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Sansum KM, Bond B, Pulsford RM, McManus A, Agbaje AO, Skinner AM, Barker AR. Cross-sectional associations between physical activity and sedentary time with cardiovascular health in children from the ALSPAC study using compositional data analysis. Sci Rep 2025; 15:11878. [PMID: 40195387 PMCID: PMC11977000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-95407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/09/2025] Open
Abstract
This study adopted a compositional framework to cross-sectionally examine the associations between physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) with vascular structure and function and clustered cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 4277 children (2,226 girls), aged 10.6±0.2 years. Cardiovascular outcomes included flow mediated dilation, distensibility coefficient, pulse wave velocity and a clustered CVD risk factor score. Time spent in light PA (LPA) and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST were determined using accelerometers. Multiple linear regression analyses were adjusted for key covariates with LPA, MVPA and ST entered as compositional exposure variables. Neither LPA, MVPA or ST were significantly associated with the vascular outcomes. The proportion of time spent in MVPA and ST were inversely (unstandardised b=-0.126; P=0.001) and positively (b=0.136; P=0.016) associated with clustered CVD risk in the whole group analysis, respectively. MVPA was negatively associated with clustered CVD risk in boys (b=-0.144; P=0.011) and girls (b=-0.110; P=0.032). Only girls had a positive association between ST and clustered CVD risk (b=0.199; P=0.005). Although no associations were observed for PA and ST with vascular outcomes, these data provide further support for interventions that promote MVPA and minimise ST for reducing risk factors for CVD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sansum
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B Bond
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - R M Pulsford
- Physical Activity and Health Across the Lifespan, Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - A McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A O Agbaje
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A M Skinner
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - A R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Ingvarsdottir TH, Johannsson E, Rognvaldsdottir V, Stefansdottir RS, Arnardottir NY. Longitudinal development and tracking of cardiorespiratory fitness from childhood to adolescence. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299941. [PMID: 38551951 PMCID: PMC10980206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important indicator of health in childhood and adolescence but longitudinal studies on the development and tracking of CRF from childhood to adolescence are scarce. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were (1) to assess longitudinal development and track CRF over 10 years from childhood to adolescence, and (2) to examine potential sex differences in the development and tracking of CRF during this period. METHODS Participants were Icelandic children born in 1999, measured at the age of 7 (n = 190, 106 girls), 9 (n = 163, 95 girls), 15 (n = 239, 134 girls), and 17 (n = 202, 119 girls). CRF was assessed with a maximal cycle ergometer test and expressed as maximal power output (Max W) and maximal power output relative to lean mass (W/kgLM). Multilevel regression models were used to study the longitudinal development of CRF, and tracking was assessed with Spearman's rank correlation, logistic regression, and the percentage of participants remaining in low, moderate, or high CRF categories between measurements. RESULTS Max W and W/kgLM increased for both boys and girls up to age 15. Max W plateaued for both boys and girls while W/kgLM plateaued for girls but declined for boys from age 15 to 17. Boys had higher Max W than girls from age 15 and higher W/kgLM from age 9. CRF tracked at low to moderate levels from childhood to adolescence and at high levels in adolescence, with higher values observed for boys than girls. CONCLUSIONS Age 15 was a critical time point in the development of CRF, with values starting to plateau for girls and decline for boys. The results support early intervention for improved CRF in later years, with interventions targeting all children, regardless of their CRF level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erlingur Johannsson
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vaka Rognvaldsdottir
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Runa Sif Stefansdottir
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nanna Yr Arnardottir
- School of Health, Business and Natural Sciences, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
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de Lima TR, Silva DAS. Muscle Strength Indexes and Its Association With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents: An Allometric Approach. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:289-302. [PMID: 37369134 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2197024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims: Muscle strength (MS) has been associated with better cardiometabolic health prognosis. However, the result for the beneficial relationship seems to be dependent on the influence of body size in determining MS levels. We investigate the association between allometric MS indexes and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study comprising 351 adolescents (male: 44.4%; age range 14-19 years) from Southern Brazil. MS was assessed by handgrip strength and three different allometric approaches were adopted: 1) MS index based on theoretical allometric exponent; 2) MS index including body mass and height; 3) MS index including fat-free mass and height. Obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose imbalance and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were investigated as individual factors or as combinations (either as combinations of components - presence of two adverse conditions, or number of components present in an individual - 0, 1, 2, 3+ cardiometabolic risk factors). Logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for confounding factors were used. The statistical significance adopted was 5%. Results: MS index based on theoretical allometric exponent was associated with lower likelihood (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.28 - 0.89) for the presence of three or more cardiometabolic risk factors in the same individual. Conclusion: This study suggests that MS index based on the theoretical allometric exponent can be superior to allometric MS indexes that included body mass and height, or fat-free mass and height in representing the presence of high number of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents.
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Dorsman H, de Hollander E, Wendel-Vos W, van Rossum C, Kemler E, Hupkens C, Hosper K, de Beurs D, Hiemstra M. Stability of clustering of lifestyle risk factors in the Dutch adult population and the association with mental health. Eur J Public Health 2023; 33:1001-1007. [PMID: 37555829 PMCID: PMC10710343 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle factors often co-occur in clusters. This study examines whether clusters of lifestyle risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, poor diet, sexual risk behaviour, cannabis and other drug use, change over time in a representative sample of Dutch adults. Additionally, the association between mental health and self-reported depression of lifestyle clusters was examined. METHODS Each year cross-sectional data of approximately 7500 individuals of 18 years and older from the annual Dutch Health Survey of 2014-2019 were used. Clusters were determined by a two-step cluster analysis. Furthermore, regression analyses determined the association between clusters of lifestyle risk factors and mental health. RESULTS Results show six clusters composed of one, multiple or no lifestyle risk factors. The clusters remained relatively stable over time: in some clusters, the number of people slightly changed between 2014 and 2019. More specifically, clusters that increased in size were the cluster with no lifestyle risk factors and the cluster with multiple lifestyle risk factors. Furthermore, results show that clusters with none to a few lifestyle risk factors were associated with better mental health and a lower prevalence of self-reported depression compared with clusters with multiple lifestyle risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The clustering of lifestyle risk factors remained stable over time. People with multiple lifestyle risk factors had poorer mental health than those without risk factors. These findings may emphasize the need for intervention strategies targeting this subgroup with multiple lifestyle risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Dorsman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen de Hollander
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda Wendel-Vos
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline van Rossum
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Kemler
- Dutch Consumer Safety Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Marieke Hiemstra
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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de Castro Silveira JF, Sehn AP, da Silva L, Gaya AR, Lima RA, Burns RD, Andersen LB, Renner JDP, Reuter CP. The stability of cardiometabolic risk factors clustering in children and adolescents: a 2-year longitudinal study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:529-538. [PMID: 37255777 PMCID: PMC10225448 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective The present study aims to verify the odds of remaining with the clustering of 3 or more, 4 or more, and 5 or more risk factors across a 2-year time span. Methods Observational longitudinal study that included 358 children and adolescents (10.96 ± 2.28 years of age at baseline). Cardiorespiratory fitness, glucose, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, and waist circumference were assessed. The number of children in whom the risk factors were not independently distributed was analyzed. Odds ratios of presenting n risk factors clustered at follow-up according to the number of risk factors observed at baseline were calculated. Results More participants than expected were found presenting clustering of 4 or more and 5 or more risk factors at both baseline (11.7% and 5.6%, respectively) and follow-up (9.5% and 5.6%, respectively). The odds ratios calculated demonstrated that the odds of presenting the same number of risk factors clustered or more at follow-up increased according to the number of risk factors clustered at baseline. Conclusion The higher the number of risk factors a child had at baseline, the higher the odds of presenting the same number of risk factors or more after two years of follow-up. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01174-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Sehn
- Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS Brazil
| | - Luiza da Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS Brazil
| | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- Graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Antunes Lima
- Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Lifestyles and Health, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Ryan Donald Burns
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner
- Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS Brazil
| | - Cézane Priscila Reuter
- Graduation Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS Brazil
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Sánchez-Delgado A, Pérez-Bey A, Izquierdo-Gómez R, Jimenez-Iglesias J, Marcos A, Gómez-Martínez S, Girela-Rejón MJ, Veiga OL, Castro-Piñero J. Fitness, body composition, and metabolic risk scores in children and adolescents: the UP&DOWN study. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:669-687. [PMID: 36443504 PMCID: PMC9899179 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyse the longitudinal association between physical fitness (PF) and body composition (BC) with a metabolic risk score (Met4) in children and adolescents and to elucidate whether the association between PF and Met4 differs when using relativized or absolute fitness variables. A total of 188 children (86 females) and 195 adolescents (97 females) were included. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was determined by the 20-m shuttle run test, and muscular fitness (MF) was determined by hand grip and standing long jump tests. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index (Kg/m2) was calculated. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were assessed to compute body fat percentage. Met4 was computed from systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels. Relative CRF was longitudinally and negatively associated with Met4 in female children (β = -0.031, p = 0.025), while absolute CRF was positively associated with Met4 in male children and adolescents (β = 0.000, p < 0.05). Relative upper and lower-body MF were longitudinally and negatively associated with Met4 in female adolescents (β = -1.347, β = -0.005, p < 0.05), while absolute lower-body MF was positively associated with Met4 in male children (β = 0.000, p = 0.019). BC was longitudinally and positively associated with Met4 in male children (β-ranging from 0.011 to 0.055, all p < 0.05) and male adolescents (β-ranging from 0.011 to 0.046, all p < 0.05). Conclusion: BC is more strongly associated with Met4 than PF in children and adolescents. An optimal body weight status should be considered the main objective of health-promoting programs at childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, the way of expressing the fitness variables determines the direction of the association with Met4. What is Known: • Physical fitness is an important health indicator in children and adolescents, with great amount of previous evidence supporting the preventive role of maintaining optimal levels of both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness for future cardiometabolic issues. What is New: • The way of reporting physical fitness variables can affect the associations between physical fitness features and cardiometabolic outcomes. Since body composition variables have a great impact on both physical fitness and cardiometabolic health, relativizing physical fitness performance by body composition could lead to erroneous conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Delgado
