Adolescents living in war-affected areas are more likely to suffer from depression than adolescents living outside war-affected areas. However, there is limited evidence from Northern Ethiopia that was affected by armed conflicts. This study was conducted to assess the magnitude of depression and to identify inter-related factors with depression and academic performance in armed conflict-affected areas of North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia.

A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among high school students in North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A multistage sampling method was used, and the study participants were selected using simple random sampling. The Structural Equation Model was used to verify the hypothesized relationship between various internal and external or mediating factors. The effect size was provided using standardized beta coefficients, 95% CI, and statistical significance defined as a p-value <.05.

Out of 3,400 study participants, 48.1% (95% CI [46.5%, 49.8%]) endorsed depressive symptoms. Being female (β = .05, 95% CI [0.011, 0.087]), far from family because of education (β = .10, 95% CI [0.060, 0.134]), anxiety (β = .95, 95% CI [0.893, 1.011]), and alcohol use (β = .14, 95% CI [0.108, 0.180]) had a significant and positive association with a total direct effect on depression. Conversely, academic performance (β = -.04, 95% CI [-0.061, -0.011]) had a significant and negative association with a total direct effect on depression.

This study found a much higher magnitude of depression among students in conflict-affected areas compared to non-affected areas. High school students, particularly girls in conflict-affected areas, need social support and special protection. Additional efforts are needed to ensure safety and security in high schools and establish student support systems such as student counseling and guidance services.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and substance use is well recognised. COVID-19 impacted Saskatchewan particularly hard as it has a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption than the national average. Our study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of co-occurrence of poor mental health and alcohol consumption (also referred to as dual experience) among Saskatchewan adults.

Cross-sectional data of 1034 eligible adults collected between July and November 2022, were analysed. Dual experience was defined as mild to severe symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionaire-9) and/or anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7) AND increased alcohol consumption during the later stage of COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were fitted to identify the factors that are associated with dual experience.

The prevalence of different forms of dual experience was 7.32% for depression and alcohol use, 6.09% for anxiety and alcohol use and 5.44% for co-occurrence of depression, anxiety and alcohol use. Dual experiences were less likely among participants from racialised groups, and more likely among those with household food insecurity, as well as concerns over alcohol consumption.

Our analysis suggests that Saskatchewan adults are still experiencing poor mental health due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and a large proportion of people continue to consume alcohol at a higher rate than before the pandemic. Data driven interventions, for example, improving mental health and substance use treatment and counselling services, harm reduction strategies, especially targeting people living in food insecure households, are needed.

Researchers have long been interested in identifying objective markers for problem drinking susceptibility informed by the environments in which individuals drink. However, little is known of objective cognitive-behavioral indices relevant to the social contexts in which alcohol is typically consumed. Combining group-based alcohol administration, eye-tracking technology, and longitudinal follow-up over a 2-year span, the current study examined the role of social attention in predicting patterns of problem drinking over time.

Young heavy drinkers (N = 246) were randomly assigned to consume either an alcoholic (target BAC 0.08%) or a control beverage in dyads comprising friends or strangers. Dyads completed a virtual video call in which half of the screen comprised a view of themselves ("self-view") and half a view of their interaction partner ("other-view"). Participants' gaze behaviors, operationalized as the proportion of time spent looking at "self-view" and "other-view," were tracked throughout the call. Problem drinking was assessed at the time of the laboratory visit and then every year subsequent for 2 years.

Significant interactions emerged between beverage condition and social attention in predicting binge drinking days. In cross-sectional analyses, among participants assigned to the control (but not alcohol) group, heightened self-focused attention was linked with increased binge days at baseline, B = 0.013, Exp(B) = 1.013, 95% CI = [0.004, 0.022], p = 0.005. In contrast, longitudinal models indicated that heightened self-focused attention among control participants while interacting with friends was linked with a more pronounced decline in binge drinking over time.

The relationship between social attention and problem drinking is complex and evolves over time. While dispositional self-consciousness may act as a risk factor at the cross-sectional level, it appears to serve a potentially protective function as participants mature into young adulthood. More broadly, results highlight potential utility for objective markers of self-consciousness in the understanding of problem drinking etiology.

Causal inference is inherently complex and relies on key assumptions that can be difficult to validate. One strong assumption is population homogeneity, which assumes that the causal direction remains consistent across individuals. However, there may be variation in causal directions across subpopulations, leading to potential heterogeneity. In psychiatry, for example, the co-occurrence of disorders such as depression and substance use disorder can arise from multiple sources, including shared genetic or environmental factors (common causes) or direct causal pathways between the disorders. A patient diagnosed with two disorders might have one recognized as primary and the other as secondary, suggesting the existence of different types of comorbidity. For example, in some individuals, depression might lead to substance use, while in others, substance use could lead to depression. We account for potential heterogeneity in causal direction by integrating the Direction of Causation (DoC) model for twin data with finite mixture modeling, which allows for the calculation of individual-level likelihoods for alternate causal directions. Through simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of using the Direction of Causation Twin Mixture (mixDoC) model to detect and model heterogeneity due to varying causal directions.

Background/Objectives: Low or moderate alcohol drinking may reduce the risk of depression, but depression may induce alcohol drinking. However, the bidirectional associations between alcohol drinking and depression were inconsistent, and many prior analyses were not properly conducted. This study explored the within-individual bidirectional associations between alcohol drinking and depressive symptoms under a causal analytic framework. Methods: Using data for the baby boomer cohorts (born between 1948 and 1965) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we employed the unit fixed-effect models with lagged measures to examine the within-individual bidirectional associations between the number of alcohol drinks per week and the changes in the eight-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scores. Results: Among 11,057 participants at baseline, about 48% were drinkers and 19% had a CES-D ≥4, i.e., at a high risk of depression. Among male low/moderate drinkers, increasing alcohol drinking between consecutive visits was significantly associated with a decrease in depression scores after adjusting for prior alcohol drinking (-0.15 points per 7 drinks/week increase, p = 0.009). Conversely, among male drinkers and female heavy drinkers, increasing depression scores between visits increased alcohol drinking after adjusting for prior depression scores (ranging from 0.22 to 0.79 drinks/week per 1 point increase of depression score, all p values < 0.01). Conclusions: The bidirectional associations between alcohol drinking and depressive symptoms were evident only among male drinkers, and alcohol drinking should not be recommended as a solution for preventing or relieving depressive symptoms. Limitations: Measures of alcohol drinking and depression were coarse, and the study cohorts were limited to the US baby boomer generation. Generalizing findings to other populations should be cautious.

