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Nader G, Qureshi M, Ducharme M, Fischer C, Gerretsen P, Graff A, Blumberger D, Zomorrodi R, Borlido C, Remington G, De Luca V. Resilience to psychosocial stress and epigenetic aging in schizophrenia: findings from a pilot study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2025; 132:619-625. [PMID: 39527134 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to stress is known to affect biological aging as well as individuals' susceptibility to a wide variety of mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. There is an established relationship between the onset of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and biological aging. On the other hand, epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), are used as biomarkers for biological aging and were previously proven to be altered in schizophrenia. However, previous research did not consider the effect of psychosocial resilience to stress and its effect on aging in schizophrenia, which is what our study aims to address. For our pilot study, 65 schizophrenia patients were recruited and stress exposure and perception levels were assessed using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), respectively. Moreover, DNA was extracted from venous blood samples and 850,000 CpG loci were assessed for DNA methylation analysis. Average age of participants was 43.15 ± 13.32 years (55.4% male, 44.6% female). Linear regression plots showed significant correlation between SRRS and PSS scores as well as between biological and chronological ages (p < 0.05). The residuals from the two regression models were defined as the psychosocial resilience and DNAm age acceleration, respectively. Interestingly, DNAm age acceleration was inversely correlated with resilience to stress (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it appears that epigenetic age acceleration is associated with reduced resilience to stress in schizophrenia patients. Future studies should focus on establishing resilience effect on disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ariel Graff
- CAMH, 250 College St, Toronto, M5T1R8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo De Luca
- CAMH, 250 College St, Toronto, M5T1R8, Canada.
- St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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Gajewski PD, Bröde P, Claus M, Golka K, Hengstler JG, Watzl C, Wascher E, Getzmann S. The association between hair cortisol and burnout is moderated by age, psychosocial, and immunological markers. Brain Behav Immun Health 2025; 43:100909. [PMID: 39717874 PMCID: PMC11664079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Exhaustion and depersonalization are the core symptoms of the occupational burnout. However, burnout is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon, but can occur in a milder to moderate form in otherwise healthy employees. In the last two decades hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) were increasingly related to the cumulative effect of psychosocial stress at work. We analyzed data of the Dortmund Vital Study (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05155397) to explore the relationship of HCC and burnout symptoms. Moreover, we asked whether the HCC - burnout association was moderated by work ability, chronic stress, neuroticism, depressive symptoms, and stress-related immunological biomarkers such as T cell concentration, CD4/CD8 cell ratio, and proinflammatory cytokines TNF- α, IL-6, and IL-18. Methods Burnout was assessed by the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-D) in 196 working adults aged between 20 and 65 years (mean age 42.2 years). Several self-reported variables and biomarkers were collected. Results The results showed an association between HCC and the burnout measures. A series of moderator analyses revealed that the association between HCC and burnout symptoms was substantial for low work ability, high chronic stress level, high neuroticism level, and mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Immunological markers moderated the HCC - burnout association for high concentrations of T cells, low CD4/CD8 ratio and low IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α concentrations. These interactions were moderated by age showing the largest impact in middle-aged to older individuals. Conclusions The present findings shed light on the complex interaction between burnout symptoms and work ability, chronic stress, personality, and the endocrinological and immunological responses across the working lifespan. These parameters should be considered when assessing the risk for developing burnout and validating the diagnosis of burnout. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05155397; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05155397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Gajewski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Bröde
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Klaus Golka
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Bochum/Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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Lüönd AM, Ayas G, Bachem R, Carranza-Neira J, Eberle DJ, Fares-Otero NE, Hashim M, Iqbal N, Jenkins D, Kamari Songhorabadi S, Ledermann K, Makhashvili N, Martin-Soelch C, Nebioğlu E, Oe M, Olayinka JN, Olff M, Picot L, Seedat S, Tandon T, Wadji DL, Womersley JS, Schnyder U, Sar V, Pfaltz MC, Ceylan D. Childhood Maltreatment and Somatic Symptoms in Adulthood: Establishing a New Research Pathway. Neuropsychobiology 2025; 84:113-120. [PMID: 39809241 DOI: 10.1159/000543438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic symptoms, such as chronic pain, fatigue, and gastrointestinal disturbances, are commonly reported in individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment (CM), which includes various forms of abuse and neglect experienced before age 18. Although CM is strongly associated with somatic symptoms, the specific relationships between CM subtypes and these symptoms, as well as the mechanisms connecting them, remain insufficiently understood. This review examines the complex interaction between CM and somatic symptoms, which often coexist with mental disorders and significantly impact quality of life and healthcare systems. SUMMARY Somatic symptoms, frequently a mix of "explained" and "unexplained" conditions, are associated with personal distress and pose diagnostic challenges. CM has been linked to these symptoms through neurobiological mechanisms, such as HPA axis dysregulation and allostatic load, while theoretical models emphasize the roles of hyperawareness, cultural factors, and vulnerability in symptom development. However, existing research often fails to account for specific CM subtypes, the full range of somatic symptoms, and cultural and situational factors, leading to inconsistencies in findings. KEY MESSAGES Bridging gaps in literature requires adopting the World Health Organization's CM subtype definitions and ICD-11 codes (MA00-MH2Y) to encompass a broader spectrum of somatic symptoms. Employing rigorous methodologies, such as systematic reviews and meta-analyses, is essential for advancing understanding. These approaches can enhance diagnostic accuracy, support tailored interventions, and promote a biopsychosocial framework for CM research, ultimately improving patient outcomes and alleviating societal burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Lüönd
- Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Görkem Ayas
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Affective Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rahel Bachem
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Carranza-Neira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - David J Eberle
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia E Fares-Otero
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica (FCRB), Institut d'Investigacions, Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Hashim
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Naved Iqbal
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Dan Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Katharina Ledermann
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nino Makhashvili
- Faculty of Business, Technology, and Education, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Misari Oe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Juliet N Olayinka
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Miranda Olff
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Picot
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Extramural Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanya Tandon
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dany L Wadji
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Extramural Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ulrich Schnyder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vedat Sar
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Koç University Hospital, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Monique C Pfaltz
- Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Deniz Ceylan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Affective Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Koç University Hospital, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rinne GR, Guardino CM, Soriano M, Dunkel Schetter C. Chronic stress and hair cortisol concentration in mothers: A two-study investigation. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3493. [PMID: 39579359 PMCID: PMC11636436 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/25/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one mechanism through which chronic stress during pregnancy and parenthood may affect parental, child, and family health. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) may be well-suited to elucidate associations between chronic stress and HPA axis regulation because HCC reflects cortisol output over several months. However, most previous studies that examine chronic stress in conjunction with cortisol in pregnant individuals or mothers use measures that reflect HPA axis output over a relatively limited time. We report findings from two longitudinal studies that tested associations between chronic stress and HCC in women during the perinatal period (Study 1; n = 144) and mothers of young children (Study 2; n = 102). Both studies measured chronic stress with a measure developed to comprehensively assess chronic stressors in community samples. Hair samples were collected three times in Study 1 (mid-pregnancy, one month postpartum, and 12 months postpartum) and twice in Study 2, approximately one year apart. Chronic stress was associated with higher HCC in both studies. Exploratory analyses indicated that the strength of associations between chronic stress and HCC differed as a function of the life domain of chronic stress. Chronic work and family demands were associated with higher postpartum HCC in Study 1 whereas neighbourhood/housing and discrimination chronic stress were associated with higher HCC in Study 2. These findings provide evidence of a biological pathway through which chronic stress may influence health in mothers and support the utility of hair cortisol as a neuroendocrine measure of chronic stress during pregnancy and parenthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle R. Rinne
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Metzy Soriano
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Frisina ME. Best Behaviors: Leveraging Neuroscience to Enhance Leadership Skills. Front Health Serv Manage 2024; 41:4-12. [PMID: 39565020 DOI: 10.1097/hap.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
Integrating neuroscience strategies in the creation of leadership development programs can significantly increase their effectiveness. Neuroscience offers insights into how the brain processes information, learns, and adapts, allowing program designers to tailor leadership training to specific individual needs and thereby generate optimal outcomes. Understanding brain functions related to leadership skills-such as decision-making, emotional regulation, and stress management-is crucial for effective leadership performance. Programs should leverage this knowledge by incorporating activities that stimulate the brain regions responsible for these skills. For instance, interactive and experiential learning can engage the brain's prefrontal cortex, which is essential for executive functions like problem-solving. Negative stress impacts brain performance in a variety of ways, disrupting leadership performance. Neuroscience confirms that managing stress improves cognitive flexibility and critical thinking abilities. Training that includes mindfulness practices and other stress management techniques can help leaders stay focused and manage their emotions more effectively. Finally, incorporating social and collaborative learning opportunities aligns with the brain's social networks, which are essential for leadership development. Peer interactions and mentorship can enhance learning through social feedback and shared experiences. By applying these neuroscience-based strategies, leadership development programs can more effectively foster the cognitive and emotional skills necessary for effective leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Frisina
- Michael E. Frisina, PhD,is an author, educator, and consultant specializing in healthcare leadership and performance improvement. Dr. Frisina is the founder and CEO of The Frisina Group, LLC and The Center for Influential Leadership in Elgin, South Carolina
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Kuhn AM, Bosis KE, Wohleb ES. Looking Back to Move Forward: Research in Stress, Behavior, and Immune Function. Neuroimmunomodulation 2024; 31:211-229. [PMID: 39369707 DOI: 10.1159/000541592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From the original studies investigating the effects of adrenal gland secretion to modern high-throughput multidimensional analyses, stress research has been a topic of scientific interest spanning just over a century. SUMMARY The objective of this review was to provide historical context for influential discoveries, surprising findings, and preclinical models in stress-related neuroimmune research. Furthermore, we summarize this work and present a current understanding of the stress pathways and their effects on the immune system and behavior. We focus on recent work demonstrating stress-induced immune changes within the brain and highlight studies investigating stress effects on microglia. Lastly, we conclude with potential areas for future investigation concerning microglia heterogeneity, bone marrow niches, and sex differences. KEY MESSAGES Stress is a phenomenon that ties together not only the central and peripheral nervous system, but the immune system as well. The cumulative effects of stress can enhance or suppress immune function, based on the intensity and duration of the stressor. These stress-induced immune alterations are associated with neurobiological changes, including structural remodeling of neurons and decreased neurogenesis, and these contribute to the development of behavioral and cognitive deficits. As such, research in this field has revealed important insights into neuroimmune communication as well as molecular and cellular mediators of complex behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kuhn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurobiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly E Bosis
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurobiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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7
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Yuan D, Wang M, Bu S, Mu T, Li Y. Associations of Socioeconomic Factors and Unhealthy Lifestyles with Allostatic Load: A Meta-analysis. Int J Behav Med 2024; 31:772-786. [PMID: 37889389 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-023-10235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allostatic load (AL) is a biological tool for objectively assessing chronic stress and has been discussed inconsistently for its correlation with socioeconomic factors and unhealthy lifestyles. Therefore, this meta-analysis was performed to explore the impact of socioeconomic factors and unhealthy lifestyles on AL. METHOD Different databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, VIP, SinoMed, and Wanfang, were searched from inception to June 6, 2023. A total of 25 studies, reporting the correlations of seven socioeconomic factors and three unhealthy lifestyles with AL, were finally included. The pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were examined using random-effect and fixed-effect models. Literature quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias were evaluated. RESULTS The meta-analysis showed a significantly increased risk of high AL in the older individuals as compared to the younger ones (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04-1.06), in the individual with low education as compared to those with high education (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.48), and in the individuals with low physical activities as compared to those with high physical activities (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.26-1.64). This meta-analysis also showed a significantly decreased risk of high AL in the individuals with high income as compared to those with low income (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.71-0.83) and in women as compared to men (OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.80-0.81). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis showed older people, men, and people having low physical activity, low income, and low education were more likely to have a high AL. TRIAL REGISTRATION This meta-analysis was registered on the PROSPERO database with trial registration number CRD42022326105. Instead of providing information at registration, we added an author (Tingyu Mu), who provided critical revisions to the paper in this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Yuan
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China, 230601
| | - Minghuan Wang
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China, 230601
| | - Sisi Bu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China, 230601
| | - Tingyu Mu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China, 310053
| | - Yuhong Li
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China, 230601.
