Spigelian hernia in children: A systematic review

Table 1 Summary table of literature review data

Ref.	Age	Sex	Side	Associated pathology	Contents of the hernia	Procedure	Peculiarities
Scopinaro[7], 1935	6 days	Male	Left			N/O	Strangulated hernia - died
Landry[42], 1956	14 year	Male	Left		Sigmoid, omentum	Open	Trauma
Hurlbut and Moseley[37], 1967	8 year	Male	Right		Colon	Open	Trauma
Graivier and Alfieri[43], 1970	10 month	Male	Bilateral	Umbilical & bilateral inguinal hernia		Open
Herbert and Turner[44], 1973	7 year	Male	Left				Trauma
Constantino et al[45], 1974	8 year	Male	Left				Strangulated hernia
Houlihan[46], 1976	15 year	Male	Bilateral	Peptic ulcer of the stomach
Graivier et al[40], 1978	9 month	Male	Left	Inguinal hernia		Open
Podkamenev et al[47], 1986	10 month	Male	Right		Small intestine	Open	Strangulated hernia
Bar-maor and Sweed[27], 1989	3 month	Male	Left	Conginental diaphragmatic hernia		Open
	5 year	Female	Right			N/O	Trauma
Grechanyĭ and Gruminskiĭ[48], 1990	9 month	Male	Right		Caecum, ascending colon and ileum	Open	Strangulated hernia
Azuma et al[49], 1992	2 month	Female	Left	Meningocele		Open
Pul and Pul[1], 1994	18 month	Male	Right		Small intestine	Open
	2,5 month	Male	Right		Omentum	Open
Komura et al[16], 1994	6 month	Female	Right	Neuroblastoma		Open
	8 month	Female	Right	Neuroblastoma		N/O
Walton and Bass[28], 1995	7 month	Female	Left		Ovary	Open
	0 days	Female	Left	Conginental diaphragmatic hernia		N/O
Silberstein et al[35], 1996	2 month	Male	Left		Small intestine	Open
	4.5 month	Male	Right		Small intestine	Open
Beimanova[50], 1999	11 year	Male	Right		Small intestine, omentum	Open	Strangulated hernia
Prokopenkoand Koval’chuk[51], 1999	8 year	Male	Right		Small intestine	Open	Trauma
Al-Salem[2], 2000	3 month	Male	Left		Толстая кишка	Open
	7 days	Male	Left	Skeletal anomalies		Open
Bychkov et al[52], 2000	14 year	Male	Right		Caecum, appendix	Open	Strangulated hernia
Losanoff et al[23], 2002	12 year	Male	Right		Omentum	Open	Strangulated hernia
White[53], 2002	30 days	Female	Right	Bilateral inguinal hernia	Small intestine	Open
Levy et al[25], 2003	30 days	Male	Bilateral		Small intestine	Open	Strangulated hernia
	35 days	Male	Left		Small intestine	Open
Raveenthiran[8], 2005	55 days	Male	Right	Anal atresia, umbilical & inguinal hernia	Colon	Open
Vaos et al[3], 2005	20 month	Male	Left		Small intestine, omentum	Open	Strangulated hernia
Torres de Aguirre et al[54], 2005	26 days	Male	Right		Small intestine	Open	Strangulated hernia
	40 days	Male	Bilateral		Small intestine	Open
O'Sullivan et al[55], 2006	4 month	Male	Left	Hypospadia		Open
Aksu et al[19], 2008	4 year	Female	Bilateral	Skeletal anomalies	Small intestine	Open
Christianakis et al[6], 2009	6 year	Male	Left		Omentum	Open	Strangulated hernia
Fascetti-Leon et al[56], 2010	0 days	Male	Bilateral	Skin aplasia		Open
Rushfeldt et al[30], 2010	16 days	Male	Right		Small intestine	Open
Lopez et al[57], 2010	14 year	Male	Left		Fat & vessels	Lap	Trauma
Singal et al[58], 2011	3 year	Male	Right			Open
	3 month	Male	Left	Hypospadia		Open
Thakur et al[14], 2013	9 year	Male	Right		Small intestine	Open	Trauma
Spinelli et al[4], 2014	14 year	Female	Right		Omentum	Open
Vega-Mata et al[29], 2015	13 year	Male	Right	Common bile duct stenosis		Lap
Sinopidis et al[20], 2018	6 month	Male	Left	Bilateral inguinal hernia	Small intestine	Open
Khan and Islam[32], 2018	9 month	Male	Right			Lap-ass
Sengar et al[34], 2018	4 year	Female	Right		Fat & vessels	Open
	4 year	Male	Left		Small intestine	Open
	30 days	Female	Left		Omentum	Open
	30 days	Male	Right	Umbilical, lumbar hernia		N/O
Deshmukh et al[33], 2019	11 month	Male	Left			Lap
Rashi[39], 2019	18 month	Male	Right			Lap
Taha et al[5], 2021	50 days	Male	Right		Small intestine	Open
Kropilak and Sawaya[40], 2022		N/A	N/A			Open	Trauma
Shchapov et al[25], 2022	6 month	Female	Right	Hydronephrosis		Lap	Strangulated hernia

