Ratnaparkhi MM, Vyawahare CR, Gandham NR. Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution and mutation patterns: Insights and clinical implications for hepatitis B virus positive patients. World J Exp Med 2025; 15(2): 102395 [DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v15.i2.102395]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Chanda R Vyawahare, MD, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre and Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Mahārāshtra, India. chandavyawahare@dpu.edu.in
Research Domain of This Article
Microbiology
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Exp Med. Jun 20, 2025; 15(2): 102395 Published online Jun 20, 2025. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v15.i2.102395
Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution and mutation patterns: Insights and clinical implications for hepatitis B virus positive patients
Manisha M Ratnaparkhi, Chanda R Vyawahare, Nageswari R Gandham
Manisha M Ratnaparkhi, Chanda R Vyawahare, Nageswari R Gandham, Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre and Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Mahārāshtra, India
Author contributions: Ratnaparkhi MM was responsible for concept and design, drafted review article, and literature search; Vyawahare CR edited review article, and literature search; Gandham NR was responsible for literature search; Ratnaparkhi MM, Vyawahare CR, and Gandham NR finalized manuscript; all authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Chanda R Vyawahare, MD, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre and Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Mahārāshtra, India. chandavyawahare@dpu.edu.in
Received: October 18, 2024 Revised: January 5, 2025 Accepted: January 14, 2025 Published online: June 20, 2025 Processing time: 181 Days and 21.1 Hours
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major worldwide health concern, contributing to chronic liver disorders like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review comprehensively analyzes HBV genotype distribution, mutation patterns, and their clinical implications, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HBV-positive patients. The discussion begins with HBV virology, emphasizing its capacity for chronic hepatitis and its association with severe liver complications, notably HCC. Understanding HBV genotypes (A-J) and their distinct geographic distributions is crucial, as genotype variations influence disease progression and treatment responses. Genotypes like C are particularly linked to heightened HCC risk, highlighting the need for genotype-specific management strategies. The genomic structure of HBV, consisting of four open reading frames (ORFs) encoding essential viral proteins, is detailed, with emphasis on mutations within these ORFs influenced by host immune responses and antiviral therapies. These mutations contribute to viral resistance and virulence, impacting treatment outcomes through alterations in viral replication dynamics. Clinical implications are explored through genotype-specific impacts on disease outcomes and treatment approaches. Genotype and mutation analysis guide personalized treatment regimens, optimizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects and preventing drug resistance. Diagnostic molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction and sequencing are pivotal in genotype and mutation detection, facilitating tailored treatment decisions.
Core Tip: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and mutations significantly influence treatment responses, clinical outcomes, and disease etiology. Integrating genotyping and mutation studies improves diagnostic precision, treatment choices, and patient outcomes. Prioritizing genotype-specific management strategies will help healthcare practitioners maximize therapeutic efficacy and slow the course of disease. Future studies should concentrate on clarifying the molecular processes that underlie the pathophysiology and treatment outcomes specific to HBV genotypes. This thorough review highlights the significance of genotype-specific management approaches in the treatment of hepatitis B and offers an in-depth understanding of the intricate relationships between HBV genotypes, mutations, and clinical outcomes.