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Ramos SR, Reynolds H, Johnson C, Melkus G, Kershaw T, Thayer JF, Vorderstrasse A. Perceptions of HIV-Related Comorbidities and Usability of a Virtual Environment for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Education in Sexual Minority Men With HIV: Formative Phases of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e57351. [PMID: 38924481 PMCID: PMC11377913 DOI: 10.2196/57351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual minority men with HIV are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and have been underrepresented in behavioral research and clinical trials. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore perceptions of HIV-related comorbidities and assess the interest in and usability of a virtual environment for CVD prevention education in Black and Latinx sexual minority men with HIV. METHODS This is a 3-phase pilot behavioral randomized controlled trial. We report on formative phases 1 and 2 that informed virtual environment content and features using qualitative interviews, usability testing, and beta testing with a total of 25 individuals. In phase 1, a total of 15 participants completed interviews exploring HIV-related illnesses of concern that would be used to tailor the virtual environment. In phase 2, usability testing and beta testing were conducted with 10 participants to assess interest, features, and content. RESULTS In phase 1, we found that CVD risk factors included high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and diabetes. Cancer (prostate, colon, and others) was a common concern, as were mental health conditions. In phase 2, all participants completed the 12-item usability checklist with favorable feedback within 30 to 60 minutes. Beta-testing interviews suggested (1) mixed perceptions of health and HIV, (2) high risk for comorbid conditions, (3) virtual environment features were promising, and (4) the need for diverse avatar representations. CONCLUSIONS We identified several comorbid conditions of concern, and findings carry significant implications for mitigating barriers to preventive health screenings, given the shared risk factors between HIV and related comorbidities. Highly rated aspects of the virtual environment were anonymity; meeting others with HIV who identify as gay or bisexual; validating lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and others (LGBTQ+) images and content; and accessibility to CVD prevention education. Critical end-user feedback from beta testing suggested more options for avatar customization in skin, hair, and body representation. Our next phase will test the virtual environment as a new approach to advancing cardiovascular health equity in ethnic and racial sexual minority men with HIV. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04061915; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05242952. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/38348.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raquel Ramos
- School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT, United States
- School of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, NY, United States
| | - Harmony Reynolds
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Constance Johnson
- Czik School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gail Melkus
- Rory Myers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Trace Kershaw
- School of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, NY, United States
| | - Julian F Thayer
- School of Social Ecology, Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Allison Vorderstrasse
- Elaine Marieb College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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Labossière S, Couture S, Laurier C, Lemieux A, Boudreault V. The progression and mechanisms of mental illness symptoms in university student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3354. [PMID: 38047369 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
A few studies have examined mental illness symptoms in university student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the limited use of longitudinal design limits the understanding of the progression of these symptoms and the mechanisms by which they developed. The present research aims to describe the trajectory of variation of mental illness symptoms (anxiety, depression, alcohol consumption disorders, and eating disorders) throughout the pandemic, to test causality between perceived stress and symptoms, and to identify individual characteristics (sociodemographic, perceived stress, and social support) influencing the trajectories of mental illness symptoms. On three occasions during the pandemic, 211 university student-athletes were surveyed. Latent growth models and random intercept crossed-lagged panel models were performed. Results indicate that anxiety and depressive symptoms significantly decreased throughout the COVID-19 pandemic while alcohol consumption disorder symptoms significantly increased and eating disorder symptoms did not change significantly. Second, perceived stress was a significant cause of anxiety and depressive symptoms during this pandemic. Conversely, eating disorder symptoms significantly predicted perceived stress. Finally, average perceived stress and average social support availability throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, and identifying as a visible minority, significantly predicted the trajectory of depressive symptoms, allowing for the identification of a sub-population at higher risk. Based on these findings, teaching stress management strategies should be an essential component of programs to prevent mental illness symptoms in university student-athletes. Reducing environmental stressors and their consequences among this population should also be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Labossière
- Faculty of Education, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Couture
- Faculty of Education, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Laurier
- Faculty of Education, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Lemieux
- Faculty of Education, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Khraishah H, Chen Z, Rajagopalan S. Understanding the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Context of Cumulative Exposomic Impacts. Circ Res 2024; 134:1083-1097. [PMID: 38662860 PMCID: PMC11253082 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poor air quality accounts for more than 9 million deaths a year globally according to recent estimates. A large portion of these deaths are attributable to cardiovascular causes, with evidence indicating that air pollution may also play an important role in the genesis of key cardiometabolic risk factors. Air pollution is not experienced in isolation but is part of a complex system, influenced by a host of other external environmental exposures, and interacting with intrinsic biologic factors and susceptibility to ultimately determine cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. Given that the same fossil fuel emission sources that cause climate change also result in air pollution, there is a need for robust approaches that can not only limit climate change but also eliminate air pollution health effects, with an emphasis of protecting the most susceptible but also targeting interventions at the most vulnerable populations. In this review, we summarize the current state of epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence underpinning the association of air pollution with cardiometabolic disease and how complex interactions with other exposures and individual characteristics may modify these associations. We identify gaps in the current literature and suggest emerging approaches for policy makers to holistically approach cardiometabolic health risk and impact assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Khraishah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore (H.K.)
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (Z.C., S.R.)
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (Z.C., S.R.)
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (Z.C., S.R.)
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (Z.C., S.R.)