- grid.7759.c0000000103580096GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Bey
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Rocío Izquierdo-Gómez
- grid.7759.c0000000103580096GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain ,grid.512013.4Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Jimenez-Iglesias
- grid.7759.c0000000103580096GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain ,grid.512013.4Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Department of Metabolism and Nutrition (DMN) , Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - Sonia Gómez-Martínez
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Department of Metabolism and Nutrition (DMN) , Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - María José Girela-Rejón
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Physical Activity for HEaLth Promotion research group (PA-HELP), Faculty of Education Sciences, Department of Didactic of Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Oscar L Veiga
- grid.5515.40000000119578126EstiLIFE Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Castro-Piñero
- grid.7759.c0000000103580096GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain ,grid.512013.4Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
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7
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Burns RD, Sehn AP, Brand C, Silveira JFDC, Reuter CP. Moderating Influence of Home Location and School Type across Time on Cardiometabolic Risk and Active School Commuting: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Obes 2022. [PMID: 35852827 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: We examined the moderating influence of home location and school type across time on cardiometabolic risk and active school commuting over 5 years in a sample of children from southern Brazil. Methods: We recruited a sample of children (n = 154; baseline age = 9.6 ± 1.5 years old; 56.8% female) who were followed for 5 years from 2011/2012 to 2016/2017. We collected home location, school type, and school commute data using self-report methods and collected cardiometabolic risk measures to calculate a cardiometabolic composite risk score (cMetSyn). General and generalized linear mixed effects models were employed to examine the moderating influence of home location and school type across time on cardiometabolic risk and active school commuting. Results: We found a significant three-way home location × school type × time interaction on cMetSyn scores (b = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-1.12, p = 0.014), indicating that children who were living within rural areas and enrolled in state schools during 2016/2017 had higher cardiometabolic risk compared with children enrolled in municipal schools and living in urban areas at the end of the study. Additionally, we found that children living in rural areas had an 86% lower rate of active school commuting compared with students living in urban areas (rate ratio = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.07-0.32, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that Brazilian children enrolled in state schools and living in rural areas had higher cardiometabolic risk scores at the end of the study and that southern Brazilian children residing in rural areas had a much lower rate of actively commuting to school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Burns
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ana Paula Sehn
- Graduate Program on Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brand
- Graduate Program on Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - João Francisco de Castro Silveira
- Graduate Program on Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cézane Priscila Reuter
- Graduate Program on Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
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Joubert N, Walter C, du Randt R, Aerts A, Adams L, Degen J, Gall S, Müller I, Nienaber M, Nqweniso S, des Rosiers S, Seelig H, Smith D, Steinmann P, Probst-Hensch N, Utzinger J, Pühse U, Gerber M. Hypertension among South African children in disadvantaged areas and associations with physical activity, fitness, and cardiovascular risk markers: A cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2454-2467. [PMID: 34334121 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1939964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood hypertension drives hypertension in later life; hence, assessing blood pressure in children is an important measure to determine current and future cardiovascular health. There is, however, a paucity of childhood blood pressure data, particularly for sub-Saharan Africa. This study explores blood pressure and associations with age, sex, socioeconomic status, physical activity, fitness, and cardiovascular risk markers. In the 'Disease, Activity and Schoolchildren's Health' (DASH) study, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Assessments included blood pressure, accelerometer-measured physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular risk markers. The study consisted of 785 children (383 boys, 402 girls, M = 12.4±0.9 years). Overall, 18% of the children were classified as hypertensive, while 20% were either overweight/obese, and almost four out of ten children did not meet global daily physical activity recommendations. Hypertensive children were more likely to be overweight/obese, χ2 (2,785) = 14.42, p < 0.01, but only if they did not meet physical activity recommendations, χ2 (2,295) = 11.93, p < 0.01. Considering the moderating effect which sufficient activity has on the relationship between hypertension and body weight, more emphasis should be placed on early primary health intervention and education strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandi Joubert
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cheryl Walter
- Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Rosa du Randt
- Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Ann Aerts
- Novartis Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Adams
- Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Jan Degen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Gall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Müller
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Madeleine Nienaber
- Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Siphesihle Nqweniso
- Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | | | - Harald Seelig
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Smith
- Department of Human Movement Science, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Peter Steinmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Sehn AP, Brand C, Welser L, Gaya AR, Agostinis-Sobrinho C, Cristi-Montero C, de Mello ED, Reuter CP. Neck circumference and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: the moderator role of cardiorespiratory fitness. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:234. [PMID: 34001053 PMCID: PMC8127299 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors has become a public health issue, especially in childhood and adolescence. Thus, early identification is essential to avoid or reduce future complications in adulthood. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a moderator in the association between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional study that included 2418 randomly selected children and adolescents (52.5% girls), aged 6 to 17 years old. Anthropometric measurements, such as NC and body mass index (BMI), and CRF was measured by the six-minute running/walking test, as well as cardiometabolic risk (systolic blood pressure, glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides), were assessed. RESULTS For all age groups, NC showed a negative relationship with CRF. A significant interaction term was found for CRF x NC with cardiometabolic risk for children (6 to 9 years old), early adolescents (10 to 12 years old), and middle adolescents (13 to 17 years old). It was found that children who accomplished more than 1092.49 m in CRF test were protected against cardiometabolic risk when considering NC. In adolescents, protection against cardiometabolic risk was found when the CRF test was completed above 1424.14 m and 1471.87 m (early and middle stage, respectively). CONCLUSIONS CRF is inversely associated with NC and acts as a moderator in the relationship between NC and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Therefore, this detrimental health impact linked to fatness might be attenuated by improving CRF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Sehn
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Independência Av, 2293 - Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Brand
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Independência Av, 2293 - Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Welser
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Independência Av, 2293 - Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Elza Daniel de Mello
- Graduate Program in Child & Adolescent Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cézane Priscila Reuter
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Independência Av, 2293 - Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
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10
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Mielke GI, Menezes AMB, da Silva BGC, Ekelund U, Crochemore-Silva I, Wehrmeister FC, Gonçalves H, Brown WJ. Associations between Device-measured Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health in the Transition to Early Adulthood. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2076-2085. [PMID: 33966000 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES The aims of this study were to investigate the cross-sectional and prospective associations between accelerometer-measured physical activity and cardiometabolic health in the transition to adulthood. METHODS Data from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort were analysed (N=2,280). Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA, measured using a triaxial accelerometer) and cardiometabolic health (total fat mass, blood glucose, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and mean resting blood pressure) were examined at age 18 and 22 yr. RESULTS Overall, inverse dose-response associations between MVPA and cardiometabolic health at age 18 and 22 yr were observed in cross-sectional analyses of data from males and females. Prospective analyses showed that, in general, MVPA declined, and cardiometabolic health worsened in this 4-yr period in both males and females. Cardiometabolic health at age 22 reflected both MVPA at age 18 [β: -0.007 (95% CI: -0.014; 0.000)] and changes in MVPA from 18 to 22 yr [β: -0.030 (95% CI: -0.043; -0.016)] in males, but only changes in MVPA in females [β: -0.035 (95% CI: -0.058; -0.011)]. In analyses of change over time, males who improved MVPA by 20-30 min per day showed significant improvements in cardiometabolic health over 4 yr. The magnitude of association was slightly stronger for MVPA in 10-min bouts than for MVPA accumulated in bouts of 1-min, especially in females. CONCLUSION MVPA is an important predictor of cardiometabolic health in early adulthood. Strategies to prevent declines in MVPA at this life stage are required to prevent deteriorating cardiometabolic health profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregore I Mielke
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Callender LK, Borghese MM, Janssen I. Which intensities, types, and patterns of movement behaviors are most strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors among children? JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:368-378. [PMID: 33993923 PMCID: PMC8167329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine which intensities, patterns, and types of 24-h movement behaviors are most strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors among children. METHODS A total of 369 children aged 10-13 years were studied. Participants wore an Actical accelerometer and a Garmin Forerunner 220 Global Positioning System logger and completed an activity and sleep log for 7 days. Data from these instruments were combined to estimate average minute per day spent in 14 intensities, 11 types, and 14 patterns of movement. Body mass index, resting heart rate, and systolic blood pressure values were combined to create a cardiometabolic risk factor score. Partial least squares regression analysis was used to examine associations between the 39 movement behavior characteristics and the cardiometabolic risk factor score. The variable importance in projection (VIP) values were used to determine and rank important movement behavior characteristics. There was evidence of interaction by biological maturity, and the analyses were conducted separately in the 50% least mature and 50% most mature participants. RESULTS For the least biologically mature participants, fifteen of the 39 movement behavior characteristics had important VIP value scores; eight of these reflected movement intensities (particularly moderate and vigorous intensities), six reflected movement patterns, and one reflected a movement type. For the most mature participants, thirteen of the 39 movement behavior characteristics had important VIP value scores, with five reflecting intensities (particularly moderate and vigorous intensities), five reflecting patterns, and three reflecting types of movement. CONCLUSION More than 12 movement behavior characteristics were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors within both the most and least mature participants. Movement intensities within the moderate and vigorous intensity ranges were the most consistent correlates of these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Callender
