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Liaqat S, Hussain SW, Hussain K, Begum F. Indoor air quality and human health risk assessment in selected high-altitude villages of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2025; 197:187. [PMID: 39853606 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-025-13642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 01/26/2025]
Abstract
This research marks the inaugural endeavor in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) to identify the primary sources of household energy and indoor air pollutants (IAPs) during the winter and additionally, to evaluate the health impacts associated with IAPs within specific high-altitude communities in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Using the convenience sampling method, 20 households were continuously monitored to assess IAPs based on standards time-weighted average. The study found that 90% of the population relied primarily on animal dung as their main energy source, with wood, agricultural residues, electricity, and gas as other sources. The average levels of PM2.5 were five times greater, and CO levels were three times higher than the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Among the samples examined, 65% of homes were found to have inadequate ventilation and did not comply with ASHRAE standards for living rooms. Households using animal dung and wood as fuel showed elevated PM2.5 and CO levels. Health data indicated increased winter illness, with high rates of respiratory and cardiovascular issues such as morning cough (17%), eye irritation (15%), bronchitis (14%), wheezing (13%), chest tightness (12%), heart disease (11%), morning phlegm (10%), and shortness of breath (8%). The findings indicate that socioeconomic and geographic factors play a significant role in choosing solid fuels. Recommendations include raising awareness of stove maintenance and the harmful impacts of IAPs and proper ventilation, promoting cleaner fuels, and upgrading heating systems. The government should provide health screenings and subsidies for cleaner energy such as hydropower, LPG, and solar power, reducing reliance on dung and wood, and improving health in high-altitude communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Liaqat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
- Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental Protection Agency, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | | | - Khadim Hussain
- Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental Protection Agency, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Farida Begum
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
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Srinivasan N, Gullapalli N, Shah KS. Highlighting the South Asian Heart Failure Epidemic. Card Fail Rev 2024; 10:e07. [PMID: 39144581 PMCID: PMC11322948 DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2023.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains a progressive syndrome with high morbidity and mortality, and accounts for many hospitalisations globally with a downstream impact of increasing healthcare costs. South Asian individuals account for most of the global burden of non-communicable diseases. In this systematic review, a literature search was performed for all studies focusing on South Asians and HF using PubMed as the primary research tool and citations were included from relevant MEDLINE-indexed journals. Upon identification of relevant studies, pertinent data points were extracted systematically from each eligible study. South Asians have an earlier age of onset of many non-communicable diseases compared to other ethnic groups worldwide, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given the large number of South Asians impacted by CVD and both traditional and non-traditional risk factors for CVD, HF has the potential to become an epidemic among South Asians across the world. Individuals of South Asian origin are at elevated risk for CVD compared to many other populations and should be followed closely for the potential development of HF. This review describes what is unique to South Asian individuals at risk for and with established HF, as well as management and prognostic considerations. Future directions and potential policy changes are highlighted that can reduce the HF burden among South Asians globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagesh Gullapalli
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, US
| | - Kevin S Shah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, US
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Rafiq L, Zahra Naqvi SH, Shahzad L, Ali SM. Exploring the links between indoor air pollutants and health outcomes in South Asian countries: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:741-752. [PMID: 36302378 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution (IAP) has adverse effects on the health of people, globally. The objective of this systematic review was to present the range of health problems studied in association with indoor air pollutants in South Asian countries. We searched five databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and CAB Direct for articles published between the years 2000 and 2020. We retrieved 5,810 articles, out of which we included 90 articles in our review. Among South Asian countries, only five countries have published results related to relationship between indoor air pollutants and adverse health conditions. All studies have shown adversity of indoor air pollutants on human's health. We found indoor solid fuel burning as a key source of indoor air pollution in the included studies, while women and children were most affected by their exposure to solid fuel burning. More than half of the studies accounted particulate matter responsible for indoor air pollution bearing negative health effects. In the included studies, eyes and lungs were the most commonly affected body organs, exhibiting common symptoms like cough, breathing difficulty and wheezing. This might have developed into common conditions like respiratory tract infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and eye cataract. In addition to promote research in South Asian countries, future research should focus on novel digital ways of capturing effects of indoor air pollutants among vulnerable segments of the population. As a result of this new knowledge, public health agencies should develop and test interventions to reduce people's exposure levels and prevent them to develop adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Rafiq
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Hamayal Zahra Naqvi
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Mustafa Ali
- Center of Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Jiao X, Xiong R, Luo Z, Li Y, Cheng H, Rashid A, Shen G, Tao S. Household energy stacking and structures in Pakistan - Results from a multiple-energy study in Azad Kashmir and Punjab. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 133:152-160. [PMID: 37451784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid fuel use (SFU) is common in most developing countries and would release many hazardous air pollutants posing high risks on human health. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study highlighted risks associated with household SFU in Pakistan, however, high uncertainties prevail because of scanty data on SFU and unaccounted energy stacking. This study conducted a field campaign aiming at collecting first-hand data on household energy mix in Pakistan. The first survey was in Punjab and Azad Kashmir, and revealed that stacked energy use was pervasive, especially for cooking. The stacking was found to be much more obvious in SFU households (defined as those using SFU dominantly) compared to those non-SFU. There were significantly substantial differences between Azad Kashmir and Punjab because of distinct resources available and economic conditions. Woody materials comprised up to nearly 70% in Azad Kashmir, but in Punjab, gas was frequently used for cooking. Only investigating primary household energy would probably overestimate main energy types that being used for a longer time but underestimated other supplements, suggesting the preference of multiple-energy surveys in household energy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiao Jiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaojie Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Audil Rashid
