Pediatric hernias and undescended testis in Jordan: A retrospective study

Table 1 Overall demographic characteristics of the surgical cohort (n = 1647)

Variable	Category	n (%)
Age group	Newborn	101 (6.1)
	Infant	451 (27.4)
	Toddler	430 (26.1)
	Child	649 (39.4)
	Adolescent	16 (1.0)
Sex	Male	1276 (77.5)
	Female	371 (22.5)

The study population included all surgically treated children with hernia and/or undescended testis. Undescended testis occurred exclusively in male patients.

Table 2 Distribution of undescended testis among male patients (n = 1276)

Diagnosis		n (%)
UDT	Left	204 (16.0)
	Right	198 (15.5)
	Bilateral	89 (7.0)
Inguinal hernia	Left	261 (20.5)
	Right	388 (30.4)
	Bilateral	36 (2.8)
Combined hernia and UDT		23 (1.8)
Umbilical hernia		53 (4.2)
Other hernias		24 (1.9)

Undescended testis diagnoses are restricted to male patients. Percentages are calculated using the total number of male patients (n = 1276). UDT: Undescended testis.

Table 3 Distribution of undescended testis by age group among male patients (n = 1276), n (%)

Age group	UDT present		Total
	Absent	Present
Adolescent	2 (14.3)	12 (85.7)	14
Child	235 (46.7)	268 (53.3)	503
Infant	284 (80.0)	71 (20.0)	355
Newborn	65 (92.9)	5 (7.1)	70
Toddler	176 (52.7)	158 (47.3)	334
Total	762 (59.7)	514 (40.3)	1276

Percentages are calculated within each age group. UDT: Undescended testis.

Table 4 Diagnosis distribution (n = 1647), n (%)

Diagnosis		n (%)
UDT	Left	204 (12.4)
	Right	198 (12.0)
	Bilateral	89 (5.4)
Inguinal hernia	Left	370 (22.5)
	Right	540 (32.8)
	Bilateral	61 (3.7)
Combined hernia and UDT		23 (1.4)
Umbilical hernia		130 (7.9)
Other hernias		32 (1.9)

Sliding hernias were classified under inguinal hernia. UDT: Undescended testis.

Table 5 Diagnosis distribution by age group (n = 1647), n (%)

Diagnosis		Adolescent	Child	Infant	Newborn	Toddler	Total
UDT	Left	4 (25.0)	94 (14.5)	32 (7.1)	0 (0.0)	74 (17.2)	204 (12.4)
	Right	7 (43.8)	111 (17.1)	28 (6.2)	2 (2.0)	50 (11.6)	198 (12.0)
	Bilateral	1 (6.3)	53 (8.2)	4 (0.9)	2 (2.0)	29 (6.7)	89 (5.4)
Inguinal hernia	Right	2 (12.5)	162 (25.0)	196 (43.5)	42 (41.6)	138 (32.1)	540 (32.8)
	Bilateral	0 (0.0)	16 (2.5)	26 (5.8)	10 (9.9)	9 (2.1)	61 (3.7)
	Left	2 (12.5)	118 (18.2)	131 (29.0)	38 (37.6)	81 (18.8)	370 (22.5)
Combined hernia and UDT		0 (0.0)	10 (1.5)	7 (1.6)	1 (1.0)	5 (1.2)	23 (1.4)
Umbilical hernia		0 (0.0)	65 (10.0)	22 (4.9)	5 (5.0)	38 (8.8)	130 (7.9)
Other hernias		0 (0.0)	20 (3.1)	5 (1.1)	1 (1.0)	6 (1.4)	32 (1.9)
Total		16	649	451	101	430	1647

Percentages are calculated within each age group. UDT: Undescended testis.

Table 6 Diagnosis distribution by sex (n = 1647), n (%)

Diagnosis		Female	Male	Total
UDT	Left	0 (0.0)	204 (16.0)	204 (12.4)
	Right	0 (0.0)	198 (15.5)	198 (12.0)
	Bilateral	0 (0.0)	89 (7.0)	89 (5.4)
Inguinal hernia	Left	109 (29.4)	261 (20.5)	370 (22.5)
	Right	152 (41.0)	388 (30.4)	540 (32.8)
	Bilateral	25 (6.7)	36 (2.8)	61 (3.7)
Combined hernia and UDT		0 (0.0)	23 (1.8)	23 (1.4)
Umbilical hernia		77 (20.8)	53 (4.2)	130 (7.9)
Other hernias		8 (2.2)	24 (1.9)	32 (1.9)
Total		371	1276	1647

Percentages are calculated within sex. UDT: Undescended testis.

Table 7 Binomial logistic regression of age group predicting undescended testis presence among males

Predictor	Estimate	SE	Z	P value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval
Age group	0.760	0.0681	11.2	< 0.001	2.1374	1.8704-2.4425

Estimates represent the log-odds of undescended testis presence (1) relative to absence (0).