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Horwitz RI, Singer BH. Clinimetrics and Allostatic Load. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2023; 92:283-286. [PMID: 37883947 DOI: 10.1159/000534257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph I Horwitz
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Burton H Singer
- Adjunct Professor, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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12
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Felix AS, Nolan TS, Glover LM, Sims M, Addison D, Smith SA, Anderson CM, Warren BJ, Woods-Giscombe C, Hood DB, Williams KP. The Modifying Role of Resilience on Allostatic Load and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Jackson Heart Study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2124-2135. [PMID: 36136291 PMCID: PMC10030384 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether resilience modified associations between allostatic load (AL), a physiological indicator of coping with repeated stressors, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among 2758 African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. Baseline AL was quantified using biological measures of metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune markers. We constructed a multidimensional resilience measure using validated questionnaires for social support, social networks, religious experiences, and optimism. Participants were followed until 2016 for stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), and heart failure (HF). We used multivariable-adjusted, sex-stratified Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between dichotomous AL and CVD. High AL was associated with CHD among women (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.00, 2.99) and HF among women (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.98, 2.37) and men (HR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.28, 3.68). Among women, resilience did not modify the AL-CVD relationship. Among men, we observed higher stroke risk among men with low resilience (HR = 2.21, 95% CI = 0.94, 5.22) and no association among those with high resilience. Counterintuitively, high AL was associated with greater HF (HR = 5.80, 95% CI = 2.32, 14.47) in the subgroup of men with high resilience. Future studies addressing different facets of resilience are needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms for CVD prevention among African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Felix
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timiya S Nolan
- Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children, and Youth, The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - LáShauntá M Glover
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Daniel Addison
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sakima A Smith
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cindy M Anderson
- Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children, and Youth, The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Barbara J Warren
- Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children, and Youth, The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cheryl Woods-Giscombe
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Darryl B Hood
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karen Patricia Williams
- Martha S. Pitzer Center for Women, Children, and Youth, The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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Lucente M, Guidi J. Allostatic Load in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2023; 92:295-303. [PMID: 37666236 PMCID: PMC10716875 DOI: 10.1159/000533424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept of allostatic load encompasses the cumulative effects of both ordinary daily life events as well as major challenges, and also includes related health-damaging behavior. Allostatic overload ensues when environmental challenges exceed the individual's ability to cope. Identification of allostatic load is carried out through the use of biomarkers and clinimetric criteria. Studies are increasingly reported on allostatic load in younger populations, yet a systematic review is missing. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present systematic review was to summarize the current knowledge on allostatic load/overload among children and adolescents. METHODS PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to April 2023. A manual search of the literature was also performed. We considered only studies in which allostatic load or overload were adequately described and assessed in either clinical or non-clinical populations younger than 18 years. RESULTS A total of 38 original investigations were included in this systematic review. Studies reported an association between allostatic load and sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., poverty, ethnicity, perceived discrimination, adverse childhood experiences) and environmental factors, as well as consequences of allostatic load on both physical and mental health among children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that greater allostatic load is associated with poorer health outcomes in both clinical and non-clinical pediatric populations, with possible enduring effects. The results support the clinical utility of the transdiagnostic identification of allostatic load and overload in children and adolescents across a variety of settings, with a number of potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Lucente
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jenny Guidi
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Baca KJ, Salsbury SA. Adverse childhood experiences and trauma informed care for chiropractors: a call to awareness and action. Chiropr Man Therap 2023; 31:30. [PMID: 37580756 PMCID: PMC10426155 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-023-00503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma is an emotional response to distressing events where coping and subsequent recovery are absent. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traumas, occurring before the age of 18 years, such as child abuse or neglect, caregiver instability, and household dysfunction. Sixty-four percent of the U.S. population report experiencing at least one ACE, with over 1 billion children experiencing abuse and neglect annually worldwide. Chronic exposure to stressful circumstances or multiple traumatic events has negative physiologic impacts. Persons who experience 3 or more ACEs in childhood are at greater risk of poor mental health outcomes and may be more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors, predisposing them to long-term health impacts, such as metabolic diseases, anxiety, depression, substance use, and chronic pain. Trauma informed care (TIC) is a recommended approach to healthcare delivery across professions, especially when a trauma history is suspected. This commentary aims to increase awareness of the impact of ACEs on health outcomes and introduce TIC concepts as they may apply to chiropractic care for adults with a history of ACEs. DISCUSSION This commentary reviews an introductory model (4R's: realize, recognize, respond, resist re-traumatization) as one TIC framework used by healthcare practitioners. Prior trauma can lessen trust, alter perceptions of physical touch, and hands-on examinations and chiropractic treatments may trigger stress responses. Using TIC after appropriate training, includes referrals to multidisciplinary providers to address trauma-related concerns outside the scope of chiropractic, and screening for ACEs if deemed appropriate. Creating safe spaces, communicating clearly, avoiding victimizing language, explaining procedures, asking for consent before physical contact, and giving patients choice and control in their own care may avoid triggering prior traumas. CONCLUSION Given the high worldwide prevalence of persons experiencing 3 or more ACEs, TIC principles are practical adaptations to chiropractic care for use with many patient populations. As TIC and ACEs are emerging concepts within chiropractic, students and practitioners are encouraged to undertake additional training to better understand these complex and sensitive topics. Exploratory research on the incidence, presentation, and impacts of various trauma types, including ACEs, to support adoption of TIC in chiropractic settings is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J Baca
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, 1000 Brady St, Davenport, IA, 52803, USA.
| | - Stacie A Salsbury
- Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Palmer College of Chiropractic, 741 Brady St, Davenport, IA, 52803, USA
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15
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Snodgrass RG, Jiang X, Stephensen CB, Laugero KD. Cumulative physiological stress is associated with age-related changes to peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in healthy humans. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:29. [PMID: 37353855 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive age-associated change in frequencies and functional capacities of immune cells is known as immunosenescence. Despite data linking chronic environmental, physiological, and psychosocial stressors with accelerated aging, how stress contributes to immunosenesence is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE To help delineate the contribution of cumulative physiological stress on immunosensence we assessed relationships between a composite measurement of cumulative physiological stress, reflecting the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, cardiovascular system, and metabolic processes, and lymphocyte changes typically affiliated with aging in a cohort of healthy volunteers ranging from 18 to 66 y. RESULTS Physiological stress load positively correlated with subject age in the study cohort and was significantly higher in adults 50-66 y compared to adults 18-33 y and 34-49 y. Using physiological stress load, we identified a significant age-dependent association between stress load and frequencies of circulating regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs). Frequencies were higher in younger participants, but only in participants exhibiting low physiological stress load. As stress load increased, frequencies of Tregs decreased in young participants but were unchanged with increasing stress load in middle and older age individuals. Follow-up analysis of stress load components indicated lower circulating DHEA-S and higher urinary norepinephrine as the primary contributors to the effects of total stress load on Tregs. In addition, we identified age-independent inverse associations between stress load and frequencies of naïve Tregs and naïve CD4 T cells and positive associations between stress load and frequencies of memory Tregs and memory CD4 T cells. These associations were primarily driven by stress load components waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, CRP, and HbA1c. In summary, our study results suggest that, in younger people, physiological stress load may diminish regulatory T cell frequencies to levels seen in older persons. Furthermore, independent of age, stress load may contribute to contraction of the naïve Treg pool and accumulation of memory Treg cells. CLINICAL TRIAL Registered on ClincialTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02367287).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Snodgrass
- Immunity and Disease Prevention Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- Immunity and Disease Prevention Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Immunity and Disease Prevention Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Laugero
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Chbeir S, Carrión V. Resilience by design: How nature, nurture, environment, and microbiome mitigate stress and allostatic load. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:144-159. [PMID: 37303926 PMCID: PMC10251360 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i5.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Resilience to psychological stress is defined as adaption to challenging life experiences and not the absence of adverse life events. Determinants of resilience include personality traits, genetic/epigenetic modifications of genes involved in the stress response, cognitive and behavioral flexibility, secure attachment with a caregiver, social and community support systems, nutrition and exercise, and alignment of circadian rhythm to the natural light/dark cycle. Therefore, resilience is a dynamic and flexible process that continually evolves by the intersection of different domains in human’s life; biological, social, and psychological. The objective of this minireview is to summarize the existing knowledge about the multitude factors and molecular alterations that result from resilience to stress response. Given the multiple contributing factors in building resilience, we set out a goal to identify which factors were most supportive of a causal role by the current literature. We focused on resilience-related molecular alterations resulting from mind-body homeostasis in connection with psychosocial and environmental factors. We conclude that there is no one causal factor that differentiates a resilient person from a vulnerable one. Instead, building resilience requires an intricate network of positive experiences and a healthy lifestyle that contribute to a balanced mind-body connection. Therefore, a holistic approach must be adopted in future research on stress response to address the multiple elements that promote resilience and prevent illnesses and psychopathology related to stress allostatic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhad Chbeir
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Victor Carrión
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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17
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French D. From financial wealth shocks to ill-health: Allostatic load and overload. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 32:939-952. [PMID: 36647578 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have associated financial wealth changes with health-related outcomes arguing that the effect is due to psychological distress and is immediate. In this paper, I examine this relationship for cumulative shocks to the financial wealth of American retirees using the allostatic load model of pathways from stress to poor health. Wealth shocks are identified from Health and Retirement Study reports of stock ownership along with significant negative discontinuities in high-frequency S&P500 index data. I find that a one standard deviation increase in cumulative shocks over two years increases the probability of elevated blood pressure by 9.5%, increases waist circumference by 1.2% and the cholesterol ratio by 6.1% for those whose wealth is all in shares. My findings suggest that the combined effect of random shocks to financial wealth over time is salient for health outcomes. This is consistent with the allostatic load model in which repeated activation of stress responses leads to cumulative wear and tear on the body.