- Faculty of Science, Botany Department, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Environmental Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zhang C, Kang N, Hou X, Chang G, Yuchi Y, Liu X, Huo W, Mao Z, Hou J, Wang C. The Effect of Kitchen Ventilation Modification on Independent and Combined Associations of Cooking Fuel Type and Cooking Duration with Suicidal Ideation: A Cross-Sectional Study. TOXICS 2022; 10:721. [PMID: 36548554 PMCID: PMC9788604 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although household air pollution (HAP) is associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, evidence remains scarce for the relationship between HAP and suicidal ideation. A total of 21,381 qualified participants were enrolled on the Henan Rural Cohort Study. HAP information including cooking fuel type, cooking duration and kitchen ventilation was collected by questionnaires. Suicidal ideation was evaluated by item nine of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Independent and combined associations of cooking fuel type and cooking duration with suicidal ideation were explored by logistic regression models. Analyses were conducted in different kitchen ventilation groups to detect the potential effect modification. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of solid fuel users versus clean fuel users for suicidal ideation was 1.37 (1.16, 1.62), and the risk of suicidal ideation increased by 15% (95% CI: 5%, 26%) for each additional hour of the cooking duration. Participants cooking with solid fuel for long durations were related to the highest risk of suicidal ideation (OR (95% CI): 1.51 (1.22, 1.87)). However, all these associations were not observed in those cooking with mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation ameliorated relationships between solid fuel use and long-duration cooking with suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gaohua Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yinghao Yuchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Dhital S, Rupakheti D, Rupakheti M, Yin X, Liu Y, Mafiana JJ, Alareqi MM, Mohamednour H, Zhang B. A scientometric analysis of indoor air pollution research during 1990-2019. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115736. [PMID: 35932736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is one of the leading risk factors for various adverse health outcomes including premature deaths globally. Even though research related to IAP has been carried out, bibliometric studies with particular emphasis on this topic have been lacking. Here, we investigated IAP research from 1990 to 2019 retrieved from the Web of Science database through a comprehensive and systematic scientometric analysis using the CiteSpace 5.7.R2, a powerful tool for visualizing structural, temporal patterns and trends of a scientific field. There was an exponential increase in publications, however, with a stark difference between developed and developing countries. The journals publishing IAP related research had multiple disciplines; 'Indoor Air' journal that focuses solely on IAP issues ranked fifth among top-cited journals. The terms like 'global burden', 'comparative risk assessment,' 'household air pollution (HAP)', 'ventilation', 'respiratory health', 'emission factor', 'impact,' 'energy', 'household', 'India' were the current topical subject where author Kirk R. Smith was identified with a significant contribution. Research related to rural, fossil-fuel toxicity, IAP, and exposure-assessment had the highest citation burst signifying the particular attention of scientific communities to these subjects. Overall, this study examined the evolution of IAP research, identified the gaps and provided future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Dhital
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Dipesh Rupakheti
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | | | - Xiufeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | | | | | - Benzhong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Wagner DN, Odhiambo SR, Ayikukwei RM, Boor BE. High time-resolution measurements of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol number and surface area concentrations in biomass burning kitchens: A case study in Western Kenya. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13132. [PMID: 36305061 PMCID: PMC9828051 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution associated with biomass combustion for cooking remains a significant environmental health challenge in rural regions of sub-Saharan Africa; however, routine monitoring of woodsmoke aerosol concentrations continues to remain sparse. There is a paucity of field data on concentrations of combustion-generated ultrafine particles, which efficiently deposit in the human respiratory system, in such environments. Field measurements of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol (diameter range: 10-2500 nm) with field-portable diffusion chargers were conducted across nine wood-burning kitchens in Nandi County, Kenya. High time-resolution measurements (1 Hz) revealed that indoor particle number (PN) and particle surface area (PSA) concentrations of ultrafine and fine woodsmoke aerosol are strongly temporally variant, reach exceedingly high levels (PN > 106 /cm3 ; PSA > 104 μm2 /cm3 ) that are seldom observed in non-biomass burning environments, are influenced by kitchen architectural features, and are moderately to poorly correlated with carbon monoxide concentrations. In five kitchens, PN concentrations remained above 105 /cm3 for more than half of the day due to frequent cooking episodes. Indoor/outdoor ratios of PN and PSA concentrations were greater than 10 in most kitchens and exceeded 100 in several kitchens. Notably, the use of metal chimneys significantly reduced indoor PN and PSA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Wagner
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance BuildingsPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | | | | | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance BuildingsPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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8
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Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in a Metropolitan City of Pakistan. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:761-765. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Glalah M, Antwi-Boasiako C. Hazardous emissions and concentrations of toxic metalloids and trace elements in charcoals from six commonly used tropical timbers for carbonization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:9892-9903. [PMID: 34508316 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbonized wood is a biofuel from cellulose pyrolysis with frequent smoke and life-threatening carcinogenic emissions. Carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM2.5), metalloids and trace elements from charcoals from six commonly used tropical timbers for carbonization in Donkorkrom (Ghana) were assessed. During combustion, Anogeissus leiocarpa charcoal emitted the least CO (4.28 ± 1.08 ppm) and PM2.5 (3.83 ± 1.57 μg/m3), while particulate matter was greatest for Erythrophleum ivorense (28.05 ± 3.08 ppm) and Azadirachta indica (27.67 ± 4.17 μg/m3) charcoals. Erythrophleum ivorense charcoal produced much lead (16.90 ± 0.33 ppm), arsenic (1.97 ± 0.10 ppm) and mercury (0.58 ± 0.003 ppm) but the least chromium (0.11 ± 0.01 ppm) and zinc (2.85 ± 0.05 ppm). Nickel was greatest for A. indica charcoal (0.71 ± 0.01 ppm) and least for Vitellaria paradoxa (0.07 ± 0.004 ppm). Trace elements ranged from 342.01 ± 2.54 ppm (A. indica) to 978.47 ± 1.80 ppm (V. paradoxa) for potassium and 1.74 ± 0.02% (V. paradoxa) to 2.24 ± 0.10% (A. indica) for sulphur. Besides A. leiocarpa charcoal, which ranked safest during combustion, the high PM2.5 and CO emissions make the other biofuels hazardous indoors. Kitchens need air filters to absorb these emissions together with the use of improved cook stoves. These carcinogenic metalloids would necessitate that their ashes be properly discarded without human contact. Yet, the charcoals would be much suitable as soil amendment bio-char for plant growth quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Glalah
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Charles Antwi-Boasiako
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
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Low-Cost Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring - the Current State of the Technology and a Use Overview. CHEMISTRY-DIDACTICS-ECOLOGY-METROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/cdem-2021-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years the monitoring of air quality using cheap sensors has become an interesting alternative to conventional analytical techniques. Apart from vast price differences conventional techniques need to be performed by the trained personnel of commercial or research laboratories. Sensors capable of measuring dust, ozone, nitrogen and sulphur oxides, or other air pollutants are relatively simple electronic devices, which are comparable in size to a mobile phone. They provide the general public with the possibility to monitor air quality which can contribute to various projects that differ in regional scale, commercial funding or community-base. In connection with the low price of sensors arises the question of the quality of measured data. This issue is addressed by a number of studies focused on comparing the sensor data with the data of reference measurements. Sensory measurement is influenced by the monitored analyte, type and design of the particular sensor, as well as by the measurement conditions. Currently sensor networks serve as an additional source of information to the network of air quality monitoring stations, where the density of the network provides concentration trends in the area that may exceed specific measured values of pollutant concentrations and low uncertainty of reference measurements. The constant development of all types of sensors is leading to improvements and the difference in data quality between sensors and conventional monitoring techniques may be reduced.