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael M Borghese
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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12
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Brand C, Gaya ACA, Dias AF, Agostinis-Sobrinho C, Farinha JB, Macedo RCO, Mota J, de Oliveira AR, Gaya AR. The role of adiposity in the relationship between physical fitness with cardiometabolic risk factors, adipocytokines and inflammation in children. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Silveira JF, Reuter CP, Welser L, Pfeiffer KA, Andersen LB, Pohl HH, Lima RA. Tracking of cardiometabolic risk in a Brazilian schoolchildren cohort: a 3-year longitudinal study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:997-1006. [PMID: 33615759 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors is a sign of detrimental health. Tracking is a term used to describe a variable longitudinal stability across time. High tracking provides the chance to determine which cardiometabolic risk factors should be the target of early treatment and prevention efforts. The present study aims to analyze the tracking of cardiometabolic risk factors and clustered cardiometabolic risk score in children across a 3-year time span, and to verify the odds of staying at risk (measured by the clustered score) from baseline to follow-up. METHODS Longitudinal study that included 354 (155 boys) children, aged 7-12 years at baseline. A clustered score was calculated by summing the systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, triglycerides, glucose, and the TC/HDL-C ratio Z-scores divided by five. A second clustered score was calculated including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). RESULTS CRF and anthropometric parameters presented high tracking (r≥0.662), whereas the cardiometabolic parameters exhibited low-to-moderate tracking (0.100≤r≤0.571). The clustered scores' tracking was moderate (r≥0.508; r≥0.588 [CRF]). Participants in the higher risk groups at baseline presented 3.81 (95% CI: 2.40; 6.05) and 4.64 (95% CI: 2.85; 7.56), including CRF, times higher chance of remaining at risk three years later. Moreover, participants in the worst profile regarding CRF or anthropometrics at baseline presented at least 4.00 times higher chance of being at risk three years later. CONCLUSIONS Participants with worst CRF and adiposity had an increased risk of presenting higher clustered risk after three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Silveira
- University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cézane P Reuter
- University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil - .,Department of Health Sciences, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Letícia Welser
- University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karin A Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lars B Andersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sport, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Songdal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hildegard H Pohl
- University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Lima
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Group on Lifestyles and Health, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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14
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Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Clustered Cardiovascular Risk in South African Primary Schoolchildren from Disadvantaged Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042080. [PMID: 33669905 PMCID: PMC7924629 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors has been reported in school-aged children from the age of nine years, but most evidence stems from high-income countries. This cross-sectional study aimed at describing the cardiovascular health risk, physical activity (PA) behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels of South African primary schoolchildren, and at examining the associations between PA/CRF and a composite measure of cardiovascular risk. Cross-sectional data from 832 primary schoolchildren (grade 1–4) were analyzed. Total cholesterol/HDL ratio, triglycerides, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, body fat, and glycated hemoglobin were assessed as cardiovascular risk markers. Data were analyzed via mixed linear regressions and analyses of covariance. Overall, 24.2% of the participants did not meet current PA standards. Higher CRF/PA were associated with lower body fat and lower clustered cardiovascular risk (p < 0.05). When categorizing children into CRF/PA quartiles, a lower clustered cardiovascular risk gradient was found in children with higher CRF (p < 0.05) or PA (p < 0.05). Our data shows that higher CRF/PA is associated with lower clustered cardiovascular risk already from a young age. Given that clustered cardiovascular risk present during childhood can track into adulthood, we advocate for PA participation and a healthy weight from a young age onwards.
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15
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Musa DI, Toriola AL, Goon DT, Jonathan SU. Association of Fitness and Fatness with Clustered Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Nigerian Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:5861. [PMID: 32823494 PMCID: PMC7459652 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examinedthe independent and joint association of fitness and fatness with clustered cardiovascular disease risk (CVDrs) in 11-18 year-old Nigerian adolescents. Methods: A hundred and ninety seven adolescents (100 girls and 97 boys) were evaluated forfitness, fatness and CVDrs. Fitness was evaluated with the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run test while fatness was assessed using body mass index. A clustered CVDrs was computed from the standardized residuals of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Regression models controlling for waist circumference assessed the association of fitness and fatness with CVDrs. Results: Prevalence of clustered CVD risk was 7.1% (girls = 3.0%; boys = 4.1%). Based on risk factor abnormalities, 52.8% of participants had one or more CVD risk factor abnormalities with more boys (27.4%) affected. Low fitness was associated with clustered CVDrs in both girls (R2 = 9.8%, β = -0.287, p = 0.05) and boys (R2 = 17%, β = -0.406, p < 0.0005). Fatness was not associated with the CVDrs in both sexes. After controlling for all the variables in the model, only fitness (R2 = 10.4%) and abdominal fat (R2 = 19.5%) were associated with CVDrs respectively. Unfit girls were 3.2 (95% CI = 1.31-7.91, p = 0.011) times likely to develop CVD risk abnormality compared to their fit counterparts. The likelihood of unfit boys developing CVD risk abnormality was 3.9 (95% CI = 1.15-10.08, p = 0.005) times compared to their fit peers. Conclusions: Fitness but not fatness was a better predictor of CVDrs in Nigerian boys and girls. The result of this study suggests that any public health strategies aimed at preventing or reversing the increasing trends of CVD risk in adolescents should emphasize promotion of aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danladi I. Musa
- Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Nigeria
| | - Abel L. Toriola
- Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Daniel T. Goon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of forte Hare, East London 5201, South Africa;
| | - Sunday U. Jonathan
- Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Ibrahim BadamasiBabangida University, Lapai 911101, Nigeria;
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Perez-Bey A, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Martinez-Gomez D, Mota J, Veiga OL, Lavie CJ, Castro-Piñero J. Bidirectional associations between fitness and fatness in youth: A longitudinal study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1483-1496. [PMID: 32297361 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to examine the bidirectional association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and fatness in a 2-year longitudinal study conducted in young people. A total of 1082 children (512 females) and 727 adolescents (342 females) with complete data at baseline and follow-up were included. CRF was determined by the 20-m shuttle run test. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index and fat mass index (kg/m2 ) were calculated. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were assessed to compute body fat percentage. Bidirectionality was tested by including CRF and each fatness index as exposures and outcomes, alternatively, in different regression models. CRF was prospectively associated with fatness index levels (ß from -0.186 to -0.528; P < .001), remaining significant in children after adjusting for baseline fatness indices. Fatness indices were prospectively associated with CRF (ß from -0.207 to -0.479; P < .001), with no substantial changes observed in children and female adolescents when baseline CRF was considered. Changes in CRF were prospectively associated with several fatness indices, regardless of body fatness at baseline (ß from -0.062 to -0.220; P < .05). Body fatness changes were associated with future CRF levels, independently of baseline CRF, especially in children of both sexes and male adolescents (ß from -0.079 to -0.260; P < .05). Overall, a bidirectional association was observed between CRF and fatness in children and adolescents. The attainment of optimal CRF and fatness levels in early ages should be promoted since it could result in favorable future fatness and CRF levels, respectively, which are two key determinants of health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Perez-Bey
- GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports at Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Oscar L Veiga
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - José Castro-Piñero
- GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Cádiz, Spain
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Padilla-Moledo C, Fernández-Santos JDR, Izquierdo-Gómez R, Esteban-Cornejo I, Rio-Cozar P, Carbonell-Baeza A, Castro-Piñero J. Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072413. [PMID: 32252318 PMCID: PMC7177446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Self-rated health (SRH) is an independent determinant for all-cause mortality. We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of components of physical fitness with SRH at baseline (cross-sectional) and two years later (longitudinal) in children and adolescents. Spanish youth (N = 1378) aged 8 to 17.9 years participated at baseline. The dropout rate at 2-year follow-up was 19.5% (n = 270). Participants were categorized as either children (8 to 11.9 years age) or adolescents (12 to 17.9 years age). The ALPHA health- related fitness test battery for youth was used to assess physical fitness, and SRH was measured by a single-item question. Cumulative link, ANOVA and ANCOVA models were fitted to analyze the data. Cardiorespiratory fitness, relative upper body isometric muscular strength, muscular strength score, and global physical fitness were positively associated with SRH in children (OR, 1.048; 95% CI, 1.020–1.076; OR, 18.921; 95% CI, 3.47–104.355; OR, 1.213; 95% CI, 1.117–1.319, and OR, 1.170; 95% CI, 1.081–1.266, respectively; all p < 0.001) and adolescents (OR, 1.057; 95% CI, 1.037–1.076; OR, 5.707; 95% CI, 1.122–29.205; OR, 1.169; 95% CI, 1.070–1.278, and OR, 1.154 95% CI, 1.100–1.210, respectively; all p < 0.001); and motor fitness was positively associated with SRH only in adolescents at baseline (OR, 1.192; 95% CI, 1.066–1.309; p < 0.01). Cardiorespiratory fitness and global physical fitness were positively associated with SRH in children two years later (OR, 1.056; 95% CI, 1.023–1.091; p < 0.001; and OR, 1.082; 95% CI, 1.031–1.136; p < 0.01; respectively). Only cardiorespiratory fitness was independently associated with SRH in children and adolescents at baseline (OR, 1.059; 95% CI, 1.029–1.090; and OR, 1.073; 95% CI, 1.050–1.097, respectively; both p < 0.001) and two years later (OR, 1.075; 95% CI, 1.040–1.112; p < 0.001; and OR, 1.043; 95% CI, 1.014–1.074; p < 0.01, respectively). A high level of cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline or maintaining high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness from the baseline to 2-year follow-up were associated with a higher level of SRH at 2-year follow-up in children (p < 0.01) and adolescents (p < 0.05). These findings emphasize the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness as strong predictor of present and future SRH in youth. Intervention programs to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness level of the youth population are urgently needed for present and future youth’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Padilla-Moledo
- GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain (R.I.-G.); (P.R.-C.); (A.C.-B.); (J.C.-P.)