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18
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Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Stress induced proinflammatory adaptations: Plausible mechanisms for the link between stress and cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1124121. [PMID: 37007994 PMCID: PMC10065149 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiating from Hans Selye’s conceptualization of stress physiology, to our present understanding of allostatic load as the cumulative burden of chronic psychological stress and life events, investigators have sought to identify the physiological mechanisms that link stress to health and disease. Of particular interest has been the link between psychological stress and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the number one cause of death in the United States. In this regard, attention has been directed toward alterations in the immune system in response to stress that lead to increased levels of systemic inflammation as a potential pathway by which stress contributes to the development of CVD. More specifically, psychological stress is an independent risk factor for CVD, and as such, mechanisms that explain the connection of stress hormones to systemic inflammation have been examined to gain a greater understanding of the etiology of CVD. Research on proinflammatory cellular mechanisms that are activated in response to psychological stress demonstrates that the ensuing low-grade inflammation mediates pathways that contribute to the development of CVD. Interestingly, physical activity, along with its direct benefits to cardiovascular health, has been shown to buffer against the harmful consequences of psychological stress by “toughening” the SAM system, HPA axis, and immune system as “cross-stressor adaptations” that maintain allostasis and prevent allostatic load. Thus, physical activity training reduces psychological stress induced proinflammation and attenuates the activation of mechanisms associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Finally, COVID-19 associated psychological stress and its associated health risks has provided another model for examining the stress-health relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Slusher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Athletics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Aaron L. Slusher,
| | - Edmund O. Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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19
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A Blockchain-based Secure Internet of Medical Things Framework for Stress Detection. Inf Sci (N Y) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2023.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Gawryluk JR, Polombo DJ, Curran J, Parker A, Carlsten C. Brief diesel exhaust exposure acutely impairs functional brain connectivity in humans: a randomized controlled crossover study. Environ Health 2023; 22:7. [PMID: 36641507 PMCID: PMC9840312 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-00961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is known that exposure to traffic-related air pollution causes an enormous global toll on human health, neurobiological underpinnings therein remain elusive. The study addresses this gap in knowledge. METHODS We performed the first controlled human exposure study using functional MRI with an efficient order-randomized double-blind crossover study of diesel exhaust (DE) and control (filtered air; FA) in 25 healthy adults (14 males, 11 females; 19-49 years old; no withdrawals). Analyses were carried out using a mixed effects model in FLAME. Z (Gaussianised T/F) statistic images were thresholded non-parametrically using clusters determined by Z > 2.3 and a (corrected) cluster significance threshold of p = 0.05. RESULTS All 25 adults went through the exposures and functional MRI imaging were collected. Exposure to DE yielded a decrease in functional connectivity compared to exposure to FA, shown through the comparison of DE and FA in post-exposure measurement of functional connectivity. CONCLUSION We observed short-term pollution-attributable decrements in default mode network functional connectivity. Decrements in brain connectivity causes many detrimental effects to the human body so this finding should guide policy change in air pollution exposure regulation. TRIAL REGISTRATION University of British Columbia Clinical Research Ethics Board (# H12-03025), Vancouver Coastal Health Ethics Board (# V12-03025), and Health Canada's Research Ethics Board (# 2012-0040).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie R. Gawryluk
- Department of Psychology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, BC V8P 5C2 Victoria, Canada
| | - Daniela J. Polombo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, BC V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jason Curran
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, The Lung Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, 7th Floor, BC V5Z 1M9 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ashleigh Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, BC V8P 5C2 Victoria, Canada
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, The Lung Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, 7th Floor, BC V5Z 1M9 Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Wang ZZ, Sun Z, Zhang ML, Xiong K, Zhou F. Relationship between shift work, night work, and subsequent dementia: A systematic evaluation and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:997181. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.997181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe association between shift work, night work, and the risk of dementia are conflicting in the literature.ObjectivesThis study was performed to obtain evidence on the potential relationship between shift work, night work, and dementia.MethodsTo investigate the link between shift work, night work, and dementia, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to January 1, 2022. The eligibility of the retrieved records and extracted data were independently reviewed by two researchers. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Evaluations and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. STATA 16.0 was used to conduct the meta-analysis.ResultsA total of four studies involving 103,104 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results indicated that night shift workers had a 12% increased risk of dementia compared to subjects without night work (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.23, P = 0.094). Shift work was not significantly associated with dementia risk (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.83–1.43, P = 0.546), but the effect of shift work on dementia risk appeared to increase with age, with a correlation observed among workers older than 50 years (HR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.03–1.68, P = 0.030).ConclusionThe data presented in our study suggest that night work may be a risk factor for dementia. More prospective studies with objective exposure measurements are required to further confirm this result.Systematic review registrationhttps://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0079, identifier: INPLASY202260079.
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22
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Vage A, Spence AD, Hamilton PK, Gormley GJ. Spoonful of sugar: a case for stress-reduction interventions in medical simulation. Simul Healthc 2022. [DOI: 10.54531/unol4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years simulation has gained popularity as an educational tool to shield learners from real-world consequence. However, the inherent risks levied upon those involved have largely remained unaddressed; psychological stress being one of the most potent. Research over the last two decades has shown us that an increase in simulation-related stress goes hand-in-hand with diminishing performance. It is, however, becoming more apparent that there is a solution to this problem, namely in the form of stress-reduction interventions. As educators the time has come to stop abandoning our learners at the edge of their limits, but instead support them in an environment free of the anxieties, stresses and worries that are all too
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Vage
- Centre for Medical Education, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrew D Spence
- Centre for Medical Education, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul K Hamilton
- Centre for Medical Education, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gerard J Gormley
- Centre for Medical Education, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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23
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Physiological reactions to and recovery from acute stressors: the roles of chronic anxiety
and stable resources. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2022. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr/153968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundResearch has shown that employees subjected to acute stressors at work can suffer devastating repercussions. However, little is known about how employees who are experiencing ongoing chronic anxiety or have stable resources respond to acute stressors, particularly regarding their physiological responses to these situations. This study examines the physiological effects of an acute stressor when workers are already under chronic anxiety (i.e., cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety) or when they have a stable resource (i.e., job control).Participants and procedureData were collected from 230 full-time employees working at three major oil companies in Brazil. First, demographic, anxie-ty, and job control measures were collected via questionnaire. Later, muscle tension, skin temperature, and heart rate were collected during a simulated task to assess the physiological response to stress. Hypotheses were tested by repeated measures general linear modeling.ResultsThe findings indicated that when employees were exposed to an acute stressor, those with chronic cognitive and somatic anxiety exhibited more heightened physiological responses than those lower on chronic anxiety. Further, compared to those with low control, employees with stable, high control over their work experienced a lower physiological reaction to the acute stressor.ConclusionsChronic anxiety generates high levels of physiological arousal and hyper-responsiveness to acute environmental stressors. Also, employees possessing stable resources, such as job control, experience reduced physiological responsivity to an acute stressor.
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24
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Voss A, Bogdanski M, Walther M, Langohr B, Albrecht R, Seifert G, Sandbothe M. Mindfulness-Based Student Training Improves Vascular Variability Associated With Sustained Reductions in Physiological Stress Response. Front Public Health 2022; 10:863671. [PMID: 35923955 PMCID: PMC9340219 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.863671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's fast-paced society, chronic stress has become an increasing problem, as it can lead to psycho-physiological health problems. University students are also faced with stress due to the demands of many courses and exams. The positive effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on stress management and self-regulation have already been studied. We have developed a new mindfulness intervention tailored for students—the Mindfulness-Based Student Training (MBST). In this study, we present longitudinal results of the MBST evaluation. Biosignal analysis methods, including pulse wave variability (PWV), heart rate variability, and respiratory activity, were used to assess participants' state of autonomic regulation during the 12-week intervention and at follow-up. The progress of the intervention group (IGR, N = 31) up to 3 months after the end of MBST was compared with that of a control group (CON, N = 34). In addition, the long-term effect for IGR up to 1 year after intervention was examined. The analysis showed significant positive changes in PWV exclusively for IGR. This positive effect, particularly on vascular function, persists 1 year after the end of MBST. These results suggest a physiologically reduced stress level in MBST participants and a beneficial preventive health care program for University students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Voss
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies (IGHT), Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Voss
| | - Martin Bogdanski
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies (IGHT), Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Walther
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Reyk Albrecht
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Tratamento Do Câncer Infatil (ITACI) Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mike Sandbothe
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies (IGHT), Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Social Work, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany
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25
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Pearson AG, Miller KB, Corkery AT, Eisenmann NA, Howery AJ, Cody KA, Chin NA, Johnson SC, Barnes JN. Sympathoexcitatory Responses to Isometric Handgrip Exercise Are Associated With White Matter Hyperintensities in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:888470. [PMID: 35898329 PMCID: PMC9309556 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction may occur prior to declines in cognitive function and accumulation of neuropathology. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) develop due to cerebral ischemia and elevated blood pressure in midlife. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to sympathoexcitatory stimuli and WMH burden in cognitively unimpaired middle-aged and older adults. Sixty-eight adults (age = 63 ± 4y, men = 20, women = 48) participated in this study. Participants completed isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) exercise at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction until fatigue followed by a 90s period of post-exercise ischemia. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), and end-tidal CO2 were continuously measured throughout the protocol. Cerebrovascular resistance index (CVRi) was calculated as MAP/MCAv. WMH lesion volume and intracranial volume (ICV) were measured using a FLAIR and T1 scan on a 3T MRI scanner, respectively. WMH fraction was calculated as (WMH lesion volume/ICV)*100 and cubic root transformed. Multiple linear regressions were used to determine the association between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to IHG exercise and post-exercise ischemia and WMH fraction. Multiple linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, apolipoprotein ε4 status, and total work performed during IHG exercise. During IHG exercise, there were significant increases from baseline in HR (25 ± 12%), MAP (27 ± 11%), MCAv (5 ± 10%), and CVRi (22 ± 17%; P < 0.001 for all). During post-exercise ischemia, HR (8 ± 7%), MAP (22 ± 9%), and CVRi (23 ± 16%) remained elevated (P < 0.001) while MCAv (0 ± 10%) was not different compared to baseline. There was an inverse association between the percent change in HR (r = −0.42, P = 0.002), MAP (r = −0.41, P = 0.002), and CVRi (r = −0.31, P = 0.045), but not MCAv (r = 0.19, P = 0.971) in response to IHG exercise and WMH fraction. There were no associations between responses to post-exercise ischemia and WMH fraction. Lower sympathoexcitatory responses to IHG exercise are associated with greater WMH burden in middle-aged to older adults. These findings suggest that individuals who demonstrate smaller increases in HR, MAP, and CVRi in response to sympathoexcitatory stress have greater WMH burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Pearson
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kathleen B. Miller
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Adam T. Corkery
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicole A. Eisenmann
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna J. Howery
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Karly A. Cody
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Chin
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Hospital Department of Veterans Affairs, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jill N. Barnes
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jill N. Barnes,
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Kovac M, Vladimirovna Ippolitova T, Pozyabin S, Aliev R, Lobanova V, Drakul N, S. Rutland C. Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents new aspects to understanding the neuroendocrine regulation of equine stress responses, and their influences on the physiological, pathophysiological, and behavioral processes. Horse management, in essence, is more frequently confirmed by external and internal stress factors, than in other domestic animals. Regardless of the nature of the stimulus, the equine stress response is an effective and highly conservative set of interconnected relationships designed to maintain physiological integrity even in the most challenging circumstances (e.g., orthopedic injuries, abdominal pain, transport, competitions, weaning, surgery, and inflammation). The equine stress response is commonly a complementary homeostatic mechanism that provides protection (not an adaptation) when the body is disturbed or threatened. It activates numerous neural and hormonal networks to optimize metabolic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and immunological functions. This review looks into the various mechanisms involved in stress responses, stress-related diseases, and assessment, prevention or control, and management of these diseases and stress. Stress-related diseases can not only be identified and assessed better, given the latest research and techniques but also prevented or controlled.