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Gogoi D, Sazid A, Bora J, Deka P, Balachandran S, Hoque RR. Particulate matter exposure in biomass-burning homes of different communities of Brahmaputra Valley. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:856. [PMID: 34853951 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning for cooking prevalent in the developing countries is an issue which has been a concern for the past several decades for the noxious emissions and subsequent effects on the health of women and children due to the exposure of particulate matter (PM) and other gases. In this study, PM (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) were measured in biomass-burning households for different communities of Brahmaputra Valley region northeast India by a 31-channel aerosol spectrometer. The levels of emission of PM in the case of different community households were found to be significantly different. Also, the emission characteristics of different cooking time of the day were found to be different across communities. The emission levels in the biomass-burning households were compared with emission in household using "clean" LPG fuel, and it was found that the biomass fuels emitted 10-12 times more PM2.5 and 6-7 times more PM10. The number densities of the emission were found to be more with smaller sizes of particulates which could explain why such biomass-burning emissions can pose with greater health risks. The exposure doses were calculated and were found to be about three times higher in biomass-burning houses than "clean" LPG fuel. It is important to note that the exposure from biomass burning while cooking has a gender perspective. The woman of the house generally takes care of the activities in the kitchen and get exposed to the noxious PM and the gases. Children often accompany their mothers and face the same fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharitri Gogoi
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India
| | - Abdullah Sazid
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India
| | - Jayanta Bora
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India
| | - Pratibha Deka
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India
| | | | - Raza R Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, India.
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Nicolaou L, Fandiño-Del-Rio M, Koehler K, Checkley W, CHAP trial Investigators. Size distribution and lung-deposited doses of particulate matter from household exposure to biomass smoke. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:51-62. [PMID: 32619271 PMCID: PMC8285004 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) is associated with a number of adverse health effects. However, it is unclear which aspects of PM are most hazardous, and a better understanding of particle sizes and personal exposure is needed. We characterized particle size distribution (PSD) from biomass-related pollution and assessed total and regional lung-deposited doses using multiple-path deposition modeling. Gravimetric measurements of kitchen and personal PM2.5 (<2.5 µm in size) exposures were collected in 180 households in rural Puno, Peru. Direct-reading measurements of number concentrations were collected in a subset of 20 kitchens for particles 0.3-25 µm, and the continuous PSD was derived using a nonlinear least-squares method. Mean daily PM2.5 kitchen concentration and personal exposure was 1205 ± 942 µg/m3 and 115 ± 167 µg/m3 , respectively, and the mean mass concentration consisted of a primary accumulation mode at 0.21 µm and a secondary coarse mode at 3.17 µm. Mean daily lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) and LDSA during cooking were 1009.6 ± 1469.8 µm2 /cm3 and 10,552.5 ± 8261.6 µm2 /cm3 , respectively. This study presents unique data regarding lung deposition of biomass smoke that could serve as a reference for future studies and provides a novel, more biologically relevant metric for exposure-response analysis compared to traditional size-based metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nicolaou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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13
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Jung CC, Su HJ. Chemical and stable isotopic characteristics of PM 2.5 emitted from Chinese cooking. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115577. [PMID: 33254695 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of air pollutants generated from preparing Chinese cuisine and analyzed the isotopic compositions of carbon and nitrogen in particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) to source apportionment study. The CO and CO2 concentrations and temperatures were measured using suitable instruments in real time during cooking, including stir-fry, fry, deep-fry, hot-pot, and mixed cooking, and periods with non-cooking. Personal environmental monitoring instruments were used to collect PM2.5 for carbon and nitrogen elements and isotopes analysis. Our data indicated that the concentrations of CO and CO2 and the temperature were higher during periods of cooking, especially for the fry and stir-fry methods, than during periods with non-cooking. The concentrations of PM2.5, total carbon, and total nitrogen were also higher during cooking; the maximum concentrations were measured during fry. The values of δ13C were considerably lower during the periods of cooking (mean: -28.15‰) than during non-cooking (-27.18‰). The average values of δ15N were 8.63‰ and 11.74‰ during deep-fry and hot-pot cooking, respectively. The δ13C values can be used to distinguish between cooking and other non-cooking sources and further assess the effect of different cooking activities on PM2.5. The δ15N only can be used to investigate the effect of deep-fry on PM2.5. Moreover, the δ13C signature suggested that fry emits higher products of incomplete combustion than do other cooking activities. These findings can assist in pollution source identification of PM2.5, emission control, and the study of combustion characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Jen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Grajeda LM, Thompson LM, Arriaga W, Canuz E, Omer SB, Sage M, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Bryan JP, McCracken JP. Effectiveness of Gas and Chimney Biomass Stoves for Reducing Household Air Pollution Pregnancy Exposure in Guatemala: Sociodemographic Effect Modifiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217723. [PMID: 33105825 PMCID: PMC7660060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) due to solid fuel use during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. The real-life effectiveness of clean cooking interventions has been disappointing overall yet variable, but the sociodemographic determinants are not well described. We measured personal 24-h PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) thrice in pregnant women (n = 218) gravimetrically with Teflon filter, impactor, and personal pump setups. To estimate the effectiveness of owning chimney and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves (i.e., proportion of PM2.5 exposure that would be prevented) and to predict subject-specific typical exposures, we used linear mixed-effects models with log (PM2.5) as dependent variable and random intercept for subject. Median (IQR) personal PM2.5 in µg/m3 was 148 (90-249) for open fire, 78 (51-125) for chimney stove, and 55 (34-79) for LPG stoves. Adjusted effectiveness of LPG stoves was greater in women with ≥6 years of education (49% (95% CI: 34, 60)) versus <6 years (26% (95% CI: 5, 42)). In contrast, chimney stove adjusted effectiveness was greater in women with <6 years of education (50% (95% CI: 38, 60)), rural residence (46% (95% CI: 34, 55)) and lowest SES (socio-economic status) quartile (59% (95% CI: 45, 70)) than ≥6 years education (16% (95% CI: 22, 43)), urban (23% (95% CI: -164, 42)) and highest SES quartile (-44% (95% CI: -183, 27)), respectively. A minority of LPG stove owners (12%) and no chimney owner had typical exposure below World Health Organization Air Quality guidelines (35 μg/m3). Although having a cleaner stove alone typically does not lower exposure enough to protect health, understanding sociodemographic determinants of effectiveness may lead to better targeting, implementation, and adoption of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Grajeda
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lisa M. Thompson
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - William Arriaga
- Regional Hospital, Ministry of Public Health Social Assistance of Guatemala, Quetzaltenango 09001, Guatemala;
| | - Eduardo Canuz
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Schools of Public Health & Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Michael Sage
- Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
| | | | - Joe P. Bryan
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central American Regional Office, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala
| | - John P. McCracken
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (E.C.); (J.P.M.)
