Revisiting modifiable determinants of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants

Table 1 Key determinants of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and their clinical implications

Determinant	Findings from Algharabeh et al[4]	Mechanism	Clinical implication
Low birth weight	Higher incidence in BPD group	Immature lung structure	Risk stratification
Prolonged ventilation	16% required ventilation > 4 weeks	Ventilator-induced lung injury	Early extubation strategies
Oxygen exposure	Prolonged exposure	Oxidative stress	Oxygen targeting protocols
Sepsis	60.5% prevalence	Inflammatory injury	Infection prevention
Preeclampsia - PDA	73.7% vs 48.4%	Endothelial dysfunction	Hemodynamic monitoring
Eclampsia - sepsis	Increased risk	Systemic inflammation	Early infection screening
PROM - ROP	39.0% vs 19.0%; P = 0.020	Intrauterine inflammation affecting vascular development	Screening and prevention strategies
Multiple gestation	Increased sepsis and ROP rates	Prematurity, prolonged hospitalization, invasive procedures	Intensive monitoring and supportive care

BPD: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia; PROM: Premature rupture of membranes; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; ROP: Retinopathy of prematurity.