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Cahill S, Chandola T, Hager R. Genetic Variants Associated With Resilience in Human and Animal Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:840120. [PMID: 35669264 PMCID: PMC9163442 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience is broadly defined as the ability to maintain or regain functioning in the face of adversity and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The identification of specific genetic factors and their biological pathways underpinning resilient functioning can help in the identification of common key factors, but heterogeneities in the operationalisation of resilience have hampered advances. We conducted a systematic review of genetic variants associated with resilience to enable the identification of general resilience mechanisms. We adopted broad inclusion criteria for the definition of resilience to capture both human and animal model studies, which use a wide range of resilience definitions and measure very different outcomes. Analyzing 158 studies, we found 71 candidate genes associated with resilience. OPRM1 (Opioid receptor mu 1), NPY (neuropeptide Y), CACNA1C (calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C), DCC (deleted in colorectal carcinoma), and FKBP5 (FKBP prolyl isomerase 5) had both animal and human variants associated with resilience, supporting the idea of shared biological pathways. Further, for OPRM1, OXTR (oxytocin receptor), CRHR1 (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1), COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), APOE (apolipoprotein E), and SLC6A4 (solute carrier family 6 member 4), the same allele was associated with resilience across divergent resilience definitions, which suggests these genes may therefore provide a starting point for further research examining commonality in resilience pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cahill
- Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Humanities, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tarani Chandola
- Faculty of Humanities, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Methods Hub, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Liu H, Yu Z, Ye B, Yang Q. Grit and Life Satisfaction Among College Students During the Recurrent Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: The Mediating Role of Depression and the Moderating Role of Stressful Life Events. Front Public Health 2022; 10:895510. [PMID: 35692342 PMCID: PMC9175177 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.895510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global recurrent outbreak of COVID-19 has brought immense psychological distress to those affected. We conducted this study to explore the relationship among grit, stressful life events, depression, and life satisfaction in college students during the recurrent outbreak of COVID-19. According to the properties of the bias-corrected bootstrap method, we surveyed 888 college students, with an average age of 20.84 (SD = 1.57) years. Participants completed questionnaires regarding grit, depression, stressful life events, and life satisfaction. The results showed that 1) grit was correlated with life satisfaction (r = 0.426, p < 0.001); 2) depression mediated the relationship between grit and life satisfaction [indirect effect = 0.0292, SE = 0.009, 95% CIboot = (0.135, 0.500)]; 3) The relationship between grit and depression was moderated by stressful life events (β = 0.107, SE = 0.028, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.053, 0.161]). The association between grit and depression became weaker for college students with high stressful life events. The results indicated that concerned about depression and stressful life events may be the main targets for improving life satisfaction among college students during the recurrent outbreak of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Liu
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Baojuan Ye
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Kim YJ, Levantsevych OM, Elon L, Lewis TT, Suglia SF, Bremner JD, Quyyumi AA, Pearce B, Raggi P, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ. Early life stress and autonomic response to acute mental stress in individuals with coronary heart disease. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:521-532. [PMID: 35032417 PMCID: PMC9109683 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We examined whether ELS was associated with autonomic function and stress reactivity among individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD). We included patients with stable CHD from two parallel studies, the Mental Stress Ischemia Prognosis Study (MIPS) and the Myocardial Infarction and Mental Stress Study 2 (MIMS2), and assessed ELS using the Early Trauma Inventory-Self-Report-Short Form. Participants underwent a laboratory-based mental stress task while undergoing ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. We used multivariate linear regression models to estimate the associations between ELS and heart rate variability (HRV; low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF], and LF and HF [LH] ratio). The analytic sample included 405 MIPS and 284 MIMS2 participants. Most participants endorsed at least one experience of ELS (92.2%). Although we did not observe associations between ELS and HRV outcomes in the overall sample, ELS was associated with lower LH ratio HRV during recovery in the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subgroup, ELS x PTSD interaction, p = .041. In the MIMS2 subgroup, ELS was associated with lower resting period LF HRV,B ̂ $ \widehat{B} $ = -0.16 ln ms2 ; 95% CI [-0.31, -0.02]. Exposure to physical trauma was associated with decreased HF HRV overall reactivity only among participants with high to moderate depressive symptoms,B ̂ $ \widehat{B} $ = -0.52 ln ms2 vs.B ̂ $ \widehat{B} $ = 0.01 ln ms2 , p = .013. Overall, heterogeneous associations between ELS and HRV emerged, suggesting the need for additional research regarding longer-term ambulatory HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Lisa Elon
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tené T. Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shakira F. Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J. Douglas Bremner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology and Center for Positron Emission Tomography, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arshed A. Quyyumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bradley Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paolo Raggi
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Schiweck C, Gholamrezaei A, Hellyn M, Vaessen T, Vrieze E, Claes S. Exhausted Heart Rate Responses to Repeated Psychological Stress in Women With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:869608. [PMID: 35509881 PMCID: PMC9058080 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.869608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research links depression and blunted cardiac vagal reactivity to chronic stress. Yet, to our knowledge no experiment investigates heart rate (variability) responses to a repeated laboratory stressor in patients with depression. Repeated exposure may provide valuable information on stress reactivity in depression. Fifty-nine women (30 inpatients diagnosed with depression and 29 matched controls) underwent two consecutive runs of a mental arithmetic stress paradigm consisting of one baseline and two exposures to control, stress, and recovery phases of 5 min each, in a case-control design. Subjective stress and electrocardiography were recorded. Variance of heart rate (HR) and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) were analyzed using linear mixed models. Overall, physiological parameters (HR and RMSSD) and subjective stress showed a strong group effect (all p < 0.001). In both groups, subjective stress and HR increased in response to stress, but the subjective stress levels of patients with depression did not return to baseline levels after the first stressor and for the remainder of the experiment (all p < 0.004 compared to baseline). Patients' HR reactivity responded oppositely: while HR recovered after the first stress exposure, no reactivity was observed in response to the second exposure. These findings may suggest that the often-reported blunted HR/HRV response to stressors results from exhaustion rather than an incapacity to react to stress. The altered HR reactivity could indicate allostatic (over-) load in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schiweck
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Gholamrezaei
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pain Management Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maxim Hellyn
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Vaessen
- Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elske Vrieze
- Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Claes
- Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Letang SK, Lin SSH, Parmelee PA, McDonough IM. Ethnoracial disparities in cognition are associated with multiple socioeconomic status-stress pathways. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:64. [PMID: 34626254 PMCID: PMC8502192 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic racism can have broad impacts on health in ethnoracial minorities. One way is by suppressing socioeconomic status (SES) levels through barriers to achieve higher income, wealth, and educational attainment. Additionally, the weathering hypothesis proposes that the various stressful adversities faced by ethnoracial minorities lead to greater wear and tear on the body, known as allostatic load. In the present study, we extend these ideas to cognitive health in a tri-ethnic sample of young adults-when cognition and brain health is arguably at their peak. Specifically, we tested competing mediation models that might shed light on how two key factors caused by systemic racism-SES and perceived stress-intersect to explain ethnoracial disparities in cognition. We found evidence for partial mediation via a pathway from SES to stress on episodic memory, working memory capacity, and executive function in Black Americans relative to non-Hispanic White Americans. Additionally, we found that stress partially mediated the ethnoracial disparities in working memory updating for lower SES Black and Hispanic Americans relative to non-Hispanic White Americans, showing that higher SES can sometimes reduce the negative effects stress has on these disparities in some cognitive domains. Overall, these findings suggest that multiple pathways exist in which lower SES creates a stressful environment to impact ethnoracial disparities cognition. These pathways differ depending on the specific ethnoracial category and cognitive domain. The present results may offer insight into strategies to help mitigate the late-life risk for neurocognitive disorders in ethnoracial minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Letang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Shayne S-H Lin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Patricia A Parmelee
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, Tuscaloosa, USA
| | - Ian M McDonough
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, Tuscaloosa, USA.
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Classification of Mental Stress Using CNN-LSTM Algorithms with Electrocardiogram Signals. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:9951905. [PMID: 34194687 PMCID: PMC8203344 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9951905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mental stress faced by many people in modern society is a factor that causes various chronic diseases, such as depression, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, according to stress accumulation. Therefore, it is very important to regularly manage and monitor a person's stress. In this study, we propose an ensemble algorithm that can accurately determine mental stress states using a modified convolutional neural network (CNN)- long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. When a person is exposed to stress, a displacement occurs in the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. It is possible to classify stress signals by analyzing ECG signals and extracting specific parameters. To maximize the performance of the proposed stress classification algorithm, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and spectrograms were applied to preprocess ECG signals and produce signals in both the time and frequency domains to aid the training process. As the performance evaluation benchmarks of the stress classification model, confusion matrices, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and precision-recall (PR) curves were used, and the accuracy achieved by the proposed model was 98.3%, which is an improvement of 14.7% compared to previous research results. Therefore, our model can help manage the mental health of people exposed to stress. In addition, if combined with various biosignals such as electromyogram (EMG) and photoplethysmography (PPG), it may have the potential for development in various healthcare systems, such as home training, sleep state analysis, and cardiovascular monitoring.