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Alves C, Vicente A, Oliveira AR, Candeias C, Vicente E, Nunes T, Cerqueira M, Evtyugina M, Rocha F, Almeida SM. Fine Particulate Matter and Gaseous Compounds in Kitchens and Outdoor Air of Different Dwellings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145256. [PMID: 32708187 PMCID: PMC7399806 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Passive diffusion tubes for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls and low volume particulate matter (PM2.5) samplers were used simultaneously in kitchens and outdoor air of four dwellings. PM2.5 filters were analysed for their carbonaceous content (organic and elemental carbon, OC and EC) by a thermo-optical technique and for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and plasticisers by GC-MS. The morphology and chemical composition of selected PM2.5 samples were characterised by SEM-EDS. The mean indoor PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 14 µg m−3 to 30 µg m−3, while the outdoor levels varied from 18 µg m−3 to 30 µg m−3. Total carbon represented up to 40% of the PM2.5 mass. In general, the indoor OC/EC ratios were higher than the outdoor values. Indoor-to-outdoor ratios higher than 1 were observed for VOCs, carbonyls and plasticisers. PAH levels were much higher in the outdoor air. The particulate material was mainly composed of soot aggregates, fly ashes and mineral particles. The hazard quotients associated with VOC inhalation suggested a low probability of non-cancer effects, while the cancer risk was found to be low, but not negligible. Residential exposure to PAHs was dominated by benzo[a]pyrene and has shown to pose an insignificant cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.R.O.); (E.V.); (T.N.); (M.C.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (C.C)
| | - Ana Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.R.O.); (E.V.); (T.N.); (M.C.); (M.E.)
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.R.O.); (E.V.); (T.N.); (M.C.); (M.E.)
| | - Carla Candeias
- Geobiosciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Centre (GeoBioTec), Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (C.C)
| | - Estela Vicente
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.R.O.); (E.V.); (T.N.); (M.C.); (M.E.)
| | - Teresa Nunes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.R.O.); (E.V.); (T.N.); (M.C.); (M.E.)
| | - Mário Cerqueira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.R.O.); (E.V.); (T.N.); (M.C.); (M.E.)
| | - Margarita Evtyugina
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.V.); (A.R.O.); (E.V.); (T.N.); (M.C.); (M.E.)
| | - Fernando Rocha
- Geobiosciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Centre (GeoBioTec), Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Susana Marta Almeida
- Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
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KC B, Mahapatra PS, Thakker D, Henry AP, Billington CK, Sayers I, Puppala SP, Hall IP. Proinflammatory Effects in Ex Vivo Human Lung Tissue of Respirable Smoke Extracts from Indoor Cooking in Nepal. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020; 17:688-698. [PMID: 32079410 PMCID: PMC7258415 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201911-827oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Exposure to biomass smoke is believed to increase the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying responses to biomass smoke in human lungs.Objectives: This study had two objectives: first, to quantify "real-life" exposures to particulate matter <2 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) measured during cooking on stoves in rural areas of Nepal in different geographical settings; and second, to assess the effect of biomass smoke extracts on inflammatory responses in ex vivo human lung tissue.Methods: Personal exposures to PM2.5 and indoor near-stove CO concentrations were measured during cooking on a range of stoves in 103 households in 4 different Nepalese villages situated at altitudes between ∼100 and 4,000 m above sea level. Inflammatory profiles to smoke extracts collected in the field were assessed by incubating extracts with human lung tissue fragments and subsequent Luminex analysis.Results: In households using traditional cooking stoves, the overall mean personal exposure to PM2.5 during cooking was 276.1 μg/m3 (standard deviation [SD], 265 μg/m3), and indoor CO concentration was 16.3 ppm (SD, 19.65 ppm). The overall mean PM2.5 exposure was reduced by 51% (P = 0.04) in households using biomass fuel in improved cook stoves, and 80% (P < 0.0001) in households using liquefied petroleum gas. Similarly, the indoor CO concentration was reduced by 72% (P < 0.001) and 86% (P < 0.0001) in households using improved cook stoves and liquefied petroleum gas, respectively. Significant increases occurred in 7 of the 17 analytes measured after biomass smoke extract stimulation of human lung tissue (IL-8 [interleukin-8], IL-6, TNF-α [tumor necrosis factor-α], IL-1β, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL13).Conclusions: High levels of real-life exposures to PM2.5 and CO occur during cooking events in rural Nepal. These exposures induce lung inflammation ex vivo, which may partially explain the increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binaya KC
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
- Water and Air Theme, Atmosphere Initiative, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Parth Sarathi Mahapatra
- Water and Air Theme, Atmosphere Initiative, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dhruma Thakker
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Amanda P. Henry
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Charlotte K. Billington
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Siva Praveen Puppala
- Water and Air Theme, Atmosphere Initiative, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ian P. Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
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Tadevosyan A, Mikulski MA, Baber Wallis A, Rubenstein L, Abrahamyan S, Arestakesyan L, Hovsepyan M, Reynolds SJ, Fuortes LJ. Open fire ovens and effects of in-home lavash bread baking on carbon monoxide exposure and carboxyhemoglobin levels among women in rural Armenia. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:361-369. [PMID: 31724228 PMCID: PMC9514389 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lavash is a traditional flatbread commonly baked at home by women in Armenia and other Middle Eastern and Caucasus countries. The baking process follows centuries' old recipes and is done primarily in open fire ovens. Data are limited regarding the impact of baking on indoor air quality and health outcomes. This study aimed at assessing the effects of lavash baking on household air pollution and cardiovascular outcomes among women who bake lavash in rural Armenia. A convenience sample of 98 bakers, all women, never-smokers, representing 36 households were enrolled. Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels were monitored before, during, and/or after baking. As expected, exposure to concentrations of CO peaking at/or above 35-ppm during baking was more likely to occur in homes with fully enclosed and poorly ventilated baking rooms, compared to those with three or fewer walls and/or one or more windows. Bakers in homes where CO concentrations peaked at/or above 35-ppm were more likely to have an increase in post-baking COHb levels compared to those in homes with lower CO concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artashes Tadevosyan
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Organization, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Marek A Mikulski
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anne Baber Wallis
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Linda Rubenstein
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Satenik Abrahamyan
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Organization, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lusine Arestakesyan
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Organization, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Marina Hovsepyan
- Arabkir Joint Medical Center- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Steve J Reynolds
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Laurence J Fuortes
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Levels and Determinants of Fine Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide in Kitchens Using Biomass and Non-Biomass Fuel for Cooking. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041287. [PMID: 32079287 PMCID: PMC7068500 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To assist interpretation of a study in rural Pakistan on the use of biomass for cooking and the risk of coronary heart disease, we continuously monitored airborne concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) for up to 48 h in the kitchens of households randomly selected from the parent study. Satisfactory data on PM2.5 and CO respectively were obtained for 16 and 17 households using biomass, and 19 and 17 using natural gas. Linear regression analysis indicated that in comparison with kitchens using natural gas, daily average PM2.5 concentrations were substantially higher in kitchens that used biomass in either a chimney stove (mean difference 611, 95% CI: 359, 863 µg/m3) or traditional three-stone stove (mean difference 389, 95% CI: 231, 548 µg/m3). Daily average concentrations of CO were significantly increased when biomass was used in a traditional stove (mean difference from natural gas 3.7, 95% CI: 0.8, 6.7 ppm), but not when it was used in a chimney stove (mean difference −0.8, 95% CI: −4.8, 3.2 ppm). Any impact of smoking by household members was smaller than that of using biomass, and not clearly discernible. In the population studied, cooking with biomass as compared with natural gas should serve as a good proxy for higher personal exposure to PM2.5.