Objective: The present study examines the network structure and, using Bayesian network analysis, estimates the directional pathways among symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and levels of alcohol and cannabis use. Method: A sample of 1471 adults in the United States, who reported at least one potentially traumatic event, completed the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Alcohol/Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT/CUDIT). A regularized partial correlation network provided estimates of symptoms clusters and connections. Directional pathways within the network were then estimated using a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Results: Symptoms clustered in theoretically consistent ways. Risky behavior demonstrated the highest strength centrality and bridge strength. Neither alcohol nor cannabis use appeared central in the network, and DAG results suggested that MDD and PTSD symptoms are more likely to lead to substance use than the other way around. Conclusions: Results suggest that cannabis use is largely connected to alcohol use. Consistent with prior research, risky behavior appeared to be the primary bridge between substance use and PTSD. The direction of associations between substance use and psychological symptoms requires further attention.

Causal inference is inherently complex, often dependent on key assumptions that are sometimes overlooked. One such assumption is the potential for unidirectional or bidirectional causality, while another is population homogeneity, which suggests that the causal direction between two variables remains consistent across the study sample. Discerning these processes requires meticulous data collection through an appropriate research design and the use of suitable software to define and fit alternative models. In psychiatry, the co-occurrence of different disorders is common and can stem from various origins. A patient diagnosed with two disorders might have one recognized as primary and the other as secondary, suggesting the existence of two types of comorbidity within the population. For example, in some individuals, depression might lead to substance use, while in others, substance use could lead to depression. Identifying the primary disorder is crucial for developing effective treatment plans. This article explores the use of finite mixture models to depict within-sample heterogeneity. We begin with the Direction of Causation (DoC) model for twin data and extend it to a mixture distribution model. This extension allows for the calculation of the likelihood of each individual's data for the two alternate causal directions. Given twin data, there are four possible pairwise combinations of causal direction. Through simulations, we investigate the Direction of Causation Twin Mixture (mixCLPM) model's potential to detect and model heterogeneity due to varying causal directions.

Although the link between alcohol involvement and behavioral phenotypes (e.g. impulsivity, negative affect, executive function [EF]) is well-established, the directionality of these associations, specificity to stages of alcohol involvement, and extent of shared genetic liability remain unclear. We estimate longitudinal associations between transitions among alcohol milestones, behavioral phenotypes, and indices of genetic risk.

Data came from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (n = 3681; ages 11-36). Alcohol transitions (first: drink, intoxication, alcohol use disorder [AUD] symptom, AUD diagnosis), internalizing, and externalizing phenotypes came from the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. EF was measured with the Tower of London and Visual Span Tasks. Polygenic scores (PGS) were computed for alcohol-related and behavioral phenotypes. Cox models estimated associations among PGS, behavior, and alcohol milestones.

Externalizing phenotypes (e.g. conduct disorder symptoms) were associated with future initiation and drinking problems (hazard ratio (HR)⩾1.16). Internalizing (e.g. social anxiety) was associated with hazards for progression from first drink to severe AUD (HR⩾1.55). Initiation and AUD were associated with increased hazards for later depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (HR⩾1.38), and initiation was associated with increased hazards for future conduct symptoms (HR = 1.60). EF was not associated with alcohol transitions. Drinks per week PGS was linked with increased hazards for alcohol transitions (HR⩾1.06). Problematic alcohol use PGS increased hazards for suicidal ideation (HR = 1.20).

Behavioral markers of addiction vulnerability precede and follow alcohol transitions, highlighting dynamic, bidirectional relationships between behavior and emerging addiction.

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are common in the general population and have been linked to alcohol misuse and abuse. However, much of this research has been undertaken in Western countries. To address this deficit, the current study examined the association between PLEs and problem drinking in the Japanese general population.

Data were used from 3717 adults (age 18-89) collected in an online survey in 2023. Information was obtained on PLEs with the PRIME Screen-Revised (PS-R), while problem drinking was assessed with the CAGE questionnaire (where a score of ≥ 2 was used to categorize cases). Logistic regression was used to examine the associations.

Problem drinking was prevalent in the study sample (12.5%). In an analysis that was adjusted for sociodemographic factors, self-rated health, smoking status and depressive symptoms, PLEs were associated with significantly higher odds for problem drinking in the total sample (OR: 1.70, 95%CI: 1.13-2.55). In a sex-stratified analysis PLEs were not linked to problem drinking in men (OR: 1.16, 95%CI 0.68-2.00), whereas women with PLEs had over 2.8 times higher odds for problem drinking (OR: 2.83, 95%CI: 1.54-5.21).

PLEs are associated with problem drinking in the Japanese general population and this association is especially pronounced in women. As problem drinking has been linked to a number of detrimental outcomes, future research should examine the potential effects of problem drinking in individuals with PLEs.

Substance use among adolescents is common and associated with significant consequences, including depression. Adolescents can experience myriad problems related to early onset substance use and depression, making further understanding of this comorbidity necessary.

Participants were a subset from a large-scale performance improvement project and consisted of adolescents aged 12-18 who screened positive for depression during their routine medical or psychiatric appointment and who then completed the substance use assessment Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble Version 2.1 (CRAFFT). Participants with problematic substance use had a CRAFFT score ≥2.

