS 6 factors. RESULTS The CFA supported both a 6-factor model and a hierarchical model in both samples. The SCS also showed good psychometric properties, with good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. Our study further suggests that individuals with several psychopathological disorders showed significantly lower self-compassionate abilities. CONCLUSIONS The SCS (long and short versions) is thus a reliable instrument to assess self-compassion and is useful for research and, in particular, clinical practice.
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Wong KK, Freeman D, Hughes C. Suspicious young minds: paranoia and mistrust in 8- to 14-year-olds in the U.K. and Hong Kong. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 205:221-9. [PMID: 25012682 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.135467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on paranoia in adults suggests a spectrum of severity, but this dimensional approach has yet to be applied to children or to groups from different countries. AIMS To investigate the structure, prevalence and correlates of mistrust in children living in the U.K. and Hong Kong. METHOD Children aged 8-14 years from the U.K. (n = 1086) and Hong Kong (n = 1412) completed a newly developed mistrust questionnaire as well as standard questionnaire measures of anxiety, self-esteem, aggression and callous-unemotional traits. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis of the U.K. data supported a three-factor mode--mistrust at home, mistrust at school and eneral mistrust - with a clear positive skew in the data: just 3.4%, 8.5% and 4.1% of the children endorsed at least half of the mistrust items for home, school and general subscales respectively. These findings were replicated in Hong Kong. Moreover, compared with their peers, 'mistrustful' children (in both countries) reported elevated rates of anxiety, low self-esteem, aggression and callous-unemotional traits. CONCLUSIONS Mistrust may exist as a quantitative trait in children, which, as in adults, is associated with elevated risks of internalising and externalising problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri K Wong
- Keri K. Wong, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge; Daniel Freeman, PhD, DClinPsy, FBPsS, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Claire Hughes, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Freeman
- Keri K. Wong, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge; Daniel Freeman, PhD, DClinPsy, FBPsS, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Claire Hughes, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Hughes
- Keri K. Wong, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge; Daniel Freeman, PhD, DClinPsy, FBPsS, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Claire Hughes, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
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Eller LS, Rivero-Mendez M, Voss J, Chen WT, Chaiphibalsarisdi P, Iipinge S, Johnson MO, Portillo CJ, Corless IB, Sullivan K, Tyer-Viola L, Kemppainen J, Rose CD, Sefcik E, Nokes K, Phillips JC, Kirksey K, Nicholas PK, Wantland D, Holzemer WL, Webel AR, Brion JM. Depressive symptoms, self-esteem, HIV symptom management self-efficacy and self-compassion in people living with HIV. AIDS Care 2013; 26:795-803. [PMID: 24093715 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2013.841842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine differences in self-schemas between persons living with HIV/AIDS with and without depressive symptoms, and the degree to which these self-schemas predict depressive symptoms in this population. Self-schemas are beliefs about oneself and include self-esteem, HIV symptom management self-efficacy, and self-compassion. Beck's cognitive theory of depression guided the analysis of data from a sample of 1766 PLHIV from the USA and Puerto Rico. Sixty-five percent of the sample reported depressive symptoms. These symptoms were significantly (p ≤ 0.05), negatively correlated with age (r = -0.154), education (r = -0.106), work status (r = -0.132), income adequacy (r = -0.204, self-esteem (r = -0.617), HIV symptom self-efficacy (r = - 0.408), and self-kindness (r = - 0.284); they were significantly, positively correlated with gender (female/transgender) (r = 0.061), white or Hispanic race/ethnicity (r = 0.047) and self-judgment (r = 0.600). Fifty-one percent of the variance (F = 177.530 (df = 1524); p < 0.001) in depressive symptoms was predicted by the combination of age, education, work status, income adequacy, self-esteem, HIV symptom self-efficacy, and self-judgment. The strongest predictor of depressive symptoms was self-judgment. Results lend support to Beck's theory that those with negative self-schemas are more vulnerable to depression and suggest that clinicians should evaluate PLHIV for negative self-schemas. Tailored interventions for the treatment of depressive symptoms in PLHIV should be tested and future studies should evaluate whether alterations in negative self-schemas are the mechanism of action of these interventions and establish causality in the treatment of depressive symptoms in PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Eller
- a College of Nursing, Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey , Newark , NJ , USA