For presentability of the data, we excluded data of patients without concomitant pathology, without the contents of the hernial sac, with open procedure and having no additional features. N/A: Not applicable; N/O: Non-operated; m: Male; f: Female; Lap: Laparoscopic; Lap-ass: Laparoscopically assisted.

Table 2 Summary table of literature review data of patients with Spigelian hernia associated with undescended testis

Ref.	Year	Age	Side	Contents of the hernia	Inguinal canal	Gubernaculum	Procedure	Complication
Graivier et al[41], 1978		6 months	Right	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
		9 months	Left	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
Podkamenev et al[47], 1986		10 months	Right	Testicle, small intestine			Open with orchidopexy and bowel resection	Strangulated hernia
Grechanyĭ and Gruminskiĭ[48], 1990		9 months	Right	Testicle, colon & small intestine	Absent		Open with orchidopexy	Strangulated hernia
Pul and Pul[1], 1994		18 months	Right	Testicle, small intestine			Open with orchidopexy
Silberstein et al[35], 1996		70 days	Left	Testicle, small intestine	Absent		Open with orchidopexy
		4.5 months	Right	Testicle, small intestine	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy
Ostlie and Zerella[59]	1998	5 month	Right	Testicle	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy
Al-Salem[2]	2000	3 months	Left	Testicle, colon	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy
		7 days	Left	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
Levy et al[26]	2003	30 days	Bilateral	r – testicle, small intestine, l - testicle			Open with orchidopexy
		35 days	Left	Testicle, small intestine			Open with orchidopexy
Raveenthiran[8]	2005	55 days	Right	Testicle, colon	Absent		Open with orchidopexy
Torres de Aguirre et al[54]	2005	26 days	Right	Testicle, small intestine	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy	Strangulated hernia
		40 days	Bilateral	r – testicle, small intestine, l – Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
Durham and Ricketts[36]	2006	8 months	Left	Testicle	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy	Scrotal abscess
		13 months	Bilateral	Testicle	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy
		14 months	Bilateral	Testicle	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy
		2 months	Right1	Testicle	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy
Rushfeldt et al[30]	2010	16 days	Right	Testicle, small intestine		Absent	Open with orchidopexy
Singal[58]	2011	3 year	Right	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
		3 months	Left	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
Bilici et al[31]	2012	6 months	Bilateral	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
		1 year	Right	Testicle	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy
		2 years	Left	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
		5 years	Left	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
Inan et al[60], 2012		20 days	Right	Testicle	Absent	Absent	Open with orchidopexy	Scrotal abscess & testicular atrophy
Khan and Islam[32]	2018	9 months	Right	Testicle	Absent	Present	Lap-ass with orchidopexy
Sengar et al[34]	2018	2, 3 years	Right	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
		2 years	Right	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
		1, 6 years	Right	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
		6 days	Left	Testicle			Open with orchidopexy
Deshmukh et al[33]	2019	11 months	Left	Testicle			Lap with orchidopexy
Rashi[39]	2019	18 months	Right	Testicle	Present		Lap with orchidopexy
Taha et al[5]	2021	50 days	Right	Testicle, small intestine			Open with orchidopexy	Testicular retaraction & atrophy

¹Inguinal cryptorchidism on the left. r: On the right side; l: On the left side; Lap: Laparoscopic; Lap-ass: Laparoscopically assisted.