A total of 621 participants were included in this study, and 105 (16.9%) reported problematic substance use. Compared with participants without problematic substance use, those with problematic use were more likely to have moderate to severe depression and anxiety, as well as significantly higher irritability, impulsivity, suicidal propensity, and suicidal thoughts scores. Controlling for age at screening, sex, race, and ethnicity, problematic substance use remained a significant predictor of depression severity, impulsivity, suicidal propensity, and suicidal thoughts.

Participants were from a large, metropolitan area of the Southwest United States who must have screened positive for depression, so results may not generalize. Because all participants were underage, they may have been wary in responding to the substance use assessment accurately.

By using a large, diverse sample in a real-world clinical setting, findings strengthen the association between problematic substance use and depression and depression-associated symptoms among adolescents, highlighting the need for early detection and universal depression screening.

Negative affect (depression/anxiety) and alcohol use among Indigenous youth in Canada remain a concern for many communities. Disparate rates of these struggles are understood to be a potential outcome of colonization and subsequent intergenerational trauma experienced by individuals, families, and communities. Using a longitudinal design, we examined change in alcohol use and negative affect, and reciprocal associations, among a group of Indigenous adolescents. Indigenous youth (N = 117; 50% male; Mage=12.46-16.28; grades 6-10) from a remote First Nation in northern Quebec completed annual self-reported assessments on negative affect (depression/anxiety) and alcohol use. A Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals (LCM-SR) was used to distinguish between- and within-person associations of negative affect and alcohol use. Growth models did not support change in depression/anxiety, but reports of drinking increased linearly. At the between-person level, girls reported higher initial levels of depression/anxiety and drinking; depression/anxiety were not associated with drinking. At the within-person level, drinking prospectively predicted increases in depression/anxiety but depression/anxiety did not prospectively predict drinking. When Indigenous adolescents reported drinking more alcohol than usual at one wave of assessment, they reported higher levels of negative affect than expected (given their average levels of depression/anxiety) at the following assessment. Our findings suggest that when Indigenous youth present for treatment reporting alcohol use, they should also be screened for negative affect (depression/anxiety). Conversely, if an Indigenous adolescent presents for treatment reporting negative affect, they should also be screened for alcohol use.

No previous research of university students in Finland assessed lifestyle behavioral risk factors (BRFs), grouped students into clusters, appraised the relationships of the clusters with their mental well-being, whilst controlling for confounders. The current study undertook this task.

Students at the University of Turku (n = 1177, aged 22.96 ± 5.2 years) completed an online questionnaire that tapped information on sociodemographic variables (age, sex, income sufficiency, accommodation during the semester), four BRFs [problematic alcohol consumption, smoking, food consumption habits, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)], as well as depressive symptoms and stress. Two-step cluster analysis of the BRFs using log-likelihood distance measure categorized students into well-defined clusters. Two regression models appraised the associations between cluster membership and depressive symptoms and stress, controlling for sex, income sufficiency and accommodation during the semester.

Slightly more than half the study participants (56.8%) had always/mostly sufficient income and 33% lived with parents/partner. Cluster analysis of BRFs identified three distinct student clusters, namely Cluster 1 (Healthy Group), Cluster 2 (Smokers), and Cluster 3 (Nonsmokers but Problematic Drinkers). Age, sex and MVPA were not different across the clusters, but Clusters 1 and 3 comprised significantly more respondents with always/mostly sufficient income and lived with their parents/partner during the semester. All members in Clusters 1 and 3 were non-smokers, while all Cluster 2 members comprised occasional/daily smokers. Problematic drinking was significantly different between clusters (Cluster 1 = 0%, Cluster 2 = 54%, Cluster 3 = 100%). Cluster 3 exhibited significantly healthier nutrition habits than both other clusters. Regression analysis showed: (1) males and those with sufficient income were significantly less likely to report depressive symptoms or stress; (2) those living with parents/partner were significantly less likely to experience depressive symptoms; (3) compared to Cluster 1, students in the two other clusters were significantly more likely to report higher depressive symptoms; and (4) only students in Cluster 2 were more likely to report higher stress.

BRFs cluster together, however, such clustering is not a clear-cut, all-or-none phenomenon. Students with BRFs consistently exhibited higher levels of depressive symptoms and stress. Educational and motivational interventions should target at-risk individuals including those with insufficient income or living with roommates or alone.

This study examines the bidirectional associations between alcohol drinking and depression in which low to moderate alcohol drinking may reduce the risk of depression, while the occurrence of depression may increase the amount of alcohol drinking as a coping strategy.

Data for the community-dwelling older adults from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) 2016 to 2019 were analyzed using random intercept cross-lagged panel models to explore the within-individual causal associations for males and females separately. Socioeconomic status (SES), smoking and comorbidities were adjusted in the models.

Among 3388 older adults with three measures for the number of alcohol drinks and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) depression scores, a prior increase in the number of drinks was related to a moderate non-significant decrease in PHQ scores in the follow-up, but a previous increase in the PHQ scores was significantly associated with a decrease in the number of drinks at the follow-up visit in the adjusted models (regression coefficient = -0.144, p = 0.017 for males; and coefficient = -0.11, p < 0.001 for females).

Prior depression may lead to reduced drinking in the follow up visits, but no bidirectional association was found among US older adults.

Despite a large number of studies on the relation between cannabis use and mental distress in adolescence, results are inconclusive regarding the nature of this association. The aim of the present study is to expand this body of research by analyzing the within-person association between changes in cannabis use and changes in mental distress among young people.

We used longitudinal data from a national sample of young people in Norway. The cohort was assessed in 1992 (T1), 1994 (T2), 1999 (T3), and 2005 (T4). The cumulative response rate was 60%. Respondents who participated in all four waves, aged 11-18 years at T1 (N = 1,988) were analyzed. Within-person association between changes in cannabis use and changes in mental distress in terms of symptoms of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and deliberate self-harm were estimated by applying fixed-effects modeling.

For males, an increase in cannabis use from no use to more than 10 times/year was significantly associated with increased risk for anxiety (relative risk [RR]: 1.72, p = .009), depressed mood (RR: 1.49, p < .001), and suicidal ideation (RR: 3.43, p = .012). For females, the corresponding increase in cannabis use yielded an increased risk for anxiety (RR: 1.38, p = .023) and suicidal ideation (RR: 2.47, p = .002).