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Tavakoli P, Vollmer-Conna U, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Grimm MC. A Review of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Model of Microbial, Immune and Neuropsychological Integration. Public Health Rev 2021; 42:1603990. [PMID: 34692176 PMCID: PMC8386758 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2021.1603990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract with uncertain etiology. IBDs comprise two idiopathic disorders: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The aetiology, severity and progression of such disorders are still poorly understood but thought to be influenced by multiple factors (including genetic, environmental, immunological, physiological, psychological factors and gut microbiome) and their interactions. The overarching aim of this review is to evaluate the extent and nature of the interrelationship between these factors with the disease course. A broader conceptual and longitudinal framework of possible neuro-visceral integration, core microbiome analysis and immune modulation assessment may be useful in accurately documenting and characterizing the nature and temporal continuity of crosstalk between these factors and the role of their interaction (s) in IBD disease activity. Characterization of these interactions holds the promise of identifying novel diagnostic, interventions, and therapeutic strategies. Material and Methods: A search of published literature was conducted by exploring PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Medline Plus, CDSR library databases. Following search terms relating to key question were set for the search included: "Inflammatory bowel diseases," "gut microbiota," "psychological distress and IBD," "autonomic reactivity and IBD," "immune modulation," "chronic inflammation," "gut inflammation," "enteric nervous system," "gut nervous system," "Crohn's disease," "Ulcerative colitis", "depression and IBD", "anxiety and IBD", "quality of life in IBD patients," "relapse in IBDs," "remission in IBDs," "IBD disease activity," "brain-gut-axis," "microbial signature in IBD," "validated questionnaires in IBD," "IBD activity indices," "IBD aetiology," "IBDs and stress," "epidemiology of IBDs", "autonomic nervous system and gut inflammation", "IBD and environment," "genetics of IBDs," "pathways of immune response in IBDs," "sleep disturbances in IBD," "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)," "sympatho-adrenal axis," "CNS and its control of gut function" "mucosal immune response," "commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut," "innate and adaptive immunity." Studies evaluating any possible associations between gut microbiome, psychological state, immune modulation, and autonomic function with IBDs were identified. Commonly cited published literatures with high quality research methodology/results and additional articles from bibliographies of recovered papers were examined and included where relevant. Results: Although there is a substantial literature identifying major contributing factors with IBD, there has been little attempt to integrate some factors over time and assess their interplay and relationship with IBD disease activity. Such contributing factors include genetic and environmental factors, gut microbiota composition and function, physiological factors, psychological state and gut immune response. Interdependences are evident across psychological and biological factors and IBD disease activity. Although from the available evidence, it is implausible that a single explanatory model could elucidate the interplay between such factors and the disease course as well as the sequence of the effect during the pathophysiology of IBD. Conclusion: Longitudinal monitoring of IBD patients and integrating data related to the contributing/risk factors including psychological state, physiological conditions, inflammatory/immune modulations, and microbiome composition/function, could help to explain how major factors associate and interrelate leading to exacerbation of symptoms and disease activity. Identifying the temporal trajectory of biological and psychosocial disturbances may also help to assess their effects and interdependence on individuals' disease status. Moreover, this allows greater insight into understanding the temporal progressions of subclinical events as potential ground for disease severity in IBD. Furthermore, understanding the interaction between these risk factors may help better interventions in controlling the disease, reducing the costs related to disease management, further implications for clinical practice and research approaches in addition to improving patients' mental health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Tavakoli
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - U. Vollmer-Conna
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - D. Hadzi-Pavlovic
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M. C. Grimm
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ross JA, Van Bockstaele EJ. The Locus Coeruleus- Norepinephrine System in Stress and Arousal: Unraveling Historical, Current, and Future Perspectives. Front Psychiatry 2021; 11:601519. [PMID: 33584368 PMCID: PMC7873441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and psychosis on the other side. However, historically, the concepts of arousal and stress have been challenging to define as measurable experimental variables. Divergent efforts to study these subjects have given rise to several disciplines, including neurobiology, neuroendocrinology, and cognitive neuroscience. We discuss technological advancements that chronologically led to our current understanding of the arousal system, focusing on the multifaceted nucleus locus coeruleus. We share our contemporary perspective and the hypotheses of others in the context of our current technological capabilities and future developments that will be required to move forward in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Perceived Caregiver Stress, Coping, and Quality of Life of Older Ugandan Grandparent-Caregivers. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2020; 35:311-328. [PMID: 32566982 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-020-09403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the continued loss of lives due to HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, grandparents bear the stress of caring for children affected by the epidemic, often with very limited resources. Yet, despite the acknowledgement that these older adults serve as the backbone and safety net of the African family in this HIV/AIDS era, very limited research has focused on investigating the specific health outcomes of caregivers in this region and how these changes in health status impact the overall quality of life of caregivers. This study highlights the stress perceived by Ugandan grandparent-caregivers, its impact on their overall quality of life, and the coping strategies they use to manage their stress. Thirty-two grandparent-caregivers (age 50 years and older) were recruited from urban and rural areas in Uganda and individually interviewed in 2016. Using constructivist grounded theory as the qualitative methodology, the narratives generated from the semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using both open and axial coding as well as reflexive and analytic memoing. Descriptions of caregiver stress (physical, emotional, financial, and social) were reported. Additionally, study findings uniquely explore the impact of the perceived stress on the grandparents' overall quality of life. Study findings provide a foundation upon which clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers can design and implement effective interventions to improve the health and quality of life of grandparent-caregivers in sub-Saharan Africa.
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D'Alessio L, Korman GP, Sarudiansky M, Guelman LR, Scévola L, Pastore A, Obregón A, Roldán EJA. Reducing Allostatic Load in Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Physical Activity and Yoga Practice as Add-On Therapies. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 32581876 PMCID: PMC7287161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The allostatic load (AL) index constitutes a useful tool to objectively assess the biological aspects of chronic stress in clinical practice. AL index has been positively correlated with cumulative chronic stress (physical and psychosocial stressors) and with a high risk to develop pathological conditions (e.g., metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular pathology, inflammatory disorders) and the so-called stress-related psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depressive disorders. Chronic stress has negative effects on brain neuroplasticity, especially on hippocampal neurogenesis and these effects may be reversed by antidepressant treatments. Several evidences indicate that non-pharmacological interventions based on physical activity and yoga practice may add synergizing benefits to classical treatments (antidepressant and benzodiazepines) for depression and anxiety, reducing the negative effects of chronic stress. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on AL and chronic stress in relation to depression and anxiety, physical activity and yoga practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana D'Alessio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, IBCN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guido Pablo Korman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Psicología, CAEA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Sarudiansky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Psicología, CAEA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Ruth Guelman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, CEFYBO-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Scévola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Amilcar Obregón
- Dirección Médica y Científica, Gador SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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38
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Stephens CR, Easton JF, Robles-Cabrera A, Fossion R, de la Cruz L, Martínez-Tapia R, Barajas-Martínez A, Hernández-Chávez A, López-Rivera JA, Rivera AL. The Impact of Education and Age on Metabolic Disorders. Front Public Health 2020; 8:180. [PMID: 32671006 PMCID: PMC7326131 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperuricemia have all been identified as risk factors for an epidemic of important and widespread chronic-degenerative diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, that constitute some of the world's most important public health challenges. Their increasing prevalence can be associated with an aging population and to lifestyles within an obesogenic environment. Taking educational level as a proxy for lifestyle, and using both logistic and linear regressions, we study the relation between a wide set of metabolic biomarkers, and educational level, body mass index (BMI), age, and sex as correlates, in a population of 1,073 students, academic and non-academic staff at Mexico's largest university (UNAM). Controlling for BMI and sex, we consider educational level and age as complementary measures-degree and duration-of exposure to metabolic insults. Analyzing the role of education across a wide spectrum of educational levels (from primary school to doctoral degree), we show that higher education correlates to significantly better metabolic health when compared to lower levels, and is associated with significantly less risk for waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein and metabolic syndrome (all p < 0.05); but not for diastolic blood pressure, basal insulin, uric acid, low density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. We classify each biomarker, and corresponding metabolic disorder, by its associated set of statistically significant correlates. Differences among the sets of significant correlates indicate various aetiologies and the need for targeted population-specific interventions. Thus, variables strongly linked to educational level are candidates for lifestyle change interventions. Hence, public policy efforts should be focused on those metabolic biomarkers strongly linked to education, while adopting a different approach for those biomarkers not linked as they may be poor targets for educational campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Stephens
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonathan F Easton
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Robles-Cabrera
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Mexico City, Mexico.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruben Fossion
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth de la Cruz
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Martínez-Tapia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Barajas-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Chávez
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio López-Rivera
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Leonor Rivera
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva 20, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Mexico City, Mexico
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39
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Vineis P, Avendano-Pabon M, Barros H, Bartley M, Carmeli C, Carra L, Chadeau-Hyam M, Costa G, Delpierre C, D'Errico A, Fraga S, Giles G, Goldberg M, Kelly-Irving M, Kivimaki M, Lepage B, Lang T, Layte R, MacGuire F, Mackenbach JP, Marmot M, McCrory C, Milne RL, Muennig P, Nusselder W, Petrovic D, Polidoro S, Ricceri F, Robinson O, Stringhini S, Zins M. Special Report: The Biology of Inequalities in Health: The Lifepath Consortium. Front Public Health 2020; 8:118. [PMID: 32478023 PMCID: PMC7235337 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Funded by the European Commission Horizon 2020 programme, the Lifepath research consortium aimed to investigate the effects of socioeconomic inequalities on the biology of healthy aging. The main research questions included the impact of inequalities on health, the role of behavioral and other risk factors, the underlying biological mechanisms, the efficacy of selected policies, and the general implications of our findings for theories and policies. The project adopted a life-course and comparative approach, considering lifetime effects from childhood and adulthood, and pooled data on up to 1.7 million participants of longitudinal cohort studies from Europe, USA, and Australia. These data showed that socioeconomic circumstances predicted mortality and functional decline as strongly as established risk factors currently targeted by global prevention programmes. Analyses also looked at socioeconomically patterned biological markers, allostatic load, and DNA methylation using richly phenotyped cohorts, unraveling their association with aging processes across the life-course. Lifepath studies suggest that socioeconomic circumstances are embedded in our biology from the outset-i.e., disadvantage influences biological systems from molecules to organs. Our findings have important implications for policy, suggesting that (a) intervening on unfavorable socioeconomic conditions is complementary and as important as targeting well-known risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle, and that (b) effects of preventive interventions in early life integrate interventions in adulthood. The report has an executive summary that refers to the different sections of the main paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio Avendano-Pabon
- Department of Social Sciences, Health and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrique Barros
- EPIUnit – Institute of Public Health University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mel Bartley
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian Carmeli
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (UNISANTE), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Department of Clinical Science & Biology, Turin University Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Cyrille Delpierre
- UMR LEASP, Université de Toulouse III, UPS, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Silvia Fraga
- EPIUnit – Institute of Public Health University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graham Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel Goldberg
- UMS 011 Inserm - UVSQ ≪ Cohortes épidémiologiques en population ≫, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Lepage
- UMR LEASP, Université de Toulouse III, UPS, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Lang
- UMR LEASP, Université de Toulouse III, UPS, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Richard Layte
- Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frances MacGuire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan P. Mackenbach
