Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Exp Med. Jun 20, 2026; 16(2): 118828
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5493/wjem.118828
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5493/wjem.118828
Comparison of ozone administration routes on liver, lung, and brain damage after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury
Necmiye Şengel, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara 06490, Türkiye
Zeynep Köksal, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara 29 Mayıs State Hospital, Ankara 06105, Türkiye
Aysegül Küçük, Department of Physiology, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Bandırma 10250, Türkiye
Şaban Cem Sezen, Muharrem Atlı, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale 71450, Türkiye
Işın Güneş, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri 38030, Türkiye
Gülay Kip, Mustafa Arslan, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06560, Türkiye
Seda Gökgöz Acar, Mustafa Kavutçu, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06560, Türkiye
Abdullah Özer, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06560, Türkiye
Mustafa Arslan, Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Türkiye
Mustafa Arslan, Laboratory Animal Breeding and Experimental Research Center (GÜDAM), Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Türkiye
Co-corresponding authors: Necmiye Şengel and Mustafa Arslan.
Author contributions: Şengel NŞ and Arslan M contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-corresponding authors. Arslan M, Kip G, Şengel N, Köksal Z, and Küçük A designed and coordinated the study and analyzed data; Özer A, Arslan M, and Güneş I performed the experiments and acquired data; Sezen ŞC, Atlı M, Acar SG, and Kavutçu M performed the biochemical and histological experiments and interpreted the data; Köksal Z and Kip G collected samples; Şengel NŞ, Arslan M, Küçük A, and Köksal Z wrote the manuscript; all authors approved the final version of the article.
Institutional animal care and use committee statement: All procedures were performed in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and relevant national guidelines for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The experimental protocol of this study was reviewed and approved by the Gazi University Animal Care and Use Ethics Committee (Approval Date: July 14, 2025; Protocol Code: No. G.Ü.ET-25.065).
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
ARRIVE guidelines statement: The authors have read the ARRIVE guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE guidelines.
Data sharing statement: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Corresponding author: Necmiye Şengel, Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxil
Received: January 12, 2026
Revised: March 11, 2026
Accepted: May 11, 2026
Published online: June 20, 2026
Processing time: 152 Days and 9.3 Hours
Revised: March 11, 2026
Accepted: May 11, 2026
Published online: June 20, 2026
Processing time: 152 Days and 9.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a complex process affecting multiple organs. Current preventive strategies remain insufficient. This study investigated the protective effects of single-dose ozone pretreatment via intrathecal, intraperitoneal, and rectal routes on liver, lung, and brain tissues in a rat spinal cord IRI model. Histopathological results demonstrated that ozone pretreatment through all three routes significantly reduced oxidative damage and improved tissue outcomes compared to the IR group. Medical ozone administration may offer a viable therapeutic option with high efficacy and minimal side effects in preventing IRI-related organ damage.