Increased cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood seem to increase the risk for symptoms of mental distress. Although the associations appear to be more pronounced among males, it was only for depression that there was a statistically significant gender difference in the association.

To investigate the association between mental health symptoms, alcohol use, and alcohol misuse among psychiatrists in China during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic.

We conducted an online survey to collect data regarding mental health symptoms and alcohol use among psychiatrists in early 2020. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-Chinese Version (DASS-21) was used to assess depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) was used to assess alcohol use.

In total, 3774 psychiatrists completed the survey. AUDIT-C scores were positively correlated with DASS total and depression, anxiety, and stress subscales (total: r = 0.015, depression: r = 0.121, anxiety: r = 0.103, and stress: r = 0.096, all p < 0.05). Alcohol misuse was associated with male sex (OR = 4.754), cigarette smoking (OR = 2.441), administrative position (OR = 1.811), depression (OR = 1.489), and stress (OR = 1.504). Those who reported increased alcohol use during the pandemic were more likely to be male (OR = 2.174), endorse anxiety symptoms (OR = 2.386), or increased stress (OR = 2.402).

Mental health symptoms were common among psychiatrists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression and stress symptoms were significantly associated with alcohol misuse. Anxiety and stress symptoms were associated with reported increases in alcohol use. Though a causal relationship cannot be inferred, our findings suggest that strategies promoting healthcare professionals' mental well-being should include alcohol use.

Epidemiologic research suggests a modest association between youth cannabis use and mood and anxiety disorders (MADs). However, current evidence is based mostly on cohort studies using data from the 20th century when cannabis was significantly less potent than today. We linked population-based survey data from 2009 to 2012 with administrative records of health services covered under universal healthcare up to 2017. The cohort included youth aged 12 to 24 years at baseline living in Ontario, Canada with no prior MAD health service use (n = 8,252). We conducted a multivariable Cox model to estimate the association between cannabis use frequency (never, Collapse

The current study presents the development of a scale to assess drinking behavior in response to acculturation and immigration stress.

The 19-item Measure of Immigration and Acculturation Stressors (MIAS) and a parallel assessment, a Measure of Drinking in Response to Immigration and Acculturation Stressors (MDRIAS), were administered at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months in a completed randomized controlled trial testing culturally adapted motivational interviewing to reduce heavy drinking and related problems in Latinx individuals who met criteria for heavy drinking (n=149).

Exploratory factor analysis of the MIAS showed best fit for a four-factor solution (Relational Stress, Perceived Ethnic Discrimination, Attenuated Aspirations, and Sense of Alienation) with 15 items. The MIAS subscales and the four corresponding MDRIAS subscales were shown to have good reliability (i.e., internal consistency, intercorrelations, and test-retest) and criterion-related validity (i.e., concurrent, convergent, and predictive).

These findings suggest that the MIAS can be used to assess different types of immigration and acculturation stressors for Latinx adults and the MDRIAS can be used to assess drinking in response to those experiences. The MIAS and MDRIAS could be used in the future to adapt alcohol interventions to relevant stressors that contribute to Latinx adults' alcohol use.

We aimed to examine the mediating role of alcohol use in the pathway from the interventions to depression and anxiety symptoms using data from a randomized controlled trial among people living with HIV (PWH) with hazardous alcohol use (n = 440) in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam. Participants were randomized into either a combined intervention (CoI), a brief intervention (BI) and a standard of care arm. Both interventions were based on cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational enhancement therapy. Alcohol use was measured as the percentage of days abstinent from alcohol in the last 30 days. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scales. Alcohol use was a significant mediator of the effects of two alcohol interventions on depression symptoms, but not anxiety symptoms. There were significant indirect effects via alcohol use of both interventions on depression symptoms at 12 months (CoI: mean difference (MD) = -0.134; 95%CI: -0.251, -0.035); (BI: MD = -0.141; 95%CI: -0.261, -0.038). There were no significant direct or total effects of the interventions on either symptoms at 12 months. Interventions with a dual focus on mental health and alcohol disorders are needed to determine optimal ways to tackle these common comorbidities among PWH.

Despite the high prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in Korea, few studies have been conducted on the temporal priority with comorbid mental disorders. We investigated the temporal priority of lifetime AUDs and comorbid mood and anxiety disorders among the general population of Korea.

Data of 18,807 respondents aged 18 years or older, collected from three national epidemiological surveys comprising face-to-face interviews using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV mental disorders. For each mood or anxiety disorder, the extent to which one mental disorder precedes another was investigated by calculating the proportion of primary AUDs by that of primary mood or anxiety disorder.

Regarding alcohol dependence, dysthymic disorder is 5.6 times more likely to occur before alcohol dependence. Moreover, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia are 3.6 times, 4.5 times, and 6.3 times more likely to occur before, respectively. Regarding alcohol abuse, specific phobia is 6.3 times more likely to occur before, whereas major depressive disorder is two times more likely to occur after. Moreover, the lag times between primary alcohol abuse and subsequent mood or anxiety disorders were longer than those between primary alcohol dependence and the latter.

The age of onset might be subject to recall bias. The presence of non-respondents could have influenced the results.

We need to recognize that one of the mental disorders could lead to another and consider it in the management of people with AUDs or mood and anxiety disorders.

Depression has been associated with the risk of developing physical illnesses and diseases. Inflammatory hypotheses of immunoactive and dysregulated cytokine production have been proposed to describe this association; however, data pertaining to the high prevalence of depression among nurses are limited.

This study aimed to use a comprehensive immune-profiling approach to determine whether an abnormal profile of circulating cytokines could be identified in nurses with self-reported depression and whether this profile is associated with the severity of depression.

We investigated a cohort of 157 female nurses in Korea. The self-report Patient Health Questionnaire was used to measure the depression levels of nurses. In addition, peripheral blood samples were collected and used to measure the cytokine profile using the Luminex multiplexing system. Generalized gamma regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between cytokine and depressive symptoms.