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19
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Zhu Z, Wu H, Su W, Shi R, Li P, Liao Y, Wang Y, Li P. Effects of Total Flavonoids from Exocarpium Citri Grandis on Air Pollution Particle-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3843-3849. [PMID: 31762039 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exocarpium Citri Grandis (ECG) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine, which has been commonly used to alleviate cough and phlegm for more than several hundred years, and total flavonoids are the main effective components of this medicine. This study investigated the effects of total flavonoids from ECG (TFECG) on pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress induced by PM2.5 in mice. Model mice received an intratracheal instillation of PM2.5 (10 mg/mL) once at day 0. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected after 72 hr to measure the total number of white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils (NEUT), lymphocytes (LYMPH), and monocytes (MONO). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in BALF were quantified by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Lung tissues were used to determine the contents of total protein (TP), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We found that TFECG significantly inhibited PM2.5 -stimulated overproduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 and increased the numbers of WBC, NEUT, LYMPH, and MONO in BALF. TFECG observably relieved the PM2.5 -induced increases in the contents of TP, MDA, and NO, and the activities of LDH and iNOS. TFECG also alleviated PM2.5 -induced decreases in the activities of iNOS and GSH-Px as well as GSH/GSSG ratio. The results indicate that TFECG has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which may potentially contribute to the treatment of PM2.5 -induced lung injury. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Exocarpium Citri Grandis (ECG) is rich in flavonoids, which are beneficial to improve anti-inflammation and antioxidant capacity. We proved that total flavonoids of ECG had a positive therapeutic effect on PM2.5 -induced lung injury, which expands the potential applications of ECG in the dietary supplement industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Zhu
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ., 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ., 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ., 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Rui Shi
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ., 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Panlin Li
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ., 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan Liao
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ., 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ., 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Peibo Li
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen Univ., 510275, Guangzhou, PR China
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20
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Weaver AM, Gurley ES, Crabtree-Ide C, Salje H, Yoo EH, Mu L, Akter N, Ram PK. Air pollution dispersion from biomass stoves to neighboring homes in Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:425. [PMID: 31014315 PMCID: PMC6480710 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor air pollution, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), is a major risk factor for pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. Biomass-burning cookstoves are major contributors to PM2.5 and CO concentrations. However, high concentrations of PM2.5 (> 1000 μg/m3) have been observed in homes in Dhaka, Bangladesh that do not burn biomass. We described dispersion of PM2.5 and CO from biomass burning into nearby homes in a low-income urban area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS We recruited 10 clusters of homes, each with one biomass-burning (index) home, and 3-4 neighboring homes that used cleaner fuels with no other major sources of PM2.5 or CO. We administered a questionnaire and recorded physical features of all homes. Over 24 h, we recorded PM2.5 and CO concentrations inside each home, near each stove, and outside one neighbor home per cluster. During 8 of these 24 h, we conducted observations for pollutant-generating activities such as cooking. For each monitor, we calculated geometric mean PM2.5 concentrations at 5-6 am (baseline), during biomass burning times, during non-cooking times, and over 24 h. We used linear regressions to describe associations between monitor location and PM2.5 and CO concentrations. RESULTS We recruited a total of 44 homes across the 10 clusters. Geometric mean PM2.5 and CO concentrations for all monitors were lowest at baseline and highest during biomass burning. During biomass burning, linear regression showed a decreasing trend of geometric mean PM2.5 and CO concentrations from the biomass stove (326.3 μg/m3, 12.3 ppm), to index home (322.7 μg/m3, 11.2 ppm), neighbor homes sharing a wall with the index home (278.4 μg/m3, 3.6 ppm), outdoors (154.2 μg/m3, 0.7 ppm), then neighbor homes that do not share a wall with the index home (83.1 μg/m3,0.2 ppm) (p = 0.03 for PM2.5, p = 0.006 for CO). CONCLUSION Biomass burning in one home can be a source of indoor air pollution for several homes. The impact of biomass burning on PM2.5 or CO is greatest in homes that share a wall with the biomass-burning home. Eliminating biomass burning in one home may improve air quality for several households in a community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Weaver
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Programme for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Christina Crabtree-Ide
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eun-Hye Yoo
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Nasrin Akter
- Programme for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pavani K. Ram
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
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21
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Tagle M, Pillarisetti A, Hernandez MT, Troncoso K, Soares A, Torres R, Galeano A, Oyola P, Balmes J, Smith KR. Monitoring and modeling of household air quality related to use of different Cookfuels in Paraguay. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:252-262. [PMID: 30339298 PMCID: PMC6849814 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In Paraguay, 49% of the population depends on biomass (wood and charcoal) for cooking. Residential biomass burning is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) in and around the household environment. In July 2016, cross-sectional household air pollution sampling was conducted in 80 households in rural Paraguay. Time-integrated samples (24 hours) of PM2.5 and continuous CO concentrations were measured in kitchens that used wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or electricity to cook. Qualitative and quantitative household-level variables were captured using questionnaires. The average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3 ) was higher in kitchens that burned wood (741.7 ± 546.4) and charcoal (107.0 ± 68.6) than in kitchens where LPG (52.3 ± 18.9) or electricity (52.0 ± 14.8) was used. Likewise, the average CO concentration (ppm) was higher in kitchens that used wood (19.4 ± 12.6) and charcoal (7.6 ± 6.5) than in those that used LPG (0.5 ± 0.6) or electricity (0.4 ± 0.6). Multivariable linear regression was conducted to generate predictive models for indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations (predicted R2 = 0.837 and 0.822, respectively). This study provides baseline indoor air quality data for Paraguay and presents a multivariate statistical approach that could be used in future research and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Tagle
- Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
