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Guo Y, Mills DJ, Lau CL, Mills C, Furuya‐Kanamori L. Immune response after rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis and a booster dose in Australian bat carers. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:465-472. [PMID: 37170441 PMCID: PMC10952468 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodic vaccination against rabies is essential for individuals at continuing risk of rabies exposure. There is limited evidence on long-term immunogenicity after a 3-dose intramuscular (3IM) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and single IM booster dose, thus current guideline recommendations differ in the interval for serology tests following PrEP and boosters. This study investigated post-PrEP and post-booster persistence of antibodies in Australian bat carers. Bat carers who received 3IM PrEP/booster doses and had post-PrEP/booster serology test results were included. The proportion of antibody-negative (<0.5 EU/mL) individuals after PrEP/booster dose were examined. Three hundred and five participants (65.6% females, median age at PrEP 43.1 years) were included. The proportion who were antibody-negative varied depending on the time between 3IM PrEP and the serology test: 8.0% <1 year, 29.8% 1-2 years, 21.2% 2-3 years and 7.7% >3 years. Ninety-one participants receiving booster doses were further assessed. Only one participant was antibody-negative at >3 years after receiving one IM booster dose. Our findings support that a serology test should be performed 1 year after 3IM PrEP, followed by first booster if required. Rabies antibodies persist for many years after receiving the booster doses. The interval between subsequent serology tests and the first booster dose should be no longer than 3 years. Future studies are required to provide more insight into the most appropriate timing of subsequent boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Guo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandHerstonAustralia
| | - Deborah J. Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel DoctorTravel Medicine AllianceBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Colleen L. Lau
- Dr Deb The Travel DoctorTravel Medicine AllianceBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandHerstonAustralia
| | - Christine Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel DoctorTravel Medicine AllianceBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Luis Furuya‐Kanamori
- School of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandHerstonAustralia
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Dougas G, Mavrouli M, Vrioni G, Lytras T, Mellou K, Metallidis S, Istikoglou I, Mitrou K, Tzani M, Georgopoulou I, Tsalikoglou F, Garetsou E, Poulakou G, Giannitsioti E, Moschopoulos C, Baka A, Georgakopoulou T, Tsiodras S, Tsakris A. Antibody Response Following Pre-Exposure Immunization Against Rabies in High-Risk Professionals. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 20:303-309. [PMID: 31794689 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against rabies and routine antibody testing of subjects participating in programs for the surveillance and control of rabies in animals is strongly recommended. The scope of this study is to describe the antibody level as measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after primary and booster intramuscular vaccination with a purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) in high-risk professionals and to determine the influence of an array of factors on antibody level, that is, time elapsed since primary immunization series and booster dose, sex, age, pathologic conditions, high-risk occupation, and peak antibody level after initial scheme and booster dose. A primary series of three doses of PVRV was administered and a commercial ELISA was recommended 14 days postimmunization with continuous repetition at 6 months and yearly intervals for the laboratory personnel and the rest of the professionals, respectively. The protective antibody titer was defined as a minimum of 0.5 equivalent units/mL (EU/mL) (seroconvertion) and a booster dose was applied if the titer was determined nonprotective. The seroconversion rate (SCR) after primary vaccination was 100%, with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 2.90 EU/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.85-3.45). After booster vaccination due to nonprotective titer, the SCR was 100% and the GMT increased by 678% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 514-887) reaching 4.25 EU/mL (IQR: 4.00-4.60), 2.5 times higher than the GMT elicited by the primary vaccine scheme in the respective recipients. The titer dropped by 1.20% per month (95% CI: 0.52-1.89) regardless of booster administration or any other factor. Women had 51% higher titer compared with men (95% CI: 6-116). High-risk professionals should be verified for adequate antibody titers, but routine administration of a single booster dose of PVRV 1 year after the primary series could be considered; more evidence is needed to support the benefit in terms of immunity and logistics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Mavrouli
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Symeon Metallidis
- Infectious Diseases Division, 1st Internal Medicine Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Istikoglou
- Infection Control Committee, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Myrsini Tzani
- Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Georgopoulou
- Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Garyfallia Poulakou
- "Attikon" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymia Giannitsioti
- "Attikon" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Moschopoulos
- "Attikon" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Agoritsa Baka