Regarding severity of depressive symptoms, 28.0% of nurses had moderately severe depression while 9.6% had severe depression. Moderately-severe depressive symptoms in nurses were associated with elevated levels of interleukin-6 (B = 0.460, p = 0.003), interleukin-8 (B = 0.273, p = 0.001), and interleukin-18 (B = 0.236, p = 0.023), whereas interferon-gamma levels (B = -0.585, p = 0.003) showed the opposite profile. Participants with severe depressive symptoms presented decreased interferon-gamma levels (B = -1.254, p < 0.001).

This study demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines were associated with depression among nurses. This calls for early detection and intervention, considering the mechanisms linking depression to physical illness and disease.

ObjectiveHeavy alcohol use has been clearly linked to risk for suicidal behaviors and is also prevalent on many American college campuses. This report uses a large sample of college students to explore relationships between alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. Methods: A brief suicide screen was completed by 40,335 university students at four pariticipating sites. Assessments quantified recent depressive symptoms, alcohol use, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Results: Problems from alcohol use were consistently associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts in the previous month, and in the previous year, but the quantity of alcohol used was not. Alcohol related problems exerted effects on the likelihood of both suicide ideation and attempts beyond those explained by their relationship with depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Screens for individuals at increased risk for suicidal ideation and behavior should emphasize alcohol-related problems over quantification of alcohol intake.

It is common practice to associate schizophrenia (SCZ) patients with substance use. The most commonly used substances in China are tobacco and alcohol. However, few studies have focused on alcohol consumption itself in patients with SCZ. Thus the purpose of this study was to detect the prevalence of alcohol use and associated clinical factors in Chinese patients with SCZ.

A total of 616 male inpatients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for SCZ participated in this study. A detailed questionnaire, including data on alcohol consumption was used to collect demographic and clinical information on all patients. The five-factor model of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was adopted to assess psychiatric symptoms.

In this study, 31.49% of SCZ inpatients had a history of alcohol use, and 82.9% of these patients abstained from alcohol use after the onset of SCZ. Compared to nondrinkers, patients who drank were more likely to smoke (p = 0.004), more likely to have suicide attempts (p = 0.002) and suicidal ideation (p = 0.001), more severe positive (p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (p = 0.034), but less severe negative symptoms (p = 0.04).

These findings suggest that alcohol use is common during the lifetime of SCZ patients and that alcohol use may be associated with clinical symptoms in SCZ patients.

Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and alcohol use disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Among university students, alcohol use and poor mental health are associated with risky sexual behavior. Given the syndemic occurrence of these disorders most especially in young adults, we describe the relationship between them so as to guide and intensify current interventions on reducing their burden in this population.

This was a cross-sectional study based on an online survey among healthcare professional university students that captured sociodemographic characteristics, risky sexual behavior, alcohol use disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression. Structural equation modelling was used to describe the relationship between these variables using RStudio.

We enrolled a total of 351 participants of which 11% (37/351) had Alcohol Use Disorder, 33% (117/351) had depressive symptoms and 32% (111/351) had symptoms of anxiety. A model describing the relationship between these variables was found to fit well both descriptively and statistically [χ² = 44.437, df = 21, p-value = 0.01, CFI = 0.989, TFI = 0.980, RMSEA = 0.056]. All observed variables were found to fit significantly and positively onto their respective latent factors (AUD, anxiety, depression and risky sexual behavior). AUD was found to be significantly associated with risky sexual behavior (β = 0.381, P < 0.001), depression (β = 0.152, P = 0.004), and anxiety (β = 0.137, P = 0.001).

AUD, depression and anxiety are a significant burden in this health professional student population and there's need to consider screening for anxiety and depression in students reporting with AUD so as to ensure appropriate interventions. A lot of attention and efforts should be focused on the effect of AUD on risky sexual behavior and continued health education is still required even among health professional students.

The cognitive control network (CCN) is an important network responsible for performing and modulating executive functions. In adolescents, alcohol use has been associated with weaker cognitive control, higher reward sensitivity, and later-in-life alcohol problems. Given that the CCN continues to develop into young adulthood, it is important to understand relations between early alcohol use, the CCN, and reward networks. Participants included individuals 18-23 years without alcohol use disorder. Based upon self-reported age of first alcoholic drink, participants were split into two groups: Early (onset) Drinkers (first drink < age 18, N = 52) and Late (onset) Drinkers (first drink > age 18, N = 44). All participants underwent an 8-minute resting-state fMRI scan. Seed regions of interest included the anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), amygdala, and ventral striatum. Early Drinkers demonstrated significant reduced connectivity of CCN regions, including bilateral anterior DLPFC, compared to Late Drinkers. There were no significant differences between Early and Late Drinkers in connectivity between reward and CCN regions. These results suggest that individuals who begin drinking alcohol earlier in life may have alterations in the development of the CCN; however, longitudinal research is necessary to determine whether lower connectivity precedes or follows early alcohol use, and any other relevant factors.

Although gender differences in adolescent substance use are complex and substance use accompanies mental health problems, most previous studies have focused on gender-specific association between single substance use and mental health. This study aimed to investigate gender-specific substance use patterns and to examine their association with mental health characteristics.

Nationally representative data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey collected in 2018 were analyzed. To identify substance use patterns among male adolescents (n = 30,463) and female adolescents (n = 29,577), multiple-group latent class analysis was conducted using eight substance use indicators. In addition, we conducted a latent class analysis with covariates to examine the association between substance use patterns and mental health characteristics.

Among both gender samples, the four-class model best fit the data: nonusers (86.4%), frequent smokers (2.9%), risky drinkers (7.1%), and heavy tobacco and alcohol users with lifetime heated tobacco product use (3.6%) for male adolescents, and nonusers (89.8%), frequent smokers (0.5%), risky drinkers (8.0%), and heavy tobacco and alcohol users with a drunkenness episode (1.7%) for female adolescents. Depression, suicidal plans, and suicidal attempts predicted the latent class model for both genders. In addition, stress level predicted the latent class model for female adolescents.