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-956016222
| | - Jorge DR Fernández-Santos
- GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain (R.I.-G.); (P.R.-C.); (A.C.-B.); (J.C.-P.)
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rocio Izquierdo-Gómez
- GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain (R.I.-G.); (P.R.-C.); (A.C.-B.); (J.C.-P.)
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paula Rio-Cozar
- GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain (R.I.-G.); (P.R.-C.); (A.C.-B.); (J.C.-P.)
| | - Ana Carbonell-Baeza
- GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain (R.I.-G.); (P.R.-C.); (A.C.-B.); (J.C.-P.)
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Castro-Piñero
- GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain (R.I.-G.); (P.R.-C.); (A.C.-B.); (J.C.-P.)
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain
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Leppänen MH, Haapala EA, Veijalainen A, Seppälä S, Oliveira RS, Lintu N, Laitinen T, Tarvainen MP, Lakka TA. Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability in 6- to 8-year-old children: The PANIC Study. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:251-258. [PMID: 31855297 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability (HRV) in children are unclear. We examined associations of cardiometabolic risk score (CRS) and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV variables in 6- to 8-year-olds. METHODS The participants were a population-based sample of 443 children participating in baseline measurements of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children trial. Cardiometabolic risk factors included waist circumference (WC), insulin, glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). CRS was calculated as WC + insulin + glucose + triglycerides - HDL cholesterol + the mean of SBP and DBP. HRV variables (SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF, Mean RR) were measured using 5-minute electrocardiography at rest and analyzed using the Kubios HRV software. In this cross-sectional study, associations of CRS and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV were investigated using linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and peak height velocity. RESULTS CRS was negatively associated with RMSSD, HF, Mean RR (P value < .05) and positively with LF/HF (P value = .005). Insulin was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, and Mean RR (P value < .05) and positively with LF/HF (P value = .008). SBP was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, and Mean RR (P value < .05). DBP was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, and Mean RR (P value < .05). WC, glucose, triglycerides, or HDL cholesterol were not associated with HRV variables. CONCLUSIONS Higher CRS, insulin, and blood pressure were associated with smaller HRV, mainly indicating lower parasympathetic activity, in young children. This knowledge may help improving the clinical management of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases since childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja H Leppänen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aapo Veijalainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santeri Seppälä
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ricardo S Oliveira
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika P Tarvainen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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Renninger M, Hansen BH, Steene-Johannessen J, Kriemler S, Froberg K, Northstone K, Sardinha L, Anderssen SA, Andersen LB, Ekelund U. Associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and the metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of more than 6000 children and adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12578. [PMID: 31709781 PMCID: PMC7003500 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population. To prevent an early onset, knowledge about its association with modifiable lifestyle factors is needed. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and examine its cross-sectional associations with physical activity and sedentary time. METHODS Participants were 6009 children and adolescents from 8 studies of the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometer. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on International Diabetes Federation criteria. Logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age and monitor wear time were used to examine the associations between physical activity, sedentary time and the metabolic syndrome in each study and effect estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 2.9%. In crude models, a 10 min increase in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and vigorous-intensity physical activity were inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome [OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82-0.94, OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70-0.92]. One hour increase in sedentary time was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome [OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.13-1.45]. After adjustment for sedentary time, the association between moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity and the metabolic syndrome remained significant [OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.99]. Sedentary time was not associated with the metabolic syndrome after adjustment for moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity [OR 1.14 95% CI 0.96-1.36]. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity of at least moderate intensity but not sedentary time is independently associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Renninger
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bjørge H Hansen
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Froberg
- Center of Research in Childhood Health (RICH), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Northstone
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Luis Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sigmund A Anderssen
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars B Andersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sport, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Pérez-Bey A, Segura-Jiménez V, Fernández-Santos JDR, Esteban-Cornejo I, Gómez-Martínez S, Veiga OL, Marcos A, Ortega FB, Castro-Piñero J. The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors and the mediator role of body mass index in youth: The UP&DOWN Study. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:32-40. [PMID: 30468012 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body mass index (BMI) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in young people remains to be fully determined. We examined the individual and combined associations of CRF and BMI with clustered CVD risk factors, and the mediator role of BMI in the association between CRF and clustered CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. METHODS 237 children (111 girls) and 260 adolescents (120 girls) were included in this cross-sectional study. Height and weight were assessed and BMI was calculated. A CVD risk factor index (CVDRF-I) was computed from: waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose. CRF was assessed using the 20-m shuttle run test. Regression analysis, analysis of covariance and mediation analysis (Baron and Kenny procedures) were used to test the independent and combined effect of CRF and BMI on CVDRF-I, and to test mediation hypothesis, respectively. RESULTS CRF was negatively associated with CVDRF-I (all P < 0.05); however, after adjusting for BMI the associations were no longer significant in children and adolescents of both sex groups. Contrary, the association between BMI and CVDRF-I was independent of CRF (all P < 0.001). The effect of CRF on CVDRF-I was mediated by BMI. The percentage of the total effect of CRF on CVDRF-I mediated by BMI for boys and girls children and boys and girls adolescents were 79.5%, 100%, 81.2% and 55.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS BMI is an independent predictor of CVDRF-I and a mediator of the association between CRF and CVDRF-I in children and adolescents. These results help to clarify the associations between CRF, weight status and cardiovascular health, suggesting that future CVD health would benefit from maintaining an optimal weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Bey
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Víctor Segura-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | | | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Gómez-Martínez
- Immunonutrition Research Group. Department of Metabolism and Nutrition. Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar L Veiga
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Immunonutrition Research Group. Department of Metabolism and Nutrition. Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Castro-Piñero
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
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21
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Xiao P, Huang T, Yan Y, Zhao X, Li H, Mi J. Performance of gender- and age-specific cut-points versus NCEP pediatric cutpoints in dyslipidemia screening among Chinese children. Atherosclerosis 2019; 280:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Skrede T, Steene-Johannessen J, Anderssen SA, Resaland GK, Ekelund U. The prospective association between objectively measured sedentary time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:55-74. [PMID: 30270500 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may be uniquely related to cardiometabolic health. Excessive sedentary time is suggested as an independent cardiometabolic risk factor, while MVPA is favourably associated with cardiometabolic health. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the evidence on a prospective relationship between objectively measured sedentary time, MVPA and cardiometabolic health indicators in youth. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PhyscINFO and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched from January 2000 until April 2018. Studies were included if sedentary time and physical activity were measured objectively and examined associations with body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, insulin, blood pressure or the clustering of these cardiometabolic risk factors. We identified 30 studies, of which 21 were of high quality. No evidence was found for an association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic outcomes. The association between MVPA and individual cardiometabolic risk factors was inconsistent. The meta-analysis for prospective studies found a small but significant effect size between MVPA at baseline and clustered cardiometabolic risk at follow-up (ES -0.014 [95% CI, -0.024 to -0.004]). We conclude that there is no prospective association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic health, while MVPA is beneficially associated with cardiometabolic health in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Skrede
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S A Anderssen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - G K Resaland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - U Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Brand C, Dias AF, Fochesatto CF, García-Hermoso A, Mota J, Gaya ACA, Gaya AR. The role of body fat in the relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness with cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilian children. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800040015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Kamel M, Smith BT, Wahi G, Carsley S, Birken CS, Anderson LN. Continuous cardiometabolic risk score definitions in early childhood: a scoping review. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1688-1699. [PMID: 30223304 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in young children has been measured using various approaches, including a continuous summary score that incorporates components such as adiposity, lipids, metabolic factors and blood pressure. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to comprehensively review definitions of continuous CMR scores in children <10 years of age. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using a systematic search of four scientific databases up to June 2016. Inclusion criteria were children <10 years of age and report of a continuous CMR score. RESULTS Ninety-one articles were included. Most studies were published from 2007 to 2016 (96%). Nearly all continuous CMR scores (90%) were calculated using the sum or the mean of z-scores, and many articles age-standardized and sex-standardized components within their own population. The mean number of variables included in the risk scores was 5 with a range of 3-11. The most commonly included score components were waist circumference (52%), triglycerides (87%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (67%), glucose (43%) and systolic blood pressure (52%). IMPORTANCE Continuous CMR scores are emerging frequently in the child health literature and are calculated using numerous methods with diverse components. This heterogeneity limits comparability across studies. A harmonized definition of CMR in childhood is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamel