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Marmot
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathal McCrory
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Muennig
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wilma Nusselder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dusan Petrovic
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (UNISANTE), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- Molecular Epidemiology and Exposomics Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- Department of Clinical Science & Biology, Turin University Medical School, Turin, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Turin, Italy
| | - Oliver Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Zins
- UMS 011 Inserm - UVSQ ≪ Cohortes épidémiologiques en population ≫, Villejuif, France
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40
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Morera LP, Gallea JI, Trógolo MA, Guido ME, Medrano LA. From Work Well-Being to Burnout: A Hypothetical Phase Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:360. [PMID: 32425748 PMCID: PMC7212378 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to chronic stressors, how do individuals move from being in a healthy state to a burnout? Strikingly in literature, this has prevailed a categorical view rather than a dimensional one, thus the underlying process that explains the transition from one state to another remains unclear. The aims of the present study are (a) to examine intermediate states between work engagement and burnout using cluster analysis and (b) to examine cortisol differences across these states. Two-hundred and eighty-one Argentine workers completed self-report measures of work engagement and burnout. Salivary cortisol was measured at three time-points: immediately after awakening and 30 and 40min thereafter. Results showed four different states based on the scores in cynicism, exhaustion, vigor, and dedication: engaged, strained, cynical, and burned-out. Cortisol levels were found to be moderate in the engaged state, increased in the strained and cynical states, and decreased in the burned-out state. The increase/decrease in cortisol across the four stages reconciles apparent contradictory findings regarding hypercortisolism and hypocortisolism, and suggests that they may represent different phases in the transition from engagement to burnout. A phase model from engagement to burnout is proposed and future research aimed at evaluating this model is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Morera
- Instituto de Organizaciones Saludables, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J I Gallea
- Instituto de Organizaciones Saludables, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M A Trógolo
- Instituto de Organizaciones Saludables, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M E Guido
- Departamento de Biología Química, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L A Medrano
- Instituto de Organizaciones Saludables, Universidad Siglo 21, Córdoba, Argentina.,Pontifica Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
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41
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Kim H. Stability or Plasticity? - A Hierarchical Allostatic Regulation Model of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Function for Social Valuation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:281. [PMID: 32296303 PMCID: PMC7138052 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has long been recognized as the key component of the neurocircuitry involved in various social as well as non-social behaviors, however, little is known regarding the organizing principle of distinctive subregions in the mPFC that integrates a wide range of mPFC functions. The present study proposes a hierarchical model of mPFC functionality, where three functionally dissociable subregions, namely, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC), and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), are differentially involved in computing values of decision-making. According to this model, the mPFC subregions interact with each other in such a way that more dorsal regions utilize additional external sensory information from environment to predict and prevent conflicts occurring in more ventral regions tuned to internal bodily signals, thereby exerting the hierarchically organized allostatic regulatory control over homeostatic reflexes. This model also emphasizes the role of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in arbitrating the transitions between different thalamo-cortical loops, detecting conflicts between competing options for decision-making, and in shifting flexibly between decision modes. The hierarchical architecture of the mPFC working in conjunction with the TRN may play a key role in adjusting the internal (bodily) needs to suit the constraints of external (environmental) variables better, thus effectively addressing the stability-plasticity dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hackjin Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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42
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Parra LA, Hastings PD. Challenges to Identity Integration Indirectly Link Experiences of Heterosexist and Racist Discrimination to Lower Waking Salivary Cortisol in Sexually Diverse Latinx Emerging Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:228. [PMID: 32161561 PMCID: PMC7053485 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterosexist and racist discrimination may adversely impact neurobiological processes implicated in the physical and psychosocial well-being of sexually diverse Latinx people. Yet, little is known about how experiences of both heterosexist and racist discrimination are associated with adrenocortical and psychological functioning in groups of people with multiply marginalized social group identities. Through the application of the intersectionality, minority stress, and allostatic load frameworks, it was hypothesized that experiences of heterosexist and racist discrimination would be associated with disruptions to diurnal salivary cortisol patterns and challenges to identity integration. A group of sexually diverse (self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer) Latinx emerging adults (N = 51; ages 18-29, M = 24.06 years; SD = 2.73) provided saliva samples and completed a series of questionnaires during a four-day testing protocol. Heterosexist and racist discrimination were both positively associated with challenges to identity integration. Challenges to identity integration, in turn, were associated with lower intercepts of diurnal cortisol slopes, and heterosexist and racist discrimination were indirectly associated with lower cortisol intercepts via challenges to identity integration. These findings suggest that experiences of heterosexist and racist discrimination may interconnect by challenging sexual and ethnic/racial identity integration and disrupting adaptive adrenocortical regulation among sexually diverse Latinx emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Armando Parra
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul David Hastings
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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43
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Vineis P, Avendano-Pabon M, Barros H, Bartley M, Carmeli C, Carra L, Chadeau-Hyam M, Costa G, Delpierre C, D'Errico A, Fraga S, Giles G, Goldberg M, Kelly-Irving M, Kivimaki M, Lepage B, Lang T, Layte R, MacGuire F, Mackenbach JP, Marmot M, McCrory C, Milne RL, Muennig P, Nusselder W, Petrovic D, Polidoro S, Ricceri F, Robinson O, Stringhini S, Zins M. Special Report: The Biology of Inequalities in Health: The Lifepath Consortium. Front Public Health 2020. [PMID: 32478023 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00118/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Funded by the European Commission Horizon 2020 programme, the Lifepath research consortium aimed to investigate the effects of socioeconomic inequalities on the biology of healthy aging. The main research questions included the impact of inequalities on health, the role of behavioral and other risk factors, the underlying biological mechanisms, the efficacy of selected policies, and the general implications of our findings for theories and policies. The project adopted a life-course and comparative approach, considering lifetime effects from childhood and adulthood, and pooled data on up to 1.7 million participants of longitudinal cohort studies from Europe, USA, and Australia. These data showed that socioeconomic circumstances predicted mortality and functional decline as strongly as established risk factors currently targeted by global prevention programmes. Analyses also looked at socioeconomically patterned biological markers, allostatic load, and DNA methylation using richly phenotyped cohorts, unraveling their association with aging processes across the life-course. Lifepath studies suggest that socioeconomic circumstances are embedded in our biology from the outset-i.e., disadvantage influences biological systems from molecules to organs. Our findings have important implications for policy, suggesting that (a) intervening on unfavorable socioeconomic conditions is complementary and as important as targeting well-known risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle, and that (b) effects of preventive interventions in early life integrate interventions in adulthood. The report has an executive summary that refers to the different sections of the main paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio Avendano-Pabon
- Department of Social Sciences, Health and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrique Barros
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mel Bartley
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian Carmeli
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (UNISANTE), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Department of Clinical Science & Biology, Turin University Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Cyrille Delpierre
- UMR LEASP, Université de Toulouse III, UPS, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Silvia Fraga
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graham Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel Goldberg
- UMS 011 Inserm - UVSQ ≪ Cohortes épidémiologiques en population ≫, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Lepage
- UMR LEASP, Université de Toulouse III, UPS, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Lang
- UMR LEASP, Université de Toulouse III, UPS, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Richard Layte
- Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frances MacGuire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan P Mackenbach
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Marmot
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathal McCrory
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Muennig
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wilma Nusselder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dusan Petrovic
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (UNISANTE), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- Molecular Epidemiology and Exposomics Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- Department of Clinical Science & Biology, Turin University Medical School, Turin, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Turin, Italy
| | - Oliver Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Zins
- UMS 011 Inserm - UVSQ ≪ Cohortes épidémiologiques en population ≫, Villejuif, France
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44
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Wells JCK, Stock JT. Life History Transitions at the Origins of Agriculture: A Model for Understanding How Niche Construction Impacts Human Growth, Demography and Health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:325. [PMID: 32508752 PMCID: PMC7253633 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent millennia, human populations have regularly reconstructed their subsistence niches, changing both how they obtain food and the conditions in which they live. For example, over the last 12,000 years the vast majority of human populations shifted from foraging to practicing different forms of agriculture. The shift to farming is widely understood to have impacted several aspects of human demography and biology, including mortality risk, population growth, adult body size, and physical markers of health. However, these trends have not been integrated within an over-arching conceptual framework, and there is poor understanding of why populations tended to increase in population size during periods when markers of health deteriorated. Here, we offer a novel conceptual approach based on evolutionary life history theory. This theory assumes that energy availability is finite and must be allocated in competition between the functions of maintenance, growth, reproduction, and defence. In any given environment, and at any given stage during the life-course, natural selection favours energy allocation strategies that maximise fitness. We argue that the origins of agriculture involved profound transformations in human life history strategies, impacting both the availability of energy and the way that it was allocated between life history functions in the body. Although overall energy supply increased, the diet composition changed, while sedentary populations were challenged by new infectious burdens. We propose that this composite new ecological niche favoured increased energy allocation to defence (immune function) and reproduction, thus reducing the allocation to growth and maintenance. We review evidence in support of this hypothesis and highlight how further work could address both heterogeneity and specific aspects of the origins of agriculture in more detail. Our approach can be applied to many other transformations of the human subsistence niche, and can shed new light on the way that health, height, life expectancy, and fertility patterns are changing in association with globalization and nutrition transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. K. Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jonathan C. K. Wells
| | - Jay T. Stock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
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45
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Sokolenko VL, Sokolenko SV. Manifestations of allostatic load in residents of radiation contaminated areas aged 18–24 years. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the features of allostatic load (AL) in 100 students aged 18–24 years old who, from birth to adulthood, lived in the territories assigned to the IV radiation zone after the Chornobyl accident (density of soil contamination by isotopes 137Cs 3.7–18.5∙104 Bq/m2) and underwent prolonged exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation. The examined students did not have any clinical signs of the immune-neuroendocrine system dysfunction. 50 people had signs of vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome (VVD), 48 had signs of moderate hyperthyroidism and 21 had signs of moderate hypothyroidism. During the examination session, as a factor of additional psycho-emotional load, in 66 of the examined the immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+ went below the lower limit of the homeostatic norm, in 62 of the examined low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) exceeded the upper level. The relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) of the participation of potential secondary factors of allostatic load formation in CD4+/CD8+ immunoregulatory index going below the lower limit were calculated. The presence of statistically significant relative risk of participation in the formation of suppression of the index CD4+/CD8+: the state of hyperthyroidism, state of hypothyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome, higher than normal LDL-C. When the examined students combined the signs of hyperthyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome and higher level of LDL-C; with combination of signs of hypothyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome and higher level of LDL-C. The attributable risk in all cases exceeded 0.10, which confirmed the importance of some of these factors and their complexes in the formation of the effect of reduced immunoregulatory index. The CD4+/CD8+ index can be considered an important biomarker of AL and premature age-related changes in the immune system in residents of radiation-contaminated areas. The risk of AL formation in the case of occurrence of a complex of mediated secondary biomarkers (vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hypercholesterolemia) is higher compared to their individual significance.