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece.,"Attikon" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Langedijk AC, De Pijper CA, Spijker R, Holman R, Grobusch MP, Stijnis C. Rabies Antibody Response After Booster Immunization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1932-1947. [PMID: 29788204 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fatal once symptomatic, rabies is preventable by administration of pre- and post-exposure vaccines. International guidelines suggest lifelong protection by a pre-exposure vaccination scheme followed by timely post-exposure vaccines. Rapidity and magnitude of the antibody recall response after booster inoculation are essential, as many people have been previously immunized a long time ago. The objective of this study was therefore to systematically review the evidence on the boostability of rabies immunization to date. We included 36 studies, of which 19 studies were suitable for meta-analysis. Reduced antibody levels were found after intradermal primary schedules as compared to intramuscular schedules. However, responses after booster immunization were adequate for both routes. Although studies showed that antibody levels decline over time, adequate booster responses were still retained over long time intervals indicating that post-exposure treatment is effective without extra measures after long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annefleur C Langedijk
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A De Pijper
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Spijker
- Medical Library, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Holman
- Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Stijnis
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The Netherlands
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Gozdas HT, Karabay O, Ogutlu A, Guclu E, Yurumez Y, Koroglu M, Erkorkmaz U. The Effect of Concurrent Tetanus-diphtheria Vaccination on the Antibody Response to Rabies Vaccine: A Preliminary Study. Prague Med Rep 2019; 119:113-121. [PMID: 30414362 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of studies in the literature investigating the effect of tetanus vaccination on rabies prophylaxis is rather limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of concurrent tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccination on the antibody response to rabies vaccine. The data of consecutive 80 patients who presented to Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency due to rabies suspected exposure between 15 October 2012 and 12 June 2013 were enrolled to this study. Postexposure rabies prophylaxis had been given to all cases, however concurrent tetanus vaccination had been administered to some of them according to their need. Cases were divided into two parts according to their receipt of tetanus prophylaxis as rabies only group (group R, n=37), and rabies and tetanus-diphtheria group (group R+Td, n=43). Rabies antibody levels were tested in sera of the cases at first and postvaccination 21st day. The median antibody levels of each group were measured and compared with each other statistically. In our study, postvaccination 21st day antibody level of group R was 0.68 IU/ml (IQR: 0.79), while the same for group R+Td was 0.52 IU/ml (IQR: 0.48) (p=0.022). Concurrent administration of Td vaccine was found to have a significant negative effect on the antibody response to rabies vaccine. Our results should be confirmed with further studies including more cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tahsin Gozdas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Oguz Karabay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Aziz Ogutlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Guclu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yurumez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Koroglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Unal Erkorkmaz
- Department of Biostatistics, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
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Mansfield KL, Andrews N, Goharriz H, Goddard T, McElhinney LM, Brown KE, Fooks AR. Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis elicits long-lasting immunity in humans. Vaccine 2016; 34:5959-5967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Johnson N, Cunningham AF. Interplay between rabies virus and the mammalian immune system. World J Clin Infect Dis 2015; 5:67-76. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v5.i4.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a disease caused following infection of the brain by the rabies virus (RABV). The principle mechanism of transmission is through a bite wound. The virus infects peripheral nerves and moves to the central nervous system (CNS). There appears to be little involvement of other organ systems and little detectable immune stimulation prior to infection of the CNS. This failure of the mammalian immune system to respond to rabies virus infection leads, in the overwhelming majority of cases, to death of the host. To some extent, this failure is likely due to the exclusive replication of RABV in neurons and the limited ability to generate, sufficiently rapidly, an anti-viral antibody response in situ. This is reflected in the ability of post-exposure vaccination, when given early after infection, to prevent disease. The lack of immune stimulation during RABV infection preceding neural invasion is the Achilles heel of the immune response. Whilst many viruses infect the brain, causing encephalitis and neuronal deficit, none are as consistently fatal to the host as RABV. This is in part due to prior replication of many viruses in peripheral, non-neural tissue by other viruses that allows timely activation of the immune response before the host is overwhelmed. Our current understanding of the correlates of protection for rabies suggests that it is the action of neutralising antibodies that prevent infection and control spread of RABV. Furthermore, it tells us that the induction of immunity can protect and understanding how and why this happens is critical to controlling infection. However, the paradigm of antibody development suggests that antigen presentation overwhelmingly occurs in lymphoid tissue (germinal and non-germinal centres) and these are external to the CNS. In addition, the blood-brain-barrier may provide a block to the delivery of immune effectors (antibodies/plasma B-cells) entering where they are needed. Alternatively, there may be insufficient antigen exposure after natural infection to mount an effective response or the virus actively suppresses immune function. To improve our ability to treat this fatal infection it is imperative to understand how immunity to RABV develops and functions so that parameters of protection are better defined.