- Centro Mario Molina ChileProvidencia, SantiagoChile
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Maria Teresa Hernandez
- Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Karin Troncoso
- Pan American Health OrganizationWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Agnes Soares
- Pan American Health OrganizationWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Ricardo Torres
- Pan American Health OrganizationWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Aida Galeano
- Dirección General de Salud AmbientalSan LorenzoParaguay
| | - Pedro Oyola
- Centro Mario Molina ChileProvidencia, SantiagoChile
| | - John Balmes
- Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
- School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Kirk R. Smith
- Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
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22
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Khan MSB, Lohano HD. Household air pollution from cooking fuel and respiratory health risks for children in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24778-24786. [PMID: 29926328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Around 2.7 billion people in the world cook with polluting fuels, such as wood, crop residue, animal dung, charcoal, coal, and kerosene. Household air pollution from cooking with polluting fuels is recognized as a major risk factor for the disease burden. In this study, we examine the effect of using polluting fuels for cooking on the respiratory health of children in Pakistan. This study uses cross-sectional data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13, with the sample size of 11,040 children under 5 years of age. Using logistic regression model, we control for factors such as averting activities, child characteristics, household characteristics, mother characteristics, and the unobserved factors using fixed effects. The results show that children in households using polluting fuels are 1.5 times more likely to have symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) than children in households using cleaner fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shayan Babar Khan
- Department of Economics, Institute of Business Administration, University Road, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Heman D Lohano
- Department of Economics, Institute of Business Administration, University Road, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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Sun Q, Zhuang J, Du Y, Xu D, Li T. Design and application of a web-based real-time personal PM 2.5 exposure monitoring system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:852-859. [PMID: 29426210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Growing demand from public health research for conduct large-scale epidemiological studies to explore health effect of PM2.5 was well-documented. To address this need, we design a web-based real-time personal PM2.5 exposure monitoring system (RPPM2.5 system) which can help researcher to get big data of personal PM2.5 exposure with low-cost, low labor requirement, and low operating technical requirements. RPPM2.5 system can provide relative accurate real-time personal exposure data for individuals, researches, and decision maker. And this system has been used in a survey of PM2.5 personal exposure level conducted in 5 cities of China and has provided mass of valuable data for epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jia Zhuang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanjun Du
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100020, China.
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Nayek S, Padhy PK. Approximation of personal exposure to fine particulate matters (PM 2.5) during cooking using solid biomass fuels in the kitchens of rural West Bengal, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15925-15933. [PMID: 29589238 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
More than 85% of the rural Indian households use traditional solid biofuels (SBFs) for daily cooking. Burning of the easily available unprocessed solid fuels in inefficient earthen cooking stoves produce large quantities of particulate matters. Smaller particulates, especially with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5), largely generated during cooking, are considered to be health damaging in nature. In the present study, kitchen level exposure of women cooks to fine particulate matters during lunch preparation was assessed considering kitchen openness as surrogate to the ventilation condition. Two-way ANCOVA analysis considering meal quantity as a covariate revealed no significant interaction between the openness and the seasons explaining the variability of the personal exposure to the fine particulate matters in rural kitchen during cooking. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed the openness as the only significant predictor for personal exposure to the fine particulate matters. In the present study, the annual average fine particulate matter exposure concentration was found to be 974 μg m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Nayek
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal, 731 235, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Padhy
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal, 731 235, India.
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Casey JG, Ortega J, Coffey E, Hannigan M. Low-cost measurement techniques to characterize the influence of home heating fuel on carbon monoxide in Navajo homes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:608-618. [PMID: 29304498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of the global population relies on the inefficient combustion of solid fuels for cooking and home heating, resulting in household exposure to combustion byproducts. In the southwestern United States, unhealthy air quality has been observed in some homes that use solid fuels as a primary source of heat on the Navajo Nation. In order to better understand how home heating fuel choice can influence indoor air quality in this region, we used recently developed low-cost electrochemical sensors to measure carbon monoxide (CO) air mole fractions continuously inside and outside 41 homes in two communities on the Navajo Nation. Using low-cost sensors in this study, which don't require extensive training to operate, enabled collaboration with local Diné College students and faculty in the planning and implementation of home deployments. Households used natural gas, propane, pellets, wood, and/or coal for heating. We developed quantification methods that included uncertainty estimation for Alphasense CO-B4 sensors, for measurements both inside and outside homes. CO concentrations elevated above background were observed in homes in each heating fuel group, but the highest hourly concentrations were observed in wood and coal burning homes, some of which exceeded World Health Organization Guidelines on both an hourly and eight-hourly basis. In order to probe the many factors that can influence indoor pollutant concentrations, we developed and implemented methods that employ CO emission and decay time periods observed in homes during everyday activities to estimate air exchange rates as well as CO emission rates on the basis of a given well-mixed volume of air. The air quality measurement tools and methods demonstrated in this study can be readily extended to indoor air quality studies in other communities around the world to inform how home heating and cooking practices are influencing indoor air quality during normal daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gordon Casey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, ECME 114, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - John Ortega
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, ECME 114, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center For Atmospheric Research, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301, United States.