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Pinto-Gouveia J, Castilho P, Matos M, Xavier A. Centrality of shame memories and psychopathology: The mediator effect of self‐criticism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Krieger T, Altenstein D, Baettig I, Doerig N, Holtforth MG. Self-compassion in depression: associations with depressive symptoms, rumination, and avoidance in depressed outpatients. Behav Ther 2013; 44:501-13. [PMID: 23768676 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-compassion involves being kind to oneself when challenged with personal weaknesses or hardship and has been claimed to be associated with resilience in various areas. So far, there are only a handful of studies that investigate self-compassion and its relation to clinical depression. Therefore, the principal goals of the present study were (a) to compare self-compassion in clinically depressed patients and never-depressed subjects, (b) to investigate self-compassion and its relation to cognitive-behavioral avoidance and rumination in depressed outpatients, and (c) to investigate rumination and avoidance as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. One hundred and forty-two depressed outpatients and 120 never-depressed individuals from a community sample completed a self-report measure of self-compassion along with other measures. Results indicate that depressed patients showed lower levels of self-compassion than never-depressed individuals, even when controlled for depressive symptoms. In depressed outpatients, self-compassion was negatively related to depressive symptoms, symptom-focused rumination, as well as cognitive and behavioral avoidance. Additionally, symptom-focused rumination and cognitive and behavioral avoidance mediated the relationship between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. These findings extend previous research on self-compassion, its relation to depression, as well as processes mediating this relationship, and highlight the importance of self-compassion in clinically depressed patients. Since depressed patients seem to have difficulties adopting a self-compassionate attitude, psychotherapists are well advised to explore and address how depressed patients treat themselves.
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Hutton P, Kelly J, Lowens I, Taylor PJ, Tai S. Self-attacking and self-reassurance in persecutory delusions: a comparison of healthy, depressed and paranoid individuals. Psychiatry Res 2013; 205:127-36. [PMID: 22939521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has found that reduced self-reassurance and heightened verbal 'self-attacking' of a sadistic and persecutory nature are both associated with greater subclinical paranoia. Whether these processes are also linked to clinical paranoia remains unclear. To investigate this further, we asked 15 people with persecutory delusions, 15 people with depression and 19 non-psychiatric controls to complete several self-report questionnaires assessing their forms and functions of self-attacking. We found that people with persecutory delusions engaged in more self-attacking of a hateful nature and less self-reassurance than non-psychiatric controls, but not people with depression. Participants with persecutory delusions were also less likely than both healthy and depressed participants to report criticising themselves for self-corrective reasons. Hateful self-attacking, reduced self-reassurance and reduced self-corrective self-criticism may be involved in the development or maintenance of persecutory delusions. Limitations, clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hutton
- Psychosis Research Unit, Psychology Department, Trust HQ, Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, Bury New Road, Prestwich M25 3BL, United Kingdom.
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Turner MH, Bernard M, Birchwood M, Jackson C, Jones C. The contribution of shame to post-psychotic trauma. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 52:162-82. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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MacBeth A, Gumley A. Exploring compassion: a meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:545-52. [PMID: 22796446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 792] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Compassion has emerged as an important construct in studies of mental health and psychological therapy. Although an increasing number of studies have explored relationships between compassion and different facets of psychopathology there has as yet been no systematic review or synthesis of the empirical literature. We conducted a systematic search of the literature on compassion and mental health. We identified 20 samples from 14 eligible studies. All studies used the Neff Self Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003b). We employed meta-analysis to explore associations between self-compassion and psychopathology using random effects analyses of Fisher's Z correcting for attenuation arising from scale reliability. We found a large effect size for the relationship between compassion and psychopathology of r=-0.54 (95% CI=-0.57 to -0.51; Z=-34.02; p<.0001). Heterogeneity was significant in the analysis. There was no evidence of significant publication bias. Compassion is an important explanatory variable in understanding mental health and resilience. Future work is needed to develop the evidence base for compassion in psychopathology, and explore correlates of compassion and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus MacBeth
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Matos M, Pinto-Gouveia J, Gilbert P. The Effect of Shame and Shame Memories on Paranoid Ideation and Social Anxiety. Clin Psychol Psychother 2012; 20:334-49. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Matos
- Cognitive and Behavioural Research Centre (CINEICC); University of Coimbra; Coimbra; Portugal
| | - José Pinto-Gouveia
- Cognitive and Behavioural Research Centre (CINEICC); University of Coimbra; Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Paul Gilbert
- Mental Health Research Unit; University of Derby; Derby; UK
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