The findings indicate that homogeneous patterns of substance use by gender are differentially associated with mental health problems. Therefore, health professionals should develop interventions tailored to gender-specific substance use patterns, taking into account the mental health characteristics of each pattern.

More than nine million U.S. adults have a co-occurring mental health and substance use disorder. The self-medication hypothesis suggests that individuals with unmet need may alleviate the symptoms of their mental illness by using alcohol or drugs. We examine the relationship between unmet mental health need and subsequent substance use among individuals with a history of depression as well as differences in metro and nonmetro areas.

We used repeated cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2015-2018 after identifying individuals with depression in the past year (n = 12,211). We used logistic regressions with interaction terms to examine the association between unmet need for mental health care and substance use by geographic location.

Unmet mental health need was associated with increased use of marijuana (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.64), illicit drugs (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.19-2.58), and prescription drugs (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.19-3.00) among individuals with depression, which did not vary by geographic location. Unmet need was not associated with increased heavy alcohol drinking (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.60-1.26).

No differences in substance usage between metro and nonmetro populations were observed for those with an unmet need for mental health care. We found support for the self-medication hypothesis among individuals with depression with respect to alcohol.

We examine whether individuals with depression and unmet care needs are more likely to self-medicate with substances including prescription drugs. Due to higher unmeet needs in nonmetro areas, we examine whether the likelihood of self-medication differs in metro and nonmetro areas.

Background: Drinking motives are strong proximal predictors of alcohol use behaviors and may represent a mediational mechanism by which different individual predispositions toward internalizing or externalizing psychopathology lead to the development of alcohol misuse. However, whether the association is due to a causal relationship or a shared etiology (i.e., confounding) is difficult to determine and may change across developmental periods. Methods: This study leveraged a cross-lagged panel design to disentangle the nature of the relationships between self-report measures of drinking motives, alcohol misuse, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in a 4-year longitudinal sample of college students (N = 9,889). Results: Results pointed to a putative causal effect of drinking motives on early binge drinking frequency, but the direction of effect later reversed, reflecting a possible developmental shift during college. On the other hand, the relationships between drinking motives and internalizing/externalizing psychopathology appeared to be driven by shared etiology rather than direct causal mechanisms. Conclusions: These findings highlight the distinct and important role of drinking motives in the etiology of alcohol misuse and have implications for the application of tailored prevention and treatment strategies.

Depression, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences are experienced disproportionately by American Indian (AI) adolescents. The co-occurrence of depression and alcohol use is clinically relevant, as it is associated with increased risk for suicide, among other negative consequences. Understanding how the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use and related consequences is influenced by gender is important to understand for whom intervention efforts might be particularly relevant. Thus, the present study seeks to evaluate gender differences in these associations among AI adolescents.

Participants were a representative sample of AI adolescents (N = 3,498, Mage=14.76, 47.8% female) residing on or near reservations who completed self-report questionnaires in school classrooms. Study activities were approved by IRB, school boards, and tribal authorities.

The interaction of depressive symptoms and gender was significant in predicting past-year alcohol use frequency (b=.02, p=.02) and, among youth reporting lifetime alcohol use, alcohol-related consequences (b=.03, p=.001). Analysis of simple slopes revealed that, for females, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with past-year alcohol use frequency (b=.02, p<.001) and alcohol-related consequences (b=.05, p<.001). For males, depressive symptoms were only significantly associated with alcohol-related consequences (b=.02, p=.04), and this effect was weaker than for females.

Results of the present study may inform the development of gender-sensitive recommendations for the assessment and treatment of alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences among AI adolescents. For instance, results suggest that treatments focusing on depressive symptoms may subsequently reduce alcohol use and related consequences for female AI adolescents.

Internalizing (anxiety and mood) disorders (INTD) commonly co-occur (are "comorbid") with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The literature suggests that excessive alcohol use aimed at coping with INTD symptoms is, at best, a partial explanation for the high comorbidity rates observed. We hypothesized that individuals with INTD experience greater susceptibility to developing AUD symptoms due to the partially shared neurobiological dysfunctions underlying both conditions. We probe this hypothesis by testing the prediction that, after accounting for the volume of alcohol intake, individuals with INTD experience higher levels of alcohol-related symptoms.

Data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol-Related Conditions (NESARC) Wave 3 were used for the primary analyses, and NESARC Wave 1 data were used for independent replication analyses. Individuals who reported any alcohol use in the prior year were categorized as: (1) never having had an INTD diagnosis ("INTD-Never"); (2) having a remitted INTD diagnosis only ("INTD-Remitted"); or (3) having current INTD diagnosis ("INTD-Current"). Between-group contrasts of alcohol-related symptoms controlled for total alcohol intake (past year), drinking pattern (e.g., binging) and variables previously shown to mark exaggerated AUD symptoms relative to drinking amount (e.g., SES, gender, and family history).

With all covariates in the model, individuals in the INTD-Current group and the INTD-Remitted group reported significantly greater alcohol-related symptoms than those in the INTD-Never group but did not themselves differ in level of alcohol-related symptoms. These results were replicated in the NESARC 1 dataset.

Individuals with INTD experience more alcohol-related symptoms than those who drink at the same level. While considering other explanations, we argue that this "harm paradox" is best explained by the view that INTD confers a neurobiologically mediated susceptibility to the development of AUD symptoms.