| | - Evan Coffey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, ECME 114, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, ECME 114, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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Liu J, Hou B, Ma XW, Liao H. Solid fuel use for cooking and its health effects on the elderly in rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3669-3680. [PMID: 29164467 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution is mainly caused by solid fuel use for cooking in developing countries. Many previous studies focused on its health risks on the children and in specific local area. This paper investigates household energy usage and transition for cooking in rural China and the health effects on the elderly. A national large-scale dataset CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) covering 450 villages and communities is employed. Logit regressions were used to quantitatively estimate the effects, after controlling for some factors such as income, demographic, and geographical variables. The results robustly show that compared to non-solid fuels, solid fuel use significantly increases the possibility of chronic lung diseases (30%), exacerbation of chronic lung diseases (95%), seizure of heart disease (1.80 times), and decreases self-evaluated health status of the elderly (1.38 times). Thus, it is urgent to improve clean energy access for cooking in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bingdong Hou
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ma
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hua Liao
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Junaid M, Syed JH, Abbasi NA, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN, Pei DS. Status of indoor air pollution (IAP) through particulate matter (PM) emissions and associated health concerns in South Asia. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:651-663. [PMID: 29078189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate emissions poses a variety of public health concerns worldwide, specifically in developing countries. This review summarized the documented studies on indoor particulate matter (PM) emissions and their major health concerns in South Asia. Reviewed literature illustrated the alarming levels of indoor air pollution (IAP) in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh, while Sri Lanka and Bhutan are confronted with relatively lower levels, albeit not safe. To our knowledge, data on this issue are absent from Afghanistan and Maldives. We found that the reported levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India were 2-65, 3-30, 4-22, 2-28 and 1-139, 2-180, 3-77, 1-40 fold higher than WHO standards for indoor PM10 (50 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (25 μg/m3), respectively. Regarding IAP-mediated health concerns, mortality rates and incidences of respiratory and non-respiratory diseases were increasing with alarming rates, specifically in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. The major cause might be the reliance of approximately 80% population on conventional biomass burning in the region. Current review also highlighted the prospects of IAP reduction strategies, which in future can help to improve the status of indoor air quality and public health in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad Campuses, Pakistan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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Matawle JL, Pervez S, Shrivastava A, Tiwari S, Pant P, Deb MK, Bisht DS, Pervez YF. PM 2.5 pollution from household solid fuel burning practices in central India: 1. Impact on indoor air quality and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:1045-1058. [PMID: 27614876 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 concentrations were measured in residential indoor environment in slums of central India during 2012-2013. In addition, a suite of chemical components including metals (Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Mo, Se, Sb, Na, Mg, K and Hg), ions (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, NH4+, NO3- and SO42-) and carbon (OC and EC) were analyzed for all samples. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were found to be several folds higher than the 24-h national ambient air quality standard (60 µg/m3) for PM2.5 in India, and the concentrations were found to vary from season to season. Mass closure was attempted for PM2.5 data, and close to 100 % mass was accounted for by organic matter, crustal material, secondary organic and inorganic aerosols and elemental carbon. Additionally, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to indoor PM2.5 (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) were estimated and while exposures associated with dermal contact and ingestion were found to be within the acceptable limits, risk associated with inhalation exposure was found to be high for children and adults. Elements including Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, As and Pb were present in high concentrations and contributed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for residents' health. Results from this study highlight the need for efforts to reduce air pollution exposure in slum areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Lal Matawle
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India
- Regional Laboratory, Directorate of Geology and Mining, Chhattisgarh, Jagdalpur, Chattisgarh, 494001, India
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Anjali Shrivastava
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical and Meteorology (IITM), New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Pant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Diwan Singh Bisht
- Indian Institute of Tropical and Meteorology (IITM), New Delhi, India
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Champion WM, Connors L, Montoya LD. Emission factors of fine particulate matter, organic and elemental carbon, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide for four solid fuels commonly used in residential heating by the U.S. Navajo Nation. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:1020-1035. [PMID: 28541823 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1334717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most homes in the Navajo Nation use wood as their primary heating fuel, often in combination with locally mined coal. Previous studies observed health effects linked to this solid-fuel use in several Navajo communities. Emission factors (EFs) for common fuels used by the Navajo have not been reported using a relevant stove type. In this study, two softwoods (ponderosa pine and Utah juniper) and two high-volatile bituminous coals (Black Mesa and Fruitland) were tested with an in-use residential conventional wood stove (homestove) using a modified American Society for Testing and Materials/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ASTM/EPA) protocol. Filter sampling quantified PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) and organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon in the emissions. Real-time monitoring quantified carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and total suspended particles (TSP). EFs for these air pollutants were developed and normalized to both fuel mass and energy consumed. In general, coal had significantly higher mass EFs than wood for all pollutants studied. In particular, coal emitted, on average, 10 times more PM2.5 than wood on a mass basis, and 2.4 times more on an energy basis. The EFs developed here were based on fuel types, stove design, and operating protocols relevant to the Navajo Nation, but they could be useful to other Native Nations with similar practices, such as the nearby Hopi Nation. IMPLICATIONS Indoor wood and coal combustion is an important contributor to public health burdens in the Navajo Nation. Currently, there exist no emission factors representative of Navajo homestoves, fuels, and practices. This study developed emission factors for PM2.5, OC, EC, CO, and CO2 using a representative Navajo homestove. These emission factors may be utilized in regional-, national-, and global-scale health and environmental models. Additionally, the protocols developed and results presented here may inform on-going stove design of the first EPA-certified wood and coal combination stove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt M Champion
- a Department of Civil , Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Lea Connors
- a Department of Civil , Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Lupita D Montoya
- a Department of Civil , Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
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Thakur M, Boudewijns EA, Babu GR, Winkens B, de Witte LP, Gruiskens J, Sushama P, Ghergu CT, van Schayck OCP. Low-smoke chulha in Indian slums: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:454. [PMID: 28511647 PMCID: PMC5434517 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomass fuel is used as a primary cooking source by more than half of the world's population, contributing to a high burden of disease. Although cleaner fuels are available, some households continue using solid fuels because of financial constraints and absence of infrastructure, especially in non-notified slums. The present study documents a randomised controlled study investigating the efficacy of improved cookstove on the personal exposure to air pollution and the respiratory health of women and children in an Indian slum. The improved cookstove was based on co-creation of a low-smoke chulha with local communities in order to support adaption and sustained uptake. METHODS The study will be conducted in a non-notified slum called Ashrayanagar in Bangalore, India. The study design will be a 1:1 randomised controlled intervention trial, including 250 households. The intervention group will receive an improved cookstove (low-smoke chulha) and the control group will continue using either the traditional cookstove (chulha) or a combination of the traditional stove and the kerosene/diesel stove. Follow-up time is 1 year. Outcomes include change in lung function (FEV1/FVC), incidence of pneumonia, change in personal PM2.5 and CO exposure, incidence of respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, wheeze and shortness of breath), prevalence of other related symptoms (headache and burning eyes), change in behaviour and adoption of the stove. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Indian Institute of Public Health Hyderabad- Bengaluru Campus. DISCUSSION The findings from this study aim to provide insight into the effects of improved cookstoves in urban slums. Results can give evidence for the decrease of indoor air pollution and the improvement of respiratory health for children and women. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov on 21 June 2016 with the identifier NCT02821650 ; A Study to Test the Impact of an Improved Chulha on the Respiratory Health of Women and Children in Indian Slums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Thakur