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Vineis P, Kelly-Irving M. Biography and biological capital. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:979-982. [PMID: 31342230 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00539-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
At the crossroads between sciences, epidemiology brings together the social and the biological to examine social inequalities in health. The concept of biological capital represents the accumulated history of biological experiences, alongside the other forms of accumulated capital, notably cultural, economic and social. The ability to access the three other forms of individual capital and therefore position in life depends on inherited biological health/skills, epigenetic imprinting and the accumulation of embodied biological changes that make an individual more or less successful in life. We present results from analyses carried out within the Lifepath consortium, showing that the socioeconomic environment, from early life and over the lifecourse, is an important risk factor for health and partly works through its effects on biological mechanisms. We show that socially stratified pre-disease states related to ageing may be examined using biomarkers, and help underline areas and mechanisms to promote healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vineis
- School of Public Health, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, W21PG, UK. .,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.
| | - Michelle Kelly-Irving
- LEASP, UMR 1027, Inserm-Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
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Terenina EE, Cavigelli S, Mormede P, Zhao W, Parks C, Lu L, Jones BC, Mulligan MK. Genetic Factors Mediate the Impact of Chronic Stress and Subsequent Response to Novel Acute Stress. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:438. [PMID: 31164799 PMCID: PMC6536627 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in physiological and biobehavioral adaptation to chronic stress are important predictors of health and fitness; genetic differences play an important role in this adaptation. To identify these differences we measured the biometric, neuroendocrine, and transcriptional response to stress among inbred mouse strains with varying degrees of genetic similarity, C57BL/6J (B), C57BL/6NJ (N), and DBA/2J (D). The B and D strains are highly genetically diverse whereas the B and N substrains are highly similar. Strain differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis cross-sensitization were determined by plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels and hippocampal gene expression following 7-weeks of chronic mild stress (CMS) or normal housing (NH) and subsequent exposure to novel acute restraint. Fecal CORT metabolites and body and organ weights were also measured. All strains exposed to CMS had reduced heart weights, whereas body weight gain was attenuated only in B and N strains. Acute stress alone produced larger plasma CORT responses in the D and N strains compared to the B strain. CMS paired with acute stress produced cross-sensitization of the CORT response in the N strain. The N strain also had the largest number of hippocampal transcripts with up-regulated expression in response to stress. In contrast, the D strain had the largest number of transcripts with down-regulated expression following CMS and acute stress. In summary, we observed differential responses to CMS at both the physiological and molecular level among genetically diverse strains, indicating that genetic factors drive individual differences in experience-dependent regulation of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Terenina
- GenPhySE, ENVT, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sonia Cavigelli
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Pierre Mormede
- GenPhySE, ENVT, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Cory Parks
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Delliaux S, Delaforge A, Deharo JC, Chaumet G. Mental Workload Alters Heart Rate Variability, Lowering Non-linear Dynamics. Front Physiol 2019; 10:565. [PMID: 31156454 PMCID: PMC6528181 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental workload is known to alter cardiovascular function leading to increased cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, there is no clear autonomic nervous system unbalance to be quantified during mental stress. We aimed to characterize the mental workload impact on the cardiovascular function with a focus on heart rate variability (HRV) non-linear indexes. A 1-h computerized switching task (letter recognition) was performed by 24 subjects while monitoring their performance (accuracy, response time), electrocardiogram and blood pressure waveform (finger volume clamp method). The HRV was evaluated from the beat-to-beat RR intervals (RRI) in time-, frequency-, and informational- domains, before (Control) and during the task. The task induced a significant mental workload (visual analog scale of fatigue from 27 ± 26 to 50 ± 31 mm, p < 0.001, and NASA-TLX score of 56 ± 17). The heart rate, blood pressure and baroreflex function were unchanged, whereas most of the HRV parameters markedly decreased. The maximum decrease occurred during the first 15 min of the task (P1), before starting to return to the baseline values reached at the end of the task (P4). The RRI dimension correlation (D2) decrease was the most significant (P1 vs. Control: 1.42 ± 0.85 vs. 2.21 ± 0.8, p < 0.001) and only D2 lasted until the task ended (P4 vs. Control: 1.96 ± 0.9 vs. 2.21 ± 0.9, p < 0.05). D2 was identified as the most robust cardiovascular variable impacted by the mental workload as determined by posterior predictive simulations (p = 0.9). The Spearman correlation matrix highlighted that D2 could be a marker of the generated frustration (R = -0.61, p < 0.01) induced by a mental task, as well as the myocardial oxygen consumption changes assessed by the double product (R = -0.53, p < 0.05). In conclusion, we showed that mental workload sharply lowered the non-linear RRI dynamics, particularly the RRI correlation dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Delliaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
- Pôle Cardio-Vasculaire et Thoracique, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, AP-HM, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Alexis Delaforge
- Service de Médecine et Santé au Travail, AP-HM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Deharo
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
- Pôle Cardio-Vasculaire et Thoracique, Service de Cardiologie, AP-HM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
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Matovu S, Dawson-Rose C, Weiss S, Wallhagen M. "Thoughts Can Kill You": Characterization of Mental Health Symptoms by Ugandan Grandparent-Caregivers in the HIV/AIDS Era. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2019; 40:391-398. [PMID: 30917054 PMCID: PMC6555642 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2018.1553001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies of caregiving provided to HIV/AIDS orphans by sub-Saharan African grandparents have found that it has physical, financial, and emotional consequences. Our study extended this research by identifying and characterizing the symptoms experienced by Ugandan grandparent- caregivers, particularly as related to the caregiving role, loss and grief. Grounded theory methodology was used to conduct and analyze audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews with 32 grandparents. Findings revealed a cluster of biopsychosocial distress symptoms, especially anguish (driven by traumatic anxiety and disbelief), depression, and somatic symptoms that were linked primarily to psychological distress. The impact of cultural practices and beliefs on these symptoms was also identified. Results have implications for public health, research, and policy changes needed to alleviate symptoms of biopsychosocial distress among Uganda grandparent-caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schola Matovu
- Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carol Dawson-Rose
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sandra Weiss
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Margaret Wallhagen
- Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Strahler J, Luft C. "N-of-1"-Study: A concept of acute and chronic stress research using the example of ballroom dancing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1040-1049. [PMID: 30882944 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Athletes often report on heightened stress, higher disease susceptibility, and a deterioration in mood and performance throughout periods of high training load and competitions. This paper presents a single-case study combining different research approaches to monitor the dynamic, idiosyncratic responses to competitive stress in elite sports using the example of professional ballroom dancing. Throughout an 8-month period (313 data points), one international-level female dancer provided data on mood, stress, and fatigue. In parallel, she collected saliva samples for the assessment of cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA). A hair strand was collected every 3 months to examine cumulative cortisol secretion. As expected, perceived stress was related to a reduction in well-being. On a daily basis, sCort predicted lower fatigue. In addition, tournaments resulted in a 3-fold and a 2-fold increase in sCort and sAA, respectively, and there was a pronounced drop in hair cortisol in the aftermath of a surgery-related break from dancing. We confirm competitive ballroom dancing to constitute a major stressor with immediate and prolonged consequences for self-reported well-being and biological stress markers. Single-case studies offer much potential for the observation of complex dynamic associations. In a next step, this approach will also become relevant when evaluating the efficacy of preventive and therapeutic interventions on an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Strahler
- Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Luft
- Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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