Intravitreal therapy for the management of diabetic retinopathy: A concise review

Figure 1 Ranibizumab remains the first-line agent and the standard of care in the management of diabetic macular edema. A: Fundus photograph of the right eye of a patient with moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy shows retinal thickening and hard exudates (arrow) suggestive of clinically significant macular edema (CSME); B: Corresponding swept source optical coherence tomography scan shows intraretinal (arrow-head) and subretinal fluid (asterisk) along with hard exudates (arrow); C and D: Treatment with Intravitreal Ranibizumab (Accentrix^®) resulted in resolution of CSME and improvement in visual acuity from 6/18 to 6/9.

Figure 2 A 55-year-old Asian Indian female presented with decreased vision in her right eye for the past two months. She was diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus 5 years back. A: She had moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) at presentation. Swept source optical coherence tomography scan showed the presence of intra-retinal cystic spaces (asterisk) and hard exudates (arrows); B: Treatment with intravitreal Aflibercept (Eylea^®) resulted in the resolution of CSME.

Figure 3 A 65-year-old Asian Indian male presented with decreased vision in his left eye. He was diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus 2 years back. He also gave a history of myocardial infarction two months back. A: Fundus examination showed moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) in the left eye. Swept source optical coherence tomography scan showed presence of intra-retinal cystic spaces (arrow); B: Treatment with intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex^®) resulted in the resolution of CSME.