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - B T Smith
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Wahi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Carsley
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C S Birken
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L N Anderson
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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The Role of Adiposity in the Association between Muscular Fitness and Cardiovascular Disease. J Pediatr 2018; 199:178-185.e4. [PMID: 29759851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the associations of muscular fitness and body mass index (BMI), individually and combined, with clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents and to analyze the mediator role of BMI in the association between muscular fitness and clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors. STUDY DESIGN In total, 239 children (113 girls) and 270 adolescents (128 girls) participated in this cross-sectional study. Height and weight were assessed, and BMI was calculated. A cardiovascular disease risk factors index (CVDRF-I) was created from the combination of the following variables: waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose. Handgrip strength/weight and standing long jump tests were used to assess muscular fitness. A muscular fitness index was computed from the combination of both tests. RESULTS Muscular fitness index was associated with CVDRF-I in children of both sexes and adolescent boys; however, these associations disappeared after accounting for BMI. BMI was associated with CVDRF-I in both children and adolescents, even after adjusting for muscular fitness (all P < .001). In male and female children and in adolescent boys, the association between muscular fitness and CVDRF-I was mediated by BMI (all P < .001). Because there was no association between muscular fitness and CVDRF-I in adolescent girls, the mediation hypothesis was discarded. CONCLUSIONS BMI is an independent predictor of CVDRF-I in children and adolescents of both sexes. Conversely, the effect of muscular fitness on CVDRF-I seems to be fully mediated by BMI levels in male and female children and in adolescent boys.
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26
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Deng WH, Lindberg M, Hjelle OP, Mamen A, Fredriksen PM. Cardiovascular risk factors in a child population: The Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP). Scand J Public Health 2018; 46:28-37. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494818770130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The main aim of the present study was to investigate the clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome in a large, healthy representative Norwegian child population. Methods: From a population of 2817, parents of 2297 children agreed to participate. Values of waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (sysBP), haemoglobin-A1c (HbA1c) and Andersen aerobic fitness test were used to test clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in this sample. Expected distributions of probability for zero to five risk factors are, respectively, 23.7%, 39.6%, 26.4%, 8.8%, 1.5% and 0.1%. A cardiometabolic risk score from zero to five for each individual was derived by adding the number of variables in the least desirable quartile (highest for WC, sysBP, TC and HbA1c; lowest for aerobic fitness and HDL). Results: A risk ratio of 5.8 (95% confidence interval 0.7–46.9) was found for five risk factors, though the small sample size rendered the results non-significant. An explorative analysis combining children with four and five risk factors did not reveal any significant clustering either. Conclusions: No clustering of risk factors was found among Norwegian children aged 6–12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hai Deng
- Department of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Norway
| | | | - Ole Petter Hjelle
- Department of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Norway
| | - Asgeir Mamen
- Department of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Norway
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27
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Bocca G, Kuitert MWB, Sauer PJJ, Corpeleijn E. Effect of a multidisciplinary treatment program on eating behavior in overweight and obese preschool children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:507-513. [PMID: 29652666 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of multidisciplinary treatment programs on eating behavior in overweight preschool-aged children are largely unknown. We evaluated a multidisciplinary intervention program on eating behavior in 3- to 5-year-old overweight children, comparing them with children given standard treatment. We also assessed the parental eating behavior changes and investigated associations between parents and children. METHODS We randomized 75 children to a multidisciplinary intervention or to a standard care program. During a 16-week period, children and parents in the multidisciplinary group were given dietary advice, physical activity sessions and, for parents only, psychological counseling. Children and parents in the standard group visited a pediatrician 3 times and were given information on a healthy lifestyle. At baseline, after 16 weeks, and after 12 months, children were measured and parents completed the Dutch Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ-C) for their children and the DEBQ for themselves. RESULTS At the three time points, 70 (93.3%), 57 (91.9%), and 42 (73.7%) DEBQ-Cs were analyzed. We found no differences in the changes in eating behavior between the two groups over time. In both groups, there was a significant increase in restrained eating behavior present at 16 weeks, however, this was no longer present at 12 months. We found no associations between changes in eating behavior between the children and their parents. CONCLUSIONS A multidisciplinary obesity intervention program in preschool-aged children induced more restrained eating behavior between baseline and 16 weeks. However, there was no difference with the children in the standard care group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Bocca
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirije W B Kuitert
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J J Sauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Oliveira A, Lopes L, Abreu S, Moreira C, Silva P, Agostinis-Sobrinho C, Oliveira-Santos J, Mota J, Santos R. Environmental perceptions and its associations with physical fitness and body composition in adolescents: longitudinal results from the LabMed Physical Activity Study. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2018; 32:ijamh-2017-0205. [PMID: 29634480 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The environmental correlates have been extensively studied in the last years, but most associations with physical fitness (PF) and body composition have been cross-sectional in nature. Objective This study aimed to determine if adolescents' environmental perceptions associated with PF and body composition in a 2-year follow-up. Subjects Participants were 583 adolescents aged 12-18 years (299 girls) from the LabMed Physical Activity Study. Methods PF and body composition were assessed with the protocols of the ALPHA health-related fitness battery and environmental perceptions with the ALPHA environmental questionnaire. Linear regression models were used to determine the associations between environmental perceptions at baseline and PF and anthropometric measures at follow-up. Results Results showed that perceptions of distant facilities at baseline were associated with lower fitness at follow-up in boys. Also, boys' lower study environment perceptions at baseline were associated with higher body composition at follow-up. Positive perceptions of a pleasant environment at baseline were associated with better fitness at follow-up in boys. Additionally, girls' positive bike lanes availability and esthetics perceptions at baseline were associated with better body composition at follow-up. Conclusion Positive environmental perceptions at baseline are associated with better PF and body composition at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Oliveira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Lopes
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Abreu
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Moreira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - César Agostinis-Sobrinho
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Oliveira-Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Castro-Piñero J, Perez-Bey A, Segura-Jiménez V, Aparicio VA, Gómez-Martínez S, Izquierdo-Gomez R, Marcos A, Ruiz JR. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Cutoff Points for Early Detection of Present and Future Cardiovascular Risk in Children: A 2-Year Follow-up Study. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:1753-1762. [PMID: 29157533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at baseline and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in 6- to 10-year-olds (cross-sectional) and 2 years later (8- to 12-year-olds [longitudinal]) and whether changes with age in CRF are associated with CVD risk in children aged 8 to 12 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS Spanish primary schoolchildren (n=236) aged 6 to 10 years participated at baseline. Of the 23 participating primary schools, 22% (n=5) were private schools and 78% (n=18) were public schools. The dropout rate at 2-year follow-up was 9.7% (n=23). The 20-m shuttle run test was used to estimate CRF. The CVD risk score was computed as the mean of 5 CVD risk factor standardized scores: sum of 2 skinfolds, systolic blood pressure, insulin/glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS At baseline, CRF was inversely associated with single CVD risk factors (all P<.05) and CVD risk score at baseline and follow-up (P<.001). Cardiorespiratory fitness cutoff points of 39.0 mL/kg per minute or greater in boys and 37.5 mL/kg per minute or greater in girls are discriminative to identify CVD risk in childhood (area under the curve, >0.85; P<.001) and to predict CVD risk 2 years later (P=.004). Persistent low CRF or the decline of CRF from 6-10 to 8-12 years of age is associated with increased CVD risk at age 8 to 12 years (P<.001). CONCLUSION During childhood, CRF is a strong predictor of CVD risk and should be monitored to identify children with potential CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Castro-Piñero
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Perez-Bey
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Víctor Segura-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Virginia A Aparicio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Gómez-Martínez
- Immunonutrition Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Izquierdo-Gomez
- Research Center, Faculty of Education, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Immunonutrition Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Zaqout M, Vandekerckhove K, Michels N, Bove T, François K, De Wolf D. Physical Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome in Children with Repaired Congenital Heart Disease Compared with Healthy Children. J Pediatr 2017; 191:125-132. [PMID: 28965732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether children who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) are as fit as their peers. STUDY DESIGN We studied 66 children (6-14 years) who underwent surgery for ventricular septal defect (n = 19), coarctation of aorta (n = 10), tetralogy of Fallot (n = 15), and transposition of great arteries (n = 22); and 520 healthy children (6-12 years). All children performed physical fitness tests: cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, balance, flexibility, and speed. Metabolic score was assessed through z-score standardization using 4 components: waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipids, and insulin resistance. Assessment also included self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity. Linear regression analyses with group (CHD vs control) as a predictor were adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, and parental education. RESULTS Measured physical activity level, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, and total metabolic score did not differ between children with CHD and controls, whereas reported physical activity was greater in the CHD group than control group. Boys with CHD were less strong in upper muscular strength, speed, and balance, whereas girls with CHD were better in lower muscular strength and worse in balance. High-density lipoprotein was greater in boys and girls with CHD, whereas boys with CHD showed unhealthier glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSION Appropriate physical fitness was achieved in children after surgery for CHD, especially in girls. Consequently, children with CHD were not at increased total metabolic risk. Lifestyle counseling should be part of every patient interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zaqout