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther A. Boudewijns
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Giridhara R. Babu
- Indian Institute of Public Health Hyderabad-Bangalore Campus, SIHFW premises, 1st cross, Magadi Road, Bangalore, Karnataka -560023 India
| | - Bjorn Winkens
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc P. de Witte
- Centre for Assistive Technology and Connected Healthcare (CATCH), University of Sheffield, 217 Portobello, Sheffield, S1 4DP UK
| | - Jeroen Gruiskens
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Preeti Sushama
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cristian T. Ghergu
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Onno C. P. van Schayck
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Li T, Cao S, Fan D, Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhao X, Leaderer BP, Shen G, Zhang Y, Duan X. Household concentrations and personal exposure of PM2.5 among urban residents using different cooking fuels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 548-549:6-12. [PMID: 26799802 PMCID: PMC4760902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to PM2.5 is a leading environmental risk factor for many diseases and premature deaths, arousing growing public concerns. In this study, indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were investigated during the heating and non-heating seasons in an urban area in northwest China. Personal inhalation exposure levels among different age groups were evaluated, and the difference attributable to different cooking fuels including coal, gas and electricity, was discussed. The average concentrations of PM2.5 in the kitchen and the bedroom were 125±51 and 119±64μg/m(3) during the heating season, and 80±67 and 80±50μg/m(3) during the non-heating season, respectively. Indoor PM2.5, from indoor combustion sources but also outdoor penetration, contributed to about 75% of the total PM2.5 exposure. Much higher indoor concentrations and inhalation exposure levels were found in households using coal for cooking compared to those using gas and electricity. Changing from coal to gas or electricity for cooking could result in a reduction of PM2.5 in the kitchen by 40-70% and consequently lower inhalation exposure levels, especially for children and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suzhen Cao
- State key lab of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Delong Fan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State key lab of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State key lab of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Brian P Leaderer
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- State key lab of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Discontinuous and Continuous Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in Homes with Fireplaces or Wood Stoves as Heating System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 13:78. [PMID: 26712773 PMCID: PMC4730469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Around 50% of the world's population, particularly in developing countries, uses biomass as one of the most common fuels. Biomass combustion releases a considerable amount of various incomplete combustion products, including particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The paper presents the results of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) measurements in six houses equipped with wood burning stoves or fireplaces as heating systems. The houses were monitored for 48-h periods in order to collect PM10 samples and measure PAH concentrations. The average, the maximum and the lowest values of the 12-h PM10 concentration were 68.6 μg/m³, 350.7 μg/m³ and 16.8 μg/m³ respectively. The average benzo[a]pyrene 12-h concentration was 9.4 ng/m³, while the maximum and the minimum values were 24.0 ng/m³ and 1.5 ng/m³, respectively. Continuous monitoring of PM10, PAHs, Ultra Fine Particle (UFP) and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) was performed in order to study the progress of pollution phenomena due to biomass burning, their trends and contributions to IAQ. The results show a great heterogeneity of impacts on IAQ in terms of magnitude and behavior of the considered pollutants' concentrations. This variability is determined by not only different combustion technologies or biomass quality, but overall by different ignition mode, feeding and flame management, which can also be different for the same house. Moreover, room dimensions and ventilation were significant factors for pollution dispersion. The increase of PM10, UFP and PAH concentrations, during lighting, was always detected and relevant. Continuous monitoring allowed singling out contributions of other domestic sources of considered pollutants such as cooking and cigarettes. Cooking contribution produced an impact on IAQ in same cases higher than that of the biomass heating system.
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Adverse reproductive health outcomes in pre-menopausal Indian women chronically exposed to biomass smoke. J Public Health (Oxf) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-015-0690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Austin E, Novosselov I, Seto E, Yost MG. Laboratory Evaluation of the Shinyei PPD42NS Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137789. [PMID: 26367264 PMCID: PMC4569398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Finely resolved PM2.5 exposure measurements at the level of individual participants or over a targeted geographic area can be challenging due to the cost, size and weight of the monitoring equipment. We propose re-purposing the low-cost, portable and lightweight Shinyei PPD42NS particle counter as a particle counting device. Previous field deployment of this sensor suggests that it captures trends in ambient PM2.5 concentrations, but important characteristics of the sensor response have yet to be determined. Laboratory testing was undertaken in order to characterize performance. METHODS The Shinyei sensors, in-line with a TSI Aerosol Particle Sizer (APS) model 3321, tracked particle decay within an aerosol exposure chamber. Test atmospheres were composed of monodisperse polystyrene spheres with diameters of 0.75, 1, 2 3 and 6 um as well as a polydisperse atmosphere of ASHRAE test dust #1. RESULTS Two-minute block averages of the sensor response provide a measurement with low random error, within sensor, for particles in the 0.75-6μm range with a limit of detection of 1 μg/m3. The response slope of the sensors is idiomatic, and each sensor requires a unique response curve. A linear model captures the sensor response for concentrations below 50 μg/m3 and for concentrations above 50 μg/m3 a non-linear function captures the response and saturates at 800 μg/m3. The Limit of Detection (LOD) is 1 μg/m3. The response time is on the order of minutes, making it appropriate for tracking short-term changes in concentration. CONCLUSIONS When paired with prior evaluation, these sensors are appropriate for use as ambient particle counters for low and medium concentrations of respirable particles (< 100 ug/m3). Multiple sensors deployed over a spatial grid would provide valuable spatio-temporal variability in PM2.5 and could be used to validate exposure models. When paired with GPS tracking, these devices have the potential to provide time and space resolved exposure measurements for a large number of participants, thus increasing the power of a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Austin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Igor Novosselov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Indoor Particulate Matter Concentration, Water Boiling Time, and Fuel Use of Selected Alternative Cookstoves in a Home-Like Setting in Rural Nepal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015. [PMID: 26198238 PMCID: PMC4515674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternative cookstoves are designed to improve biomass fuel combustion efficiency to reduce the amount of fuel used and lower emission of air pollutants. The Nepal Cookstove Trial (NCT) studies effects of alternative cookstoves on family health. Our study measured indoor particulate matter concentration (PM2.5), boiling time, and fuel use of cookstoves during a water-boiling test in a house-like setting in rural Nepal. Study I was designed to select a stove to be used in the NCT; Study II evaluated stoves used in the NCT. In Study I, mean indoor PM2.5 using wood fuel was 4584 μg/m3, 1657 μg/m3, and 2414 μg/m3 for the traditional, alternative mud brick stove (AMBS-I) and Envirofit G-series, respectively. The AMBS-I reduced PM2.5 concentration but increased boiling time compared to the traditional stove (p-values < 0.001). Unlike AMBS-I, Envirofit G-series did not significantly increase overall fuel consumption. In Phase II, the manufacturer altered Envirofit stove (MAES) and Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi (NNIPS) altered Envirofit stove (NAES), produced lower mean PM2.5, 1573 μg/m3 and 1341 μg/m3, respectively, relative to AMBS-II 3488 μg/m3 for wood tests. The liquid propane gas stove had the lowest mean PM2.5 concentrations, with measurements indistinguishable from background levels. Results from Study I and II showed significant reduction in PM2.5 for all alternative stoves in a controlled setting. In study I, the AMBS-I stove required more fuel than the traditional stove. In contrast, in study II