Background: Gray's original Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) posits that an oversensitive behavioral inhibition system (BIS) may increase risk for negative-reinforcement-motivated drinking, given its role in anxiety. However, existing data provides mixed support for the BIS-alcohol use association. The inconsistent evidence is not surprising, as the revised RST predicts that the behavioral approach system (BAS) should moderate the effect of the BIS on alcohol use. A strong BAS is thought to bring attention to the negatively reinforcing effects of alcohol, leading to problem drinking among those with a strong BIS. While emerging results support this interaction, we still have much to learn about the mechanisms underlying this effect on alcohol use. Accordingly, we examined motives for alcohol use as mediators of the joint associations of the BIS and the BAS on drinking behaviors. Specifically, our central hypothesis was that individuals with a strong BIS and a strong BAS would endorse increased negative reinforcement motives for drinking (coping and conformity motives), which in turn would predict heavy drinking and alcohol problems. Method: Participants (N=346; 195 women) completed study measures as part of the baseline assessment for a larger study. Results: Overall, results partially supported the hypotheses. Mediated moderation analyses showed that the indirect effect of the BIS on alcohol problems, through coping and conformity motives, was strongest at high levels of the BAS. This effect was not supported for alcohol use. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that clinical interventions should target coping and conformity reasons for drinking among anxious, reward responsive, young adults.

Alcohol consumption, smoking and mood disorders are leading contributors to the global burden of disease and are highly comorbid. Yet, their interrelationships have remained elusive. The aim of this study was to examine the multi-cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between (change in) smoking and alcohol use and (change in) number of depressive symptoms.

In this prospective, longitudinal study, 6646 adults from the general population were included with follow-up measurements after 3 and 6 years. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test multi-cross-sectional and longitudinal associations, with smoking behaviour, alcohol use and genetic risk scores for smoking and alcohol use as independent variables and depressive symptoms as dependent variables.

In the multi-cross-sectional analysis, smoking status and number of cigarettes per day were positively associated with depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). Moderate drinking was associated with less symptoms of depression compared to non-use (p = 0.011). Longitudinally, decreases in the numbers of cigarettes per day and alcoholic drinks per week as well as alcohol cessation were associated with a reduction of depressive symptoms (p = 0.001-0.028). Results of genetic risk score analyses aligned with these findings.

While cross-sectionally smoking and moderate alcohol use show opposing associations with depressive symptoms, decreases in smoking behaviour as well as alcohol consumption are associated with improvements in depressive symptoms over time. Although we cannot infer causality, these results open avenues to further investigate interventions targeting smoking and alcohol behaviours in people suffering from depressive symptoms.

Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk for depression, but it remains unclear whether this is a causal relationship or a methodological artifact. To compare the effects of consistent abstinence and occasional, moderate, and above-guideline alcohol consumption throughout early to middle adulthood on depression at age 50, the authors conducted a secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and employed a marginal structural model (MSM) approach.

Baseline was set at 1994, when individuals were ages 29-37. The MSM incorporated measurements of alcohol consumption in 1994, 2002, and 2006, baseline and time-varying covariates, and repeated measurements with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Short Form (CES-D-SF). A total of 5,667 eligible participants provided valid data at baseline, 3,593 of whom provided valid outcome data. The authors used all observed data to predict CES-D-SF means and rates of probable depression for hypothetical trajectories of consistent alcohol consumption.

The results approximated J-curve relationships. Specifically, both consistent occasional and consistent moderate drinkers were predicted to have reduced CES-D-SF scores and rates of probable depression at age 50 compared with consistent abstainers (CES-D-SF scores: b=-0.84, 95% CI=-1.47, -0.11; probable depression: odds ratio=0.58, 95% CI=0.36, 0.88 for consistent occasional drinkers vs. abstainers; CES-D-SF scores: b=-1.08, 95% CI=-1.88, -0.20; probable depression: odds ratio=0.59, 95% CI=0.26, 1.13 for consistent moderate drinkers vs. consistent abstainers). Consistent above-guideline drinkers were predicted to have slightly increased risk compared with consistent abstainers, but this was not significant. In sex-stratified analyses, results were similar for females and males.

This study contributes preliminary evidence that associations between moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk for depression may reflect genuine causal effects. Further research using diverse methodologies that promote causal inference is required.

Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between alcohol addiction and mood disorders. Alcohol-dependent patients with depression tend to demonstrate clinically more severe manic symptoms, which complicates the process of diagnosis and therapy. However, the predictors indicating the risk of mood disorders in addicted patients remain unclear. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between personal dispositions, bipolar traits, depth of addiction, quality of sleep, and depressive symptoms in alcohol-dependent men. The study group comprised 70 men (age M = 46.06, SD = 11.29) diagnosed with alcohol addiction. The participants completed a battery of questionnaires: BDI, HCL-32, PSQI, EPQ-R and MAST. The results were tested using Pearson's correlation quotient and general linear model. The findings indicate that some of the studied patients are likely to have mood disorders of clinically significant severity. High neuroticism and poor sleep quality are independent predictors of depressive symptoms in alcohol-dependent patients. Among the components of sleep quality, problems with falling asleep and waking up at night appear to be most strongly associated with depressive symptoms. The intensity of depressive symptoms may relate to the intensity of certain bipolar features, such as risk-taking activity and irritability. High neuroticism and poor sleep quality are independent predictors of depressive symptoms in the studied group.

Children who experience adversities have an elevated risk of mental health problems. However, the extent to which adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) cause mental health problems remains unclear, as previous associations may partly reflect genetic confounding. In this Registered Report, we used DNA from 11,407 children from the United Kingdom and the United States to investigate gene-environment correlations and genetic confounding of the associations between ACEs and mental health. Regarding gene-environment correlations, children with higher polygenic scores for mental health problems had a small increase in odds of ACEs. Regarding genetic confounding, elevated risk of mental health problems in children exposed to ACEs was at least partially due to pre-existing genetic risk. However, some ACEs (such as childhood maltreatment and parental mental illness) remained associated with mental health problems independent of genetic confounding. These findings suggest that interventions addressing heritable psychiatric vulnerabilities in children exposed to ACEs may help reduce their risk of mental health problems.

