Comparison of ozone administration routes on liver, lung, and brain damage after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury

doi:10.5493/wjem.118828

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine

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2220-315x

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Exp Med. Jun 20, 2026; 16(2): 118828
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5493/wjem.118828

Table 1 Liver tissue histopathological findings (means ± SEs)

	C group (n = 6)	IR group (n = 6)	IRRO group (n = 6)	IRITO group (n = 6)	IRIPO group (n = 6)	P value¹
Hepatocyte degeneration	0.17 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.21^a	0.67 ± 0.21	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.67 ± 0.33	0.028
Sinusoidal dilatation	0.17 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.21^a	0.83 ± 0.31	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.67 ± 0.33	0.045
Pycnotic nucleus	0.17 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.21^a	0.67 ± 0.21^b	0.33 ± 0.21^b	0.67 ± 0.21^b	0.005
Cell undergoing necrosis	0.17 ± 0.17	1.50 ± 0.22^a	0.67 ± 0.21^b	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.67 ± 0.21^b	0.002
MN cell infiltration in the parenchyma	0.17 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.21^a	0.67 ± 0.33	0.33 ± 0.21^b	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.018

¹Significance level using the Kruskal-Wallis test; P < 0.05.

^aP < 0.05: Compared to the control group.

^bP < 0.05: Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion group.

C group: Control group; IR group: Ischemia-reperfusion group; IRRO group: Ischemia-reperfusion rectal ozone group; IRITO group: Ischemia-reperfusion intrathecal ozone group; IRIPO group: Ischemia-reperfusion intraperitoneal ozone group; MN: Mononuclear.

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Table 2 Lung tissue histopathological findings (means ± SEs)

	C group (n = 6)	IR group (n = 6)	IRRO group (n = 6)	IRITO group (n = 6)	IRIPO group (n = 6)	P value¹
Interstitial edema	0.50 ± 0.22	1.67 ± 0.33^a	0.83 ± 0.31^b	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.67 ± 0.21^b	0.024
Interstitial hemorrhage	0.17 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.21^a	0.67 ± 0.33	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.027
Alveolar congestion	0.17 ± 0.17	1.50 ± 0.22^a	0.67 ± 0.33^b	0.33 ± 0.21^b	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.005
Leukocyte infiltration (neutrophil/Lymphocyte)	0.17 ± 0.17	1.67 ± 0.42^a	0.83 ± 0.40	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.67 ± 0.33^b	0.039
Thickness of the alveolar walls	0.17 ± 0.17	1.50 ± 0.34^a	0.67 ± 0.33^b	0.33 ± 0.21^b	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.014
Total damage score	1.17 ± 0.79	7.33 ± 0.84^a	3.50 ± 1.31^b	2.17 ± 1.01b	3.00 ± 1.21^b	0.008

¹Significance level using the Kruskal-Wallis test; P < 0.05.

^aP < 0.05: Compared to the control group.

^bP < 0.05: Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion group.

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Table 3 Brain tissue histopathological findings (means ± SEs)

	C group (n = 6)	IR group (n = 6)	IRRO group (n = 6)	IRITO group (n = 6)	IRIPO group (n = 6)	P value¹
Ischemic neuronal change in cortex/medulla	0.17 ± 0.17	1.17 ± 0.31^a	0.83 ± 0.31	0.33 ± 0.21^b	0.50 ± 0.22	0.049
Cellularity (macrophages and astrocytes)	0.17 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.33^a	0.83 ± 0.31	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.041
Focal necrosis	0.17 ± 0.17	1.17 ± 0.31^a	0.67 ± 0.21	0.33 ± 0.21^b	0.50 ± 0.22	0.047
Inflammation, macrophagic and astroglial	0.17 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.33	0.67 ± 0.21	0.33 ± 0.21^b	0.50 ± 0.22^b	0.018

¹Significance level using the Kruskal-Wallis test; P < 0.05.

^aP < 0.05: Compared to the control group.

^bP < 0.05: Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion group.

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Table 4 Rat liver tissue oxidant status parameters (means ± SD)

	Group C (n = 6)	Group IR (n = 6)	Group IRRO (n = 6)	Group IRITO (n = 6)	Group IRIPO (n = 6)	P value¹
MDA (nmol/g.pro)	113.69 ± 17.37	162.96 ± 24.52^a	134.70 ± 21.88^b	128.65 ± 16.37^b	132.27 ± 16.64^b	0.004
CAT (IU/mg.pro)	101.57 ± 25.55	60.29 ± 7.45^a	81.94 ± 11.73^b	98.97 ± 18.85^b	87.28 ± 15.12^b	0.002

¹Significance level using the Kruskal-Wallis test; P < 0.05.

^aP < 0.05: Compared to the control group.

^bP < 0.05: Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion group.

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Table 5 Rat lung tissue oxidant status parameters (means ± SD)

	Group C (n = 6)	Group IR (n = 6)	Group IRRO (n = 6)	Group IRITO (n = 6)	Group IRIPO (n = 6)	P value¹
MDA (nmol/g.pro)	133.97 ± 22.27	195.26 ± 54.85^a	164.61 ± 23.87	149.79 ± 20.78^b	144.24 ± 30.75^b	0.033
CAT (IU/mg.pro)	65.48 ± 14.21	27.17 ± 12.68^a	40.19 ± 13.93^a	66.56 ± 13.04^b^,^c	46.22 ± 18.11^b	< 0.001

¹Significance level using the Kruskal-Wallis test; P < 0.05.

^aP < 0.05: Compared to the control group.

^bP < 0.05: Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion group.

^cP < 0.05: Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion rectal ozone group.

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Table 6 Rat brain tissue oxidant status parameters (means ± SD)

	Group C (n = 6)	Group IR (n = 6)	Group IRRO (n = 6)	Group IRITO (n = 6)	Group IRIPO (n = 6)	P value¹
MDA (nmol/g.pro)	121.94 ± 19.28	187.54 ± 35.04^a	159.29 ± 43.77^a	132.41 ± 14.18^b	124.44 ± 30.28^b	0.010
CAT (IU/mg.pro)	56.03 ± 10.79	26.94 ± 8.46^a	35.67 ± 11.25^a	52.65 ± 8.39^b^,^c	46.02 ± 11.19^b	< 0.001

¹Significance level using the Kruskal-Wallis test; P < 0.05.

^aP < 0.05: Compared to the control group.

^bP < 0.05: Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion group.

^cP < 0.05: Compared to the ischemia-reperfusion rectal ozone group.

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Citation: Şengel N, Köksal Z, Küçük A, Sezen ŞC, Güneş I, Atlı M, Kip G, Gökgöz Acar S, Özer A, Kavutçu M, Arslan M. Comparison of ozone administration routes on liver, lung, and brain damage after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. World J Exp Med 2026; 16(2): 118828
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v16/i2/118828.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5493/wjem.118828

Şengel N, Köksal Z, Küçük A, Sezen ŞC, Güneş I, Atlı M, Kip G, Gökgöz Acar S, Özer A, Kavutçu M, Arslan M. Comparison of ozone administration routes on liver, lung, and brain damage after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. World J Exp Med 2026; 16(2): 118828 [DOI: 10.5493/wjem.118828]

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