Double incontinence among women globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram. PRISMA flow chart summarizing the systematic review process showing number of records identified, screened, assessed for eligibility, and included in the final analysis.

Figure 2 Forest plot. The pooled logit-transformed prevalence was -2.35. Study weights reflect sample size and precision, with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 32.7%) indicating acceptable variation.

Figure 3 Funnel plot. Logit-transformed prevalence was plotted against standard errors. The symmetric distribution suggests minimal publication bias, supported by non-significant Egger’s (P = 0.721) and Kendall’s Tau (P = 1.000) tests.