Prevalence of intellectual disability in India: A meta-analysis

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v11.i2.206

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Meta-Analysis

World J Clin Pediatr. Mar 9, 2022; 11(2): 206-214
Published online Mar 9, 2022. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v11.i2.206

Prevalence of intellectual disability in India: A meta-analysis

Paul Swamidhas Sudhakar Russell, Sahana Nagaraj, Ashvini Vengadavaradan, Sushila Russell, Priya Mary Mammen, Satya Raj Shankar, Shonima Aynipully Viswanathan, Richa Earnest, Swetha Madhuri Chikkala, Grace Rebekah

Paul Swamidhas Sudhakar Russell, Sahana Nagaraj, Ashvini Vengadavaradan, Sushila Russell, Priya Mary Mammen, Satya Raj Shankar, Shonima Aynipully Viswanathan, Swetha Madhuri Chikkala, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 002, Tamil Nadu, India

Richa Earnest, Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 002, Tamil Nadu, India

Grace Rebekah, Department of Biostatistic, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 002, Tamil Nadu, India

Author contributions: Russell PSS conceived and designed the study; Chikkala SM and Earnest R performed the literature search and collected data; Russell S and Shankar SR extracted data; Nagaraj S and Vengadavaradan A appraised the quality of studies; Mammen PM resolved the conflicts in data extraction and quality appraisal; Russell PSS, Viswanathan SA and Rebekah G carried out the statistical analyses; and all authors contributed to the writing and approval of the final manuscript.

Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.

Corresponding author: Paul Swamidhas Sudhakar Russell, DNB, MBBS, MD, Full Professor, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore 632 002, Tamil Nadu, India. russell@cmcvellore.ac.in

Received: March 21, 2021
Peer-review started: March 21, 2021
First decision: May 6, 2021
Revised: May 18, 2021
Accepted: February 11, 2022
Article in press: February 11, 2022
Published online: March 9, 2022
Processing time: 352 Days and 20.4 Hours

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

India has a population of more than one billion with a significant disability burden similar to other low- and middle-income countries. The summary prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) in India has not been established.

Research motivation

ID contributes to 10.8% of the burden due to mental disorders in India. This national burden significantly contributes to the global burden of ID and hence one has to think globally and act locally to reduce this burden. At its best the collective prevalence of ID is in the form of narrative reviews. There is an urgent need to document the summary prevalence of ID to enhance further policymaking, national programs and resource allocation.

Research objectives

The aim of the meta-analysis was to establish the summary prevalence of ID in India over the past 60 years.

Research methods

Nineteen studies were included in the meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. To analyse the summary prevalence of ID, we used the random effects model with arcsine square-root transformation. Heterogeneity of I² ≥ 50% was considered substantial and we determined the heterogeneity with meta-regression.

Research results

The summary prevalence of ID was 2% [(95%CI: 2%, 3%); I²= 98%] and the adjusted summary prevalence was 1.4%. Meta-regression demonstrated that age of the participants was statistically significantly related to the prevalence; other factors did not influence the prevalence or heterogeneity.

Research conclusions

The authors established the summary prevalence of ID in India as 2% taking into consideration the individual prevalence studies over the last 6 decades. This knowledge should improve the existing disability and mental health policies, national programs and service delivery models to mitigate the burden related to ID.

Research perspectives

Future research should focus on the role of the summary prevalence of ID in the reduction of burden due to this disability in India and globally.