Depression and alcohol misuse, frequently comorbid, are associated with altered reward processing. However, no study has examined whether and how the neural markers of reward processing are shared between depression and alcohol misuse. We studied 43 otherwise-healthy drinking adults in a monetary incentive delay task (MIDT) during fMRI. All participants were evaluated with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) to assess the severity of drinking and depression. We performed whole brain regressions against each AUDIT and BDI-II score to investigate the neural correlates and evaluated the findings at a corrected threshold. We performed mediation analyses to examine the inter-relationships between win/loss responses, alcohol misuse, and depression. AUDIT and BDI-II scores were positively correlated across subjects. Alcohol misuse and depression shared win-related activations in frontoparietal regions and parahippocampal gyri (PHG), and right superior temporal gyri (STG), as well as loss-related activations in the right PHG and STG, and midline cerebellum. These regional activities (β's) completely mediated the correlations between BDI-II and AUDIT scores. The findings suggest shared neural correlates interlinking depression and problem drinking both during win and loss processing and provide evidence for co-morbid etiological processes of depressive and alcohol use disorders.

Alcohol, tobacco and coffee are commonly used substances and use in adolescence has previously been linked to mood disorders. However, few large prospective studies have investigated adolescent use in relation to mental health outcomes in adulthood. The main aim of this study was to examine the prospective associations between alcohol use, cigarette smoking and coffee consumption at age 16 and subsequent mood disorders up to 33 years of age.

Data from The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study were used and a total of 7660 participants (49.9% male) were included. Associations between alcohol use, cigarette smoking and coffee consumption at age 16 and later diagnoses of major depression and bipolar disorder were examined using multinomial logistic regression analyses.

Mean number of cigarettes/day (OR, 1.23 [95% CI 1.01-1.50]) and mean volume of alcohol consumption (OR, 1.22 [95% CI 1.01-1.47]), but not frequency of excessive drinking, in adolescence were associated with increased risk for subsequent bipolar disorder after adjustment for sex, parental psychiatric disorders, family structure, illicit substance use, and emotional and behavioral problems at age 16. An association between cigarette smoking and major depression attenuated to statistically non-significant when adjusted for emotional and behavioral problems. No associations were observed between adolescent coffee consumption and subsequent mood disorders.

This is the first study to report an association of adolescent cigarette smoking and subsequent bipolar disorder diagnosis providing grounds for further research and pointing to a place for preventive measures among adolescents.

Alcohol use disorder is associated with increased suicide risk; however, both alcohol use disorder and suicide share risk factors which must be accounted for in order to understand this relationship. This study aimed to explore the longitudinal relationship between alcohol use disorder and suicidal ideation in adulthood, while accounting for both child background and adult covariate factors.

Data were collected from the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a birth cohort of 1265 children born in Christchurch (New Zealand) in mid-1977. Alcohol use disorder (operationalised as alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence) was quantified between age 18 and 40 in five data waves. The outcome measure suicidal ideation was reported over the same time periods. Childhood confounding variables were controlled for, as well as time-dynamic covariates collected in adulthood, including internalising disorders, distress due to relationship dissolutions and other substance use disorders.

The association between alcohol abuse and suicidal ideation was not statistically significant before or after adjusting for childhood confounding and adulthood covariate factors, when compared to no alcohol disorder. However, the association between alcohol dependence and suicidal ideation was significant both before and after adjustment (unadjusted odds ratio = 2.89, 95% confidence interval = [2.09, 3.99]; adjusted odds ratio = 1.52, 95% confidence interval = [1.04, 2.23]), when compared to no alcohol disorder. Furthermore, alcohol dependence remained significant when compared to alcohol abuse (unadjusted odds ratio = 2.33, 95% confidence interval = [1.61, 3.37]; adjusted odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval = [1.00, 2.37]).

This analysis found an association between alcohol dependence and suicidal ideation within a New Zealand birth cohort, which persists even after adjustment for childhood confounding and adulthood covariate factors. Given the high rates of suicide and heavy drinking within the New Zealand population, any comprehensive national or regional suicide prevention plan should seek to reduce risky alcohol consumption at an individual and population level, as this represents a modifiable risk factor for suicide.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to substantial daily life changes for people worldwide. We investigated the association between daily life restrictions and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic based on the Korea Community Health Survey. Daily life restrictions were evaluated using a questionnaire to population into three restriction categories: no/slightly, moderately, and severely. Depression was assessed by the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the demographic characteristics of individuals with and without depression. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between the severity of daily life restrictions and the prevalence of depression. The prevalence of depression was 2.4% in the total population: 5.7% in the severely restricted group and 2.7% in the moderately restricted group. After adjusting for age, sex, educational level, income, marital status, and employment status, the severely restricted group was more likely to have depression than was the no change/slightly restricted group (OR = 2.40, 95% CI 2.16-2.67, p < 0.001). Employers with severely restricted daily life exhibited a higher OR for depression compared to the no/slightly restricted group (OR = 3.24, 95% CI 2.37-4.45, p < 0.001). It is necessary to consider the mental health of vulnerable affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Women with alcohol use disorder (AUD) might be particularly vulnerable to psychiatric comorbidities. However, population surveys have yielded disparate findings. We used data from the French Mental Health in the General Population survey to investigate gender-related risks of psychiatric comorbidities associated with AUD. A cross-sectional survey based on face-to-face interviews, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, was conducted among 38,717 subjects. Logistic regression models were used to assess risks of psychiatric comorbidities associated with AUD. After adjustment for socio-demographics and other psychiatric disorders, both women and men with AUD were at higher risk of comorbid depressive disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0-3.4 in women, and OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.7-2.4 in men), bipolar I disorder (2.5; 1.4-4.4 in women vs. 2.6; 1.9-3.4 in men), and psychotic disorder (1.6; 1.01-2.5 in women vs. 1.8; 1.4-2.3 in men). Women with AUD exhibited an increased risk of comorbid panic disorder (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.2) while the increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significant in men only (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6-4.2). The increased risk of comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) was more elevated in women, compared to men (12.9; 8.1-18.1 vs. 4.8; 4.0-5.8 in men). Most of psychiatric conditions were over-represented in both women and men with AUD, relative to controls. Gender-specific findings were that women with AUD had an increased risk of comorbid SUD or panic disorder, while men had a significantly higher risk of comorbid PTSD.