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thierry Bove
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien François
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Wolf
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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The 23-year tracking of blood lipids from adolescence to adulthood in Korea: the Kangwha study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:221. [PMID: 29166949 PMCID: PMC5700514 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have examined tracking pattern of blood lipids level during long follow-up periods in Western countries. However, there have been few such studies in Asian populations. Methods The Kangwha Study is a community-based prospective cohort study that started in 1986 on Kangwha Island, South Korea. A total of 432 participants (47% men) were enrolled in the study, during which serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were measured for each participant at least once during adolescence (12–16 years of age) and again at least once during adulthood (25–35 years of age). The tracking patterns of the blood lipid levels were determined using Spearman correlation coefficients and tracking coefficients from generalized estimating equations. Results The Spearman correlation coefficients between lipid measurements ranged from 0.12 to 0.73 depending on the lipid profile and measurement time interval; all were significant (p < 0.05). The magnitude of the coefficients tended to decrease as the time interval increased. When adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and blood pressure, the tracking coefficients were 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–0.63) for total cholesterol, 0.39 (95% CI: 0.31–0.48) for triglycerides, and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.47–0.56) for HDL cholesterol. In a subgroup analysis by sex, the tracking coefficients were higher for women than for men, except for HDL cholesterol. Conclusions The tracking patterns of blood lipids from adolescence to adulthood were notable. This study supports the importance of measuring lipids during adolescence for identifying high-risk individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-017-0615-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Resaland GK, Aadland E, Nilsen AKO, Bartholomew JB, Andersen LB, Anderssen SA. The effect of a two-year school-based daily physical activity intervention on a clustered CVD risk factor score-The Sogndal school-intervention study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1027-1035. [PMID: 28759129 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate changes in clustered cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 9-year-old children following a 2-year school-based physical activity intervention. In total, 259 children (age 9.3 ± 0.3 years) were invited, of whom 256 participated. The intervention group (63 boys, 62 girls) carried out 60-minute teacher-controlled daily physical activity over two school years. The control group (62 boys, 69 girls) had the curriculum-defined amount of physical education (45 minutes twice each week). Of these, 67% (171 total, 91 intervention) successfully completed both baseline and post-intervention of six CVD risk factors: systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC:HDL ratio), waist circumference (WC), the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ). All variables were standardized by sex prior to constructing a cluster score (sum of z scores for all variables). The effect of the intervention on the cluster score was analyzed using linear multiple regression. The cluster score improved after the intervention (ES = .29). Furthermore, the analyses showed significant effects in favor of the intervention group for systolic blood pressure (ES = .35), total cholesterol-to-HDL-c ratio (ES = .23), triglyceride (ES = .40), and VO2peak (ES = .57). A teacher-led school-based physical activity intervention that is sufficiently long and includes a substantial amount of daily physical activity can beneficially modify children's clustered CVD risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Resaland
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - E Aadland
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - A K O Nilsen
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - J B Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - L B Andersen
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - S A Anderssen
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL. School and Neighborhood Predictors of Physical Fitness in Elementary School Students. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2017; 87:448-456. [PMID: 28463449 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the associations of 5 school and 7 neighborhood variables with fifth-grade students achieving Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) or Needs Improvement-Health Risk (NI-HR) on aerobic capacity (AC) and body composition (BC) physical fitness components of the state-mandated FITNESSGRAM® physical fitness test. METHODS Data for outcome (physical fitness) and predictor (school and neighborhood) variables were extracted from various databases (eg, Data Quest, Walk Score® ) for 160 schools located in San Diego, California. Predictor variables that were at least moderately correlated (|r| ≥ .30) with ≥1 outcome variables in univariate analyses were retained for ordinary least squares regression analyses. RESULTS The mean percentages of students achieving HFZ AC (65.7%) and BC (63.5%) were similar (t = 1.13, p = .26), while those for NI-HR zones were significantly different (AC = 6.0% vs BC = 18.6%; t = 12.60, p < .001). Correlations were greater in magnitude for school than neighborhood demographics and stronger for BC than AC. The school variables free/reduced-price lunch (negative) and math achievement (positive) predicted fitness scores. Among neighborhood variables, percent Hispanic predicted failure of meeting the HFZ BC criterion. CONCLUSIONS Creating school and neighborhood environments conducive to promoting physical activity and improving fitness is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, ENS Building 315, San Diego, CA 92182-7251
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Skrede T, Stavnsbo M, Aadland E, Aadland KN, Anderssen SA, Resaland GK, Ekelund U. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but not sedentary time, predicts changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in 10-y-old children: the Active Smarter Kids Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1391-1398. [PMID: 28381476 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.150540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cross-sectional data have suggested an inverse relation between physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors that is independent of sedentary time. However, little is known about which subcomponent of physical activity may predict cardiometabolic risk factors in youths.Objective: We examined the independent prospective associations between objectively measured sedentary time and subcomponents of physical activity with individual and clustered cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy children aged 10 y.Design: We included 700 children (49.1% males; 50.9% females) in which sedentary time and physical activity were measured with the use of accelerometry. Systolic blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), and fasting blood sample (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, fasting insulin) were measured with the use of standard clinical methods and analyzed individually and as a clustered cardiometabolic risk score standardized by age and sex (z score). Exposure and outcome variables were measured at baseline and at follow-up 7 mo later.Results: Sedentary time was not associated with any of the individual cardiometabolic risk factors or clustered cardiometabolic risk in prospective analyses. Moderate physical activity at baseline predicted lower concentrations of triglycerides (P = 0.021) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (P = 0.027) at follow-up independent of sex, socioeconomic status, Tanner stage, monitor wear time, or WC. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (P = 0.043) and vigorous physical activity (P = 0.028) predicted clustered cardiometabolic risk at follow-up, but these associations were attenuated after adjusting for WC.Conclusions: Physical activity, but not sedentary time, is prospectively associated with cardiometabolic risk in healthy children. Public health strategies aimed at improving children's cardiometabolic profile should strive for increasing physical activity of at least moderate intensity rather than reducing sedentary time. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02132494.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turid Skrede
- Department of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway; and
| | - Mette Stavnsbo
- Department of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway; and
| | - Eivind Aadland
- Department of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway; and
| | - Katrine N Aadland
- Department of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway; and
| | - Sigmund A Anderssen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir K Resaland
- Department of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway; and
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Hebert JJ, Klakk H, Møller NC, Grøntved A, Andersen LB, Wedderkopp N. The Prospective Association of Organized Sports Participation With Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Children (the CHAMPS Study-DK). Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:57-65. [PMID: 27865444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prospective association of organized leisure-time sports participation with cardiovascular risk in children. METHODS Students were recruited from 10 public primary schools. From July 2009 to October 2010, parents reported children's weekly organized leisure-time sports participation via text messaging. Clustered cardiovascular risk was estimated with a composite score comprising fasting serum triglyceride levels, homeostasis assessment model-estimated insulin resistance, total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and systolic blood pressure. Additional outcomes were body mass index categories and fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations. Associations were explored with generalized estimating equations and reported with beta coefficients (β) and percent difference per weekly sports session or incidence rate ratios. All models were adjusted for baseline values and other potential confounders. RESULTS In total, 1197 children (53% female) with a mean age of 8.4±1.4 years were included. Participating in sports for 53 weeks was associated with lower clustered cardiovascular risk (β, -0.25; 95% CI, -0.41 to -0.10; percent difference, 3.2%; 95% CI, 5.2%-1.3%). Similar outcomes were observed for log homeostasis assessment model-estimated insulin resistance (β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.12 to -0.04; percent difference, 3.4%; 5.1%-1.7%) and log insulin (β, -0.07; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.04; percent difference, 2.6%; 95% CI, 4.0%-1.5%). Sports participation was associated with a 20% decreased risk of overweight/obesity (incidence rate ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.96). CONCLUSION Participating in organized leisure-time sports for approximately 1 year is associated with decreased clustered cardiovascular risk in children. These findings show that participating in youth sports may be an effective strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hebert
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.