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Gozdas HT, Karabay O. Inadequate rabies antibody titers two years after pre-exposure prophylaxis might be directly associated with low antibody response to primary vaccine series. Vaccine 2015; 33:2735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Banga N, Guss P, Banga A, Rosenman KD. Reply to Letter to the Editor. Vaccine 2015; 33:2736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Banga N, Guss P, Banga A, Rosenman KD. Incidence and variables associated with inadequate antibody titers after pre-exposure rabies vaccination among veterinary medical students. Vaccine 2014; 32:979-83. [PMID: 24394442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to determine the proportion of subjects with inadequate antibody titers at two years after pre-exposure rabies vaccination and identify variables associated with inadequate antibody titers. METHODS A retrospective chart review of vaccination records of veterinary students in Michigan, 2004-2009, was conducted. Antibody titers <0.5 IU/ml as estimated by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test were classified as inadequate. Variables were compared between the two groups to identify factors associated with inadequate titers at two years. RESULTS A total of 603 subjects (mean age 24.1 ± 4.2 years, male:female 106:497) were included. Nearly one third (177/603, 29.4%) had inadequate titers at two years. Male gender (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.87, 1.07-3.27; p=0.029), vaccine manufacturer (AOR 1.49, 1.16-1.92; p=0.002), BMI >25 (AOR 1.61, 1.02-2.54; p=0.043), and duration between first and third doses of vaccine >21 days (AOR 2.49, 1.26-4.97; p=0.009) were independently associated with inadequate titers. CONCLUSIONS Twenty-nine percent of subjects had inadequate antibody titers against rabies at 2 years. Gender, vaccine type/manufacturer, BMI of 25 or greater, and more than 21 days between the first and third doses of vaccine were independently associated with inadequate antibody titers at two years. Our data would support modifying the recommendations, so the third dose is recommended at 21 days rather than 21-28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Banga
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paula Guss
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States
| | - Amit Banga
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kenneth D Rosenman
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States.
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Orange JS, Ballow M, Stiehm ER, Ballas ZK, Chinen J, De La Morena M, Kumararatne D, Harville TO, Hesterberg P, Koleilat M, McGhee S, Perez EE, Raasch J, Scherzer R, Schroeder H, Seroogy C, Huissoon A, Sorensen RU, Katial R. Use and interpretation of diagnostic vaccination in primary immunodeficiency: a working group report of the Basic and Clinical Immunology Interest Section of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:S1-24. [PMID: 22935624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A major diagnostic intervention in the consideration of many patients suspected to have primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs) is the application and interpretation of vaccination. Specifically, the antibody response to antigenic challenge with vaccines can provide substantive insight into the status of human immune function. There are numerous vaccines that are commonly used in healthy individuals, as well as others that are available for specialized applications. Both can potentially be used to facilitate consideration of PIDD. However, the application of vaccines and interpretation of antibody responses in this context are complex. These rely on consideration of numerous existing specific studies, interpolation of data from healthy populations, current diagnostic guidelines, and expert subspecialist practice. This document represents an attempt of a working group of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology to provide further guidance and synthesis in this use of vaccination for diagnostic purposes in consideration of PIDD, as well as to identify key areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
The development of vaccines that prevent rabies has a long and distinguished history, with the earliest preceding modern understanding of viruses and the mechanisms of immune protection against disease. The correct application of inactivated tissue culture-derived vaccines is highly effective at preventing the development of rabies, and very few failures are recorded. Furthermore, oral and parenteral vaccination is possible for wildlife, companion animals and livestock, again using inactivated tissue culture-derived virus. However, rabies remains endemic in many regions of the world and causes thousands of human deaths annually. There also remain no means of prophylaxis for rabies once the virus enters the central nervous system (CNS). One reason for this is the poor immune response within the CNS to infection with rabies virus (RABV). New approaches to vaccination using modified rabies viruses that express components of the innate immune system are being applied to this problem. Preliminary reports suggest that direct inoculation of such viruses could trigger an effective anti-viral response and prevent a fatal outcome from RABV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hicks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Surrey University of Liverpool, National Centre for Zoonosis Research, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, UK
