Diabetes in adolescents without obesity in India: An underrecognized phenotype

Table 1 Distribution of factors associated with diabetes mellitus (previously and newly diagnosed cases), n (%)[1]

Variables	DM absent, n = 221556	DM present, n = 2359	Unadjusted RR (95%CI)	Adjusted RR (95%CI)
Age in years, mean (SD)	16.98 (1.40)	17.11 (1.40)	1.07 (1.02-1.11)a	1.09 (1.02-1.15)a
Sex
Male	105161 (98.87)	1168 (1.13)	Reference	-
Female	116395 (98.95)	1191 (1.05)	0.93 (0.83-1.04)
Respondents’ education
No education	7785 (99.24)	73 (0.76)	Reference	Reference
Primary education	12239 (98.95)	142 (1.05)	1.38 (0.97-1.96)	1.14 (0.74-1.75)
Secondary education	189093 (98.91)	1987 (1.09)	1.43 (1.07-1.91)a	1.31 (0.91-1.88)
Higher education	12414 (98.83)	156 (1.17)	1.53 (1.09-2.15)a	1.13 (0.73-1.76)
Religion
Hindu	98145 (98.95)	1006 (1.05)	Reference	-
Muslim	17820 (98.78)	210 (1.22)	1.17 (0.95-1.44)
Others	14248 (98.85)	151 (1.15)	1.10 (0.81-1.49)
Residence
Urban	49616 (98.88)	562 (1.12)	Reference	-
Rural	171940 (98.93)	1797 (1.07)	0.96 (0.84-1.11)
Wealth index
Poorest	52225 (99.05)	486 (0.95)	Reference	Reference
Poorer	54247 (98.86)	612 (1.14)	1.19 (1.01-1.41)a	1.22 (0.97-1.53)
Middle	47012 (98.86)	523 (1.14)	1.20 (1.01-1.42)a	1.21 (0.97-1.52)
Richer	38521 (98.89)	428 (1.11)	1.16 (0.98-1.39)	1.11 (0.88-1.41)
Richest	29551 (98.93)	310 (1.07)	1.12 (0.93-1.36)	1.19 (0.92-1.54)
Tobacco consumption
No	211095 (98.92)	2242 (1.08)	Reference	-
Yes	10087 (98.67)	115 (1.33)	1.23 (0.96-1.57)
Alcohol usage
No	217809 (98.91)	2332 (1.09)	Reference	-
Yes	3402 (99.12)	25 (0.88)	0.81 (0.47-1.38)
BMI
Normal	110800 (99.01)	1088 (0.99)	Reference	Reference
Thin	12659 (98.78)	153 (1.22)	1.24 (0.99-1.56)	1.24 (0.99-1.56)
Overweight/obese	8377 (98.13)	141 (1.87)	1.90 (1.50-2.40)b	1.85 (1.46-2.34)b
Health seeking behaviour in past 3 months
None	97890 (98.92)	993 (1.08)	Reference	-
Public facility	19697 (98.78)	242 (1.22)	1.14 (0.93-1.39)
Private facility	12261 (99.1)	128 (0.9)	0.84 (0.66-1.06)
Other	361 (99.4)	4 (0.6)	0.56 (0.18-1.73)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.001.

BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; DM: Diabetes mellitus; RR: Rate ratio. Citation: Maheshwari V, Basu S. Prevalence of obesity, determinants, and its association with hyperglycaemia among community dwelling older adolescents in India. World J Clin Pediatr 2024; 13: 91638. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group.