Pediatric hernias and undescended testis in Jordan: A retrospective study

doi:10.5409/wjcp.120842

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Publication Name

World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2026; 15(4): 120842
Published online Dec 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.120842

Pediatric hernias and undescended testis in Jordan: A retrospective study

Omar S Mansour, Rasem Keilani, Leen I Alnajjar, Yara Y Alfauri

Omar S Mansour, Department of General Surgery, Al Balqa Applied University, As Salt 19117, Al Balqa, Jordan

Rasem Keilani, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ministry of Health, As Salt 19117, Al Balqa, Jordan

Leen I Alnajjar, Medical Internship, Saudi Hospital, Amman 11118, Jordan

Yara Y Alfauri, Medical Internship, Al-Hussain New Salt Hospital, As Salt 19117, Al Balqa, Jordan

Co-first authors: Omar S Mansour and Rasem Keilani.

Author contributions: Mansour OS and Keilani R made equal contributions as co-first authors; Keilani R conceptualized the study, performed surgeries, supervised the project, and critically revised the manuscript; Mansour OS reviewed and edited the manuscript; Alfauri YY performed the statistical analysis and drafted the abstract, introduction, methods, results, footnotes, highlights, and references sections; Alnajjar LI collected the data, drafted the discussion, introduction, and the conclusion sections. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

AI contribution statement: No section of the manuscript was generated by AI. All scientific content, analysis, interpretation, and writing were produced and approved by the authors. QuillBot was used solely for grammar correction and language polishing. No AI tool was used for data analysis or scientific interpretation.

Institutional review board statement: Al-Balqa’ Applied University’s Faculty of Medicine and Al-Hussain New Salt Hospital’s Institutional Review Board examined and approved the study, No. 32/2/2025/2026.

Informed consent statement: The Institutional Review Board waived the informed consent requirement because of the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized clinical data.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Data sharing statement: Upon reasonable request, the corresponding author will provide the datasets created and examined during the current work.

Corresponding author: Omar S Mansour, MD, FRCS, Department of General Surgery, Al Balqa Applied University, 33 Jordan Street, As Salt 19117, Al Balqa, Jordan. omar.mansour@bau.edu.jo

Received: March 18, 2026
Revised: March 30, 2026
Accepted: May 22, 2026
Published online: December 9, 2026
Processing time: 193 Days and 22.1 Hours

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Pediatric hernias and undescended testis (UDT) are common surgical conditions in children, with distribution varying by age, sex, and anatomical site. Although data from Western studies are abundant, limited data are available regarding their epidemiology in the Middle East, especially in Jordan.

AIM

To evaluate the demographic distribution of pediatric hernias and UDT by age, sex, and anatomical site, and to compare findings with Western populations.

METHODS

A retrospective observational study was conducted at Al-Hussain New Salt Hospital, including pediatric patients (≤ 18 years) who underwent surgical intervention for hernia and/or UDT between 2019 and 2025. Patients who had been diagnosed but were treated at different facilities were not included. Data were extracted from medical records, including age (broken down into set age categories), sex, and diagnosis. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using χ² or Fisher’s exact tests, with Cramér’s V used as a measure of effect size.

RESULTS

A total of 1647 pediatric patients were enrolled, with 77.5% being males. The most common diagnoses were right inguinal hernia (32.8%) and left inguinal hernia (22.5%). UDT diagnoses accounted for 29.8% of cases overall. Among male patients (n = 1276), UDT was observed in 40.3% of cases and was significantly associated with age [χ²(4) = 147, P < 0.001], occurring more frequently in older children. The distribution of diagnoses varied significantly by age [χ²(32) = 215, P < 0.001] and sex [χ²(8) = 282, P < 0.001]. Inguinal hernias were more prevalent in younger age groups, whereas UDT was more frequently observed in older patients.

CONCLUSION

Pediatric hernias and UDT in this cohort exhibited distinct age- and sex-specific patterns, with UDT predominantly detected in older children, indicating a delayed presentation relative to findings from Western populations.

Keywords: Pediatric hernia; Inguinal hernia; Umbilical hernia; Undescended testis; Orchiopexy; Epidemiology; Jordan

Core Tip: This single-center study provides new epidemiological data on undescended testis and pediatric hernias in Jordan, which is an area with limited research publications about this topic across 2019-2025. We found that the prevalence of right-sided inguinal hernia coincides with Western studies; however, undescended testis diagnosis is confined to an older age demographic, which is opposite to the global studies. So, accordingly, these results demonstrate the importance of region-specific data.