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McElhinney LM, Marston DA, Leech S, Freuling CM, van der Poel WHM, Echevarria J, Vázquez-Moron S, Horton DL, Müller T, Fooks AR. Molecular epidemiology of bat lyssaviruses in Europe. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:35-45. [PMID: 22937876 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bat rabies cases in Europe are principally attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) and European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2). Between 1977 and 2011, 961 cases of bat rabies were reported to Rabies Bulletin Europe, with the vast majority (>97%) being attributed to EBLV-1. There have been 25 suspected cases of EBLV-2, of which 22 have been confirmed. In addition, two single isolations of unique lyssaviruses from European insectivorous bats were reported in south-west Russia in 2002 (West Caucasian bat virus) and in Germany in 2010 (Bokeloh bat lyssavirus). In this review, we present phylogenetic analyses of the EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 using partial nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences. In particular, we have analysed all EBLV-2 cases for which viral sequences (N gene, 400 nucleotides) are available (n = 21). Oropharyngeal swabs collected from two healthy Myotis daubentonii during active surveillance programmes in Scotland and Switzerland also yielded viral RNA (EBLV-2). Despite the relatively low number of EBLV-2 cases, a surprisingly large amount of anomalous data has been published in the scientific literature and Genbank, which we have collated and clarified. For both viruses, geographical relationships are clearly defined on the phylogenetic analysis. Whilst there is no clear chronological clustering for either virus, there is some evidence for host specific relationships, particularly for EBLV-1 where more host variation has been observed. Further genomic regions must be studied, in particular for EBLV-1 isolates from Spain and the EBLV-2 isolates to provide support for the existence of sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M McElhinney
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, UK.
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Warrell M. Current rabies vaccines and prophylaxis schedules: Preventing rabies before and after exposure. Travel Med Infect Dis 2012; 10:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lim PL, Barkham TM. Serologic response to rabies pre-exposure vaccination in persons with potential occupational exposure in Singapore. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e511-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Malerczyk C, Selhorst T, Tordo N, Moore S, Müller T. Antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell culture vaccine (PCECV) cross-neutralize non-classical bat lyssavirus strains. Vaccine 2009; 27:5320-5. [PMID: 19615958 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-culture vaccines like purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCECV) have been shown to provide protection against classical rabies virus (RABV) via pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. A cross-neutralization study was conducted using a panel of 100 human sera, to determine, to what extent after vaccination with PCECV protection exists against non-classical bat lyssavirus strains like European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) type 1 and 2 and Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV). Virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) concentrations against the rabies virus variants CVS-11, ABLV, EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 were determined by using a modified rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. For ABLV and EBLV-2, the comparison to CVS-11 revealed almost identical results (100% adequate VNA concentrations >or=0.5 IU/mL; correlation coefficient r(2)=0.69 and 0.77, respectively), while for EBLV-1 more scattering was observed (97% adequate VNA concentrations; r(2)=0.50). In conclusion, vaccination with PCECV produces adequate VNA concentrations against classical RABV as well as non-classical lyssavirus strains ABLV, EBLV-1, and EBLV-2.
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Public health risk analysis of European bat lyssavirus infection in The Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 137:803-9. [PMID: 18205973 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the frequency and the nature of contact incidents of the Serotine bat, Eptesicus serotinus, with humans and with companion animals (specifically cats and dogs), in The Netherlands between 2000 and 2005. Out of 17 bats in bite contact with humans, five tested positive for European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) type 1a. Cats had the most numerous contacts with bats (49 times) but a relatively low number of these bats were EBLV positive (six times). We estimated that the average incidence of human bat rabies infection might be between once per year and once per 700 years, depending mainly on the number of infectious viral particles in bat saliva. The risk of bat rabies is higher between April and October, and in the northern half of the country. This is the first study in Europe describing the risk of human bat rabies after bat contact incidents.
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