Risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia among preterm infants born before thirty-two weeks of gestation in Palestinian private hospitals

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the studied premature infants

Variable	Category	n (%)	mean (SD)	Minimum	Maximum
Gestational age at birth	Less than 28 weeks	14 (11.8)
	Twenty-eight to thirty-two weeks	105 (88.2)
Sex	Female	41 (34.5)
	Male	78 (65.5)
Birth weight (g)			1257.45 (196.57)	500	1500
Apgar score	At 1 minute		5.87 (1.34)	4	8
Apgar score	At 5 minutes		8.18 (0.72)	7	9

Table 2 Maternal and neonatal history variables

Domain	Variable	Response	n (%)
Maternal history	Prenatal care received	No	31 (26.1)
		Yes	88 (73.9)
	Maternal infection (chorioamnionitis or urinary tract infection)	No	95 (79.8)
		Yes	24 (20.2)
	Preeclampsia	No	66 (55.5)
		Yes	53 (44.5)
	Eclampsia	No	62 (52.1)
		Yes	57 (47.9)
	Gestational diabetes mellitus	No	99 (83.2)
		Yes	20 (16.8)
	Premature rupture of membranes	No	42 (35.3)
		Yes	77 (64.7)
	Antenatal corticosteroids received	No	58 (48.7)
		Yes	61 (51.3)
	Mode of delivery	Cesarean section	98 (82.4)
		Vaginal delivery	21 (17.6)
	Multiple gestation	No	34 (28.6)
		Yes	85 (71.4)
Birth and neonatal history	Evidence of fetal distress	No	14 (11.8)
		Yes	105 (88.2)
	Resuscitation required at birth	No	47 (39.5)
		Yes	72 (60.5)
	Immediate intubation after birth	No	29 (24.4)
		Yes	90 (75.6)
Respiratory support and interventions	Oxygen therapy required	Yes	119 (100.0)
	Mechanical ventilation required	Yes	119 (100.0)
	Duration of mechanical ventilation	Less than 4 weeks	100 (84.0)
		Four weeks or more	19 (16.0)
	Surfactant therapy received	Yes	119 (100.0)
	Extubation and weaning trial performed	No	26 (21.8)
		Yes	93 (78.2)
	Early caffeine administration	Yes	119 (100.0)
	Dexamethasone received	No	51 (42.9)
		Yes	68 (57.1)
Infections and complications	Sepsis	No	47 (39.5)
		Yes	72 (60.5)
	Pneumonia	No	104 (87.4)
		Yes	15 (12.6)
	Necrotizing enterocolitis	No	102 (85.7)
		Yes	17 (14.3)
	Early-onset sepsis	No	61 (51.3)
		Yes	58 (48.7)
	Late-onset sepsis	No	88 (73.9)
		Yes	31 (26.1)
	Patent ductus arteriosus	No	49 (41.5)
		Yes	69 (58.5)
	Retinopathy of prematurity	No	82 (68.9)
		Yes	37 (31.1)

Table 3 Association between maternal characteristics and neonatal complications among preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (χ² analysis), n (%)

Maternal variable	Exposure status	Neonatal outcome	Outcome present	Outcome absent	P value
Preeclampsia	No	Patent ductus arteriosus	30 (48.4)	32 (51.6)	0.045
	Yes		42 (73.7)	15 (26.3)
Eclampsia	No	Sepsis	33 (53.2)	29 (46.8)	0.046
	Yes		39 (68.4)	18 (31.6)
Eclampsia	No	Late-onset sepsis	10 (16.1)	52 (83.9)	0.009
	Yes		21 (36.8)	36 (63.2)
Premature rupture of membranes	No	Retinopathy of prematurity	8 (19.0)	34 (81.0)	0.020
	Yes		30 (39.0)	47 (61.0)
Multiple gestation	No	Late-onset sepsis	5 (14.7)	29 (85.3)	0.042
	Yes		26 (30.6)	59 (69.4)
Multiple gestation	No	Retinopathy of prematurity	5 (14.7)	29 (85.3)	0.008
	Yes		33 (38.8)	52 (61.2)

Percentages are calculated based on the total number of infants within each maternal exposure group. P values were calculated using the χ² test.