| | - Heidi Klakk
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Christian Møller
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway, and the Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Sports Medicine Clinic, the Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Middelfart, Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Middelfart, Denmark
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Zheng L, Li QF, Ni L, Wang H, Ruan XC, Wu XS. Lifetime regular exercise affects the incident of different arrhythmias and improves organismal health in aging female Drosophila melanogaster. Biogerontology 2016; 18:97-108. [PMID: 27787741 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We used Drosophila melanogaster as an animal model system to study the impact of exercise training initiated early in life on cardiac function using a well-established model of inherent myogenic properties of the heart and discussed the changes on myosin, a myocardial contractile protein. We also explored the effect of early physical exercise on organismal aging by analyzing the wake-sleep pattern using a Drosophila activity monitor system. We found that a variety of arrhythmias are part of the heart spectrum in old flies after a lifetime of physical exercise as evidenced by reducing the incidence of fibrillations and increasing the occurrence of bradycardias. Maintenance of myocardial myosin levels may be an underlying contributor to these exercise-induced improvements in cardiac function at an advanced age. Moreover, we found that exercise training resulted in improved sleep quality by ameliorating age-related sleep inefficiency, fragmentation and sleep consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Qiu Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang Cheng Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiu Shan Wu
- Heart Development Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Bocca G, Corpeleijn E, Broens J, Stolk RP, Sauer PJ. Dutch healthcare professionals inadequately perceived if three- and four-year-old preschool children were overweight. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1198-203. [PMID: 26676368 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We studied whether healthcare professionals adequately perceived if preschool children were overweight and whether this was influenced by their own body mass index (BMI). METHODS We sent 716 Dutch healthcare professionals questionnaires containing seven pictures and seven sketches of three- and four-year-old children showing body weights from underweight to morbidly obese. The professionals rated the pictures on a five-point scale from too heavy to too light and chose the sketch that they felt best depicted the child's body shape. They also reported their own height and weight and their BMI was calculated. RESULTS Of the 716 questionnaires, 346 (48.3%) were returned with complete information and analysed. Healthcare professionals mostly chose sketches that showed children as being lighter than they really were. Depending on their own BMI group, the overweight child was perceived as having a normal weight by 74-79% of the healthcare professionals. The obese children were rated correctly by 44-52% of the professionals, but 14-15% said their weight was normal. The morbidly obese child was adequately assessed by 93-98% of the professionals. CONCLUSION Healthcare professionals inadequately perceived whether three- and four-year-old children were overweight and this may have hindered early interventions, leading to overweight children becoming overweight adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Bocca
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Broens
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Sauer
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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Cardiorespiratory fitness cut points to avoid cardiovascular disease risk in children and adolescents; what level of fitness should raise a red flag? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:1451-1458. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Verschuren O, Peterson MD, Balemans AC, Hurvitz EA. Exercise and physical activity recommendations for people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58:798-808. [PMID: 26853808 PMCID: PMC4942358 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity and its promotion, as well as the avoidance of sedentary behaviour, play important roles in health promotion and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. Guidelines for young people and adults with typical development are available from the World Health Organisation and American College of Sports Medicine. However, detailed recommendations for physical activity and sedentary behaviour have not been established for children, adolescents, and adults with cerebral palsy (CP). This paper presents the first CP-specific physical activity and exercise recommendations. The recommendations are based on (1) a comprehensive review and analysis of the literature, (2) expert opinion, and (3) extensive clinical experience. The evidence supporting these recommendations is based on randomized controlled trials and observational studies involving children, adolescents, and adults with CP, and buttressed by the previous guidelines for the general population. These recommendations may be used to guide healthcare providers on exercise and daily physical activity prescription for individuals with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Verschuren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Rembrandtkade 10, 3583TM, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Phone: +3130-2561211
| | - Mark D. Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Astrid C.J. Balemans
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward A. Hurvitz
- Chair, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Towner EK, Clifford LM, McCullough MB, Stough CO, Stark LJ. Treating Obesity in Preschoolers: A Review and Recommendations for Addressing Critical Gaps. Pediatr Clin North Am 2016; 63:481-510. [PMID: 27261546 PMCID: PMC6246919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Developing interventions targeting obesity reduction in preschoolers is an emergent area. Although intensive, multicomponent interventions seem a promising approach to preschool obesity reduction, this review identifies and discusses approaches to 3 critical gaps (poor reach to families from low-income and minority backgrounds, lack of sufficient evidence to determine the most effective and efficient treatment components and approaches to treating obesity in early childhood, and lack of consensus on how best to discern intervention effectiveness) that need to be addressed to advance the preschool obesity literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Towner
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, IBio 6135 Woodward Avenue, H206, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Lisa M Clifford
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32610-0165, USA
| | - Mary Beth McCullough
- Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 7039, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Cathleen Odar Stough
- Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 7039, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Lori J Stark
- Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC 3015, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Noonan RJ, Boddy LM, Fairclough SJ, Knowles ZR. Write, draw, show, and tell: a child-centred dual methodology to explore perceptions of out-of-school physical activity. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:326. [PMID: 27080384 PMCID: PMC4832535 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research to increase children's physical activity and inform intervention design has, to date, largely underrepresented children's voices. Further, research has been limited to singular qualitative methods that overlook children's varied linguistic ability and interaction preference. The aim of this study was to use a novel combination of qualitative techniques to explore children's current views, experiences and perceptions of out-of-school physical activity as well as offering formative opinion about future intervention design. METHODS Write, draw, show and tell (WDST) groups were conducted with 35 children aged 10-11 years from 7 primary schools. Data were analysed through a deductive and inductive process, firstly using the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model as a thematic framework, and then inductively to enable emergent themes to be further explored. Pen profiles were constructed representing key emergent themes. RESULTS The WDST combination of qualitative techniques generated complimentary interconnected data which both confirmed and uncovered new insights into factors relevant to children's out-of-school physical activity. Physical activity was most frequently associated with organised sports. Fun, enjoyment, competence, and physical activity provision were all important predictors of children's out-of-school physical activity. Paradoxically, parents served as both significant enablers (i.e. encouragement) and barriers (i.e. restricting participation) to physical activity participation. Some of these key findings would have otherwise remained hidden when compared to more traditional singular methods based approaches. CONCLUSIONS Parents are in a unique position to promote health promoting behaviours serving as role models, physical activity gatekeepers and choice architects. Given the strong socialising effect parents have on children's physical activity, family-based physical activity intervention may offer a promising alternative compared to traditional school-based approaches. Parents' qualitative input is important to supplement children's voices and inform future family-based intervention design. The WDST method developed here is an inclusive, interactive and child-centred methodology which facilitates the exploration of a wide range of topics and enhances data credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Noonan
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62 Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK.
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62 Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62 Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK
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Zaqout M, Michels N, Bammann K, Ahrens W, Sprengeler O, Molnar D, Hadjigeorgiou C, Eiben G, Konstabel K, Russo P, Jiménez-Pavón D, Moreno LA, De Henauw S. Influence of physical fitness on cardio-metabolic risk factors in European children. The IDEFICS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1119-25. [PMID: 26857382 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the associations of individual and combined physical fitness components with single and clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors in children. SUBJECTS/METHODS This 2-year longitudinal study included a total of 1635 European children aged 6-11 years. The test battery included cardio-respiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run test), upper-limb strength (handgrip test), lower-limb strength (standing long jump test), balance (flamingo test), flexibility (back-saver sit-and-reach) and speed (40-m sprint test). Metabolic risk was assessed through z-score standardization using four components: waist circumference, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), blood lipids (triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein) and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment). Mixed model regression analyses were adjusted for sex, age, parental education, sugar and fat intake, and body mass index. RESULTS Physical fitness was inversely associated with clustered metabolic risk (P<0.001). All coefficients showed a higher clustered metabolic risk with lower physical fitness, except for upper-limb strength (β=0.057; P=0.002) where the opposite association was found. Cardio-respiratory fitness (β=-0.124; P<0.001) and lower-limb strength (β=-0.076; P=0.002) were the most important longitudinal determinants. The effects of cardio-respiratory fitness were even independent of the amount of vigorous-to-moderate activity (β=-0.059; P=0.029). Among all the metabolic risk components, blood pressure seemed not well predicted by physical fitness, while waist circumference, blood lipids and insulin resistance all seemed significantly predicted by physical fitness. CONCLUSION Poor physical fitness in children is associated with the development of cardio-metabolic risk factors. Based on our results, this risk might be modified by improving mainly cardio-respiratory fitness and lower-limb muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaqout
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Bammann
- Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - W Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - O Sprengeler
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - D Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - C Hadjigeorgiou
- Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - G Eiben
- Public Health Epidemiology Unit (EPI), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Konstabel
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - P Russo
- Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - D Jiménez-Pavón
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Noonan RJ, Boddy LM, Knowles ZR, Fairclough SJ. Cross-sectional associations between high-deprivation home and neighbourhood environments, and health-related variables among Liverpool children. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e008693. [PMID: 26769779 PMCID: PMC4735160 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To investigate differences in health-related, home and neighbourhood environmental variables between Liverpool children living in areas of high deprivation (HD) and medium-to-high deprivation (MD) and (2) to assess associations between these perceived home and neighbourhood environments and health-related variables stratified by deprivation group. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING 10 Liverpool primary schools in 2014. PARTICIPANTS 194 children aged 9-10 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Health-related variables (self-reported physical activity (PA) (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children, PAQ-C), cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index (BMI) z-scores, waist circumference), home environment variables: (garden/backyard access, independent mobility, screen-based media restrictions, bedroom media) and neighbourhood walkability (Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth, NEWS-Y). EXPLANATORY MEASURES Area deprivation. RESULTS There were significant differences between HD and MD children's BMI z-scores (p<0.01), waist circumference (p<0.001) and cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.01). HD children had significantly higher bedroom media availability (p<0.05) and independent mobility scores than MD children (p<0.05). MD children had significantly higher residential density and neighbourhood aesthetics scores, and lower crime safety, pedestrian and road traffic safety scores than HD children, all of which indicated higher walkability (p<0.01). HD children's BMI z-scores (β=-0.29, p<0.01) and waist circumferences (β=-0.27, p<0.01) were inversely associated with neighbourhood aesthetics. HD children's PA was negatively associated with bedroom media (β=-0.24, p<0.01), and MD children's PA was positively associated with independent mobility (β=0.25, p<0.01). MD children's independent mobility was inversely associated with crime safety (β=-0.28, p<0.01) and neighbourhood aesthetics (β=-0.24, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children living in HD areas had the least favourable health-related variables and were exposed to home and neighbourhood environments that are unconducive to health-promoting behaviours. Less access to bedroom media equipment and greater independent mobility were strongly associated with higher PA in HD and MD children, respectively. Facilitating independent mobility and encouraging outdoor play may act as effective strategies to enhance PA levels and reduce sedentary time in primary school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Noonan
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- The Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
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44
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Family history of hypertension and serum triglycerides predict future insulin sensitivity. J Hypertens 2015; 33:1845-51; discussion 1852. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Derraik JGB, Mathai S, Chiavaroli V, Dalziel SR, Harding JE, Biggs J, Jefferies C, Cutfield WS, Hofman PL. Preterm birth is associated with an intergenerational effect on cardio-metabolic risk. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:439-40. [PMID: 25683485 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G B Derraik
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Mathai
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Stuart R Dalziel
- Children's Emergency Department, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Harding
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janene Biggs
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Craig Jefferies
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul L Hofman
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
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46
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Three-year follow-up of 3-year-old to 5-year-old children after participation in a multidisciplinary or a usual-care obesity treatment program. Clin Nutr 2014; 33:1095-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Kelly RK, Magnussen CG. Epidemiology of elevated blood pressure in youth and its utility for predicting adulthood outcomes: A review. World J Hypertens 2014; 4:29-36. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v4.i4.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure has been demonstrated to track from youth to adulthood and some have demonstrated an association between early-life blood pressure and subsequent atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. In addition, reports regarding the strength of tracking are inconsistent and the modifiable risk factors that affect the trajectory of blood pressure from youth to adulthood remain unclear. This paper comprehensively evaluated the existing classifications of youth hypertension and the current trends of youth hypertension. Further, evidence for the consequences of hypertension in youth has been comprehensively evaluated. Importantly, a review of the studies examining tracking from youth to adulthood has been performed and a number of studies investigating the factors affecting tracking has also been investigated. The overall consideration of this body of literature highlights the vital importance of identifying hypertension in youth to prevent complications in adulthood. Adiposity is regarded to be a factor affecting the progression of hypertension from youth to adulthood yet there is little evidence available for other modifiable factors. It is apparent that further research is necessary within this field in order to create effective preventative strategies to target youth hypertension.
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48
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Derraik JGB, Savage T, Miles HL, Mouat F, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Anthropometry, glucose homeostasis, and lipid profile in prepubertal children born early, full, or late term. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6497. [PMID: 25263327 PMCID: PMC4178288 DOI: 10.1038/srep06497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine differences in growth and metabolism in prepubertal children born early term, full term, and late term. We retrospectively studied 294 prepubertal children aged 7.3 years (range 3.0-12.1 years). Children were separated into those born early term (37 0/7-38 6/7 weeks of gestation; n = 68), full term (39 0/7-40 6/7 weeks; n = 179), and late term (41 0/7-41 6/7 weeks; n = 47). Clinical assessments included anthropometry, DXA-derived body composition, fasting lipids, and glucose homeostasis. Statistical models accounted for important confounding factors, such as gender, age, birth weight SDS, birth order, and parental variables. When birth weight was adjusted for sex and gestational age (birth weight SDS), late terms were heavier than both early (p = 0.034) and full (p = 0.020) terms. Early term children were shorter than both full (p = 0.010) and late (p = 0.049) term children, but differences in height disappeared following correction for parents' heights. There were no differences in glucose homeostasis, BMI SDS, adiposity, or fat distribution between groups. Lipid profiles were also similar. When important confounding factors were accounted for, there were no meaningful differences in anthropometry, glucose homeostasis, and lipid profile among children born early term, full term, or late term.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G B Derraik
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tim Savage
- 1] Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand [2] Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Harriet L Miles
- 1] Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand [2] Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fran Mouat
- Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul L Hofman
- 1] Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand [2] Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- 1] Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand [2] Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
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49
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Progression of cardio-metabolic risk factors in subjects born small and large for gestational age. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104278. [PMID: 25117750 PMCID: PMC4130586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subjects born small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age have an increased risk of cardio-metabolic alterations already during prepuberty. Nevertheless, the progression of their cardio-metabolic profile from childhood to adolescence has not been fully explored. Our aim was to assess potential changes in the cardio-metabolic profile from childhood to adolescence in subjects born SGA and LGA compared to those born appropriate (AGA) for gestational age. Methods This longitudinal study included 35 AGA, 24 SGA and 31 LGA subjects evaluated during childhood (mean age (±SD) 8.4±1.4 yr) and then re-assessed during adolescence (mean age 13.3±1.8 yr). BMI, blood pressure, insulin resistance (fasting insulin, HOMA-IR) and lipids were assessed. A cardio-metabolic risk z-score was applied and this consisted in calculating the sum of sex-specific z-scores for BMI, blood pressure, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and triglycerides:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Results Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were higher in SGA and LGA than AGA subjects both during childhood (all P<0.01) and adolescence (all P<0.01). Similarly, the clustered cardio-metabolic risk score was higher in SGA and LGA than AGA children (both P<0.05), and these differences among groups increased during adolescence (both P<0.05). Of note, a progression of the clustered cardio-metabolic risk score was observed from childhood to adolescence within SGA and within LGA subjects (both P<0.05). Conclusions SGA and LGA subjects showed an adverse cardio-metabolic profile during childhood when compared to AGA peers, with a worsening of this profile during adolescence. These findings indicate an overtime progression of insulin resistance and overall estimated cardiovascular risk from childhood to adolescence in SGA and LGA populations.
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50
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Golle K, Granacher U, Hoffmann M, Wick D, Muehlbauer T. Effect of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness in children: a 4 year longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:499. [PMID: 24886425 PMCID: PMC4049502 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cross-sectional studies detected associations between physical fitness, living area, and sports participation in children. Yet, their scientific value is limited because the identification of cause-and-effect relationships is not possible. In a longitudinal approach, we examined the effects of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness development in primary school children from classes 3 to 6. Methods One-hundred and seventy-two children (age: 9–12 years; sex: 69 girls, 103 boys) were tested for their physical fitness (i.e., endurance [9-min run], speed [50-m sprint], lower- [triple hop] and upper-extremity muscle strength [1-kg ball push], flexibility [stand-and-reach], and coordination [star coordination run]). Living area (i.e., urban or rural) and sports club participation were assessed using parent questionnaire. Results Over the 4 year study period, urban compared to rural children showed significantly better performance development for upper- (p = 0.009, ES = 0.16) and lower-extremity strength (p < 0.001, ES = 0.22). Further, significantly better performance development were found for endurance (p = 0.08, ES = 0.19) and lower-extremity strength (p = 0.024, ES = 0.23) for children continuously participating in sports clubs compared to their non-participating peers. Conclusions Our findings suggest that sport club programs with appealing arrangements appear to represent a good means to promote physical fitness in children living in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany.
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