Multimodal distraction reduces intravenous cannulation pain and anxiety in preschoolers: Controlled prospective study

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants, n (%)

Variable	Category	Experimental group (n = 300)	Control group (n = 300)	χ2	P value
Age (years)	3, 4	135 (45.0)	106 (35.3)	6.72	0.034
	4, 5	68 (22.7)	90 (30.0)
	5, 6	97 (32.3)	104 (34.7)
Gender	Male	187 (62.3)	200 (66.7)	0.81	0.369
	Female	113 (37.7)	100 (33.3)
Residence	Rural	164 (54.7)	192 (64.0)	4.58	0.032
	Urban	136 (45.3)	108 (36.0)
IV site	Cephalic vein	5 (1.7)	21 (7.0)	12.45	0.002
	Metacarpal vein	259 (86.3)	266 (88.7)
	Median vein	36 (12.0)	13 (4.3)
IV cannula size	22 G	63 (21.0)	98 (32.7)	7.88	0.005
	24 G	237 (79.0)	202 (67.3)

IV: Intravenous.

Table 2 Post-test pain levels (Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale) by group, n (%)

Pain level (Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale)	Experimental group (n = 300)	Control group (n = 300)	P value
No hurt (0)	20 (6.67)	0 (0.00)	< 0.001
Hurts little bit (1)	114 (38.00)	0 (0.00)
Hurts little more (2)	151 (50.33)	0 (0.00)
Hurts even more (3)	15 (5.00)	0 (0.00)
Hurts whole lot (4)	0 (0.00)	167 (55.66)
Hurts worst (5)	0 (0.00)	133 (44.33)

Table 3 Predictors of severe pain

Variable	Category	B	SE	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Group	Control vs experimental	5.98	0.58	396.4 (125.9-1247.7)	< 0.001
Age (years)	3, 4 (refence: 5, 6)	0.64	0.28	1.89 (1.10-3.25)	0.021
Gender	Male vs female	0.29	0.26	1.34 (0.80-2.23)	0.263
Residence	Rural vs urban	0.41	0.25	1.51 (0.93-2.45)	0.098
Intravenous site	Cephalic vs metacarpal	1.88	0.58	6.54 (2.08-20.54)	0.001
	Median vs metacarpal)	0.72	0.35	2.06 (1.05-4.06)	0.036
Cannula size	22 G vs 24 G	0.86	0.26	2.36 (1.39-4.02)	0.002

Statistically significant at P < 0.05.

Table 4 Comparison of post-test pain scores

Group	Mean (Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale)	SD	Mean difference	t value	P value
Experimental (n = 300)	3.07	1.390	5.73	58.56	< 0.001
Control (n = 300)	8.80	1.007

Table 5 Predictors of high anxiety

Variable	Category	B	SE	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Group	Control vs experimental)	4.86	0.55	129.2 (44.7-373.6)	< 0.001
Age (years)	3, 4 (refence: 5, 6)	0.72	0.30	2.06 (1.14-3.72)	0.017
Gender	Male vs female	0.33	0.27	1.39 (0.81-2.39)	0.232
Residence	Rural vs urban	0.48	0.26	1.62 (0.97-2.71)	0.066
Intravenous site	Cephalic vs metacarpal	1.55	0.53	4.72 (1.66-13.42)	0.004
	Median vs metacarpal	0.61	0.32	1.84 (0.98-3.43)	0.057
Cannula size	22 G vs 24 G	0.91	0.27	2.48 (1.46-4.21)	0.001

Table 6 Comparison of post-test anxiety scores

Group	Mean (Visual Analogue Anxiety Scale)	SD	Mean difference	t value	P value
Experimental (n = 300)	5.85	1.560	3.54	35.55	< 0.00001
Control (n = 300)	9.39	0.730

Table 7 Correlation between pain and anxiety scores by group

Group	Pain, mean (SD)	Anxiety, mean (SD)	r value	P value
Experimental (n = 300)	3.07 (1.39)	5.85 (1.56)	0.67	< 0.05
Control (n = 300)	8.80 (1.01)	9.39 (0.73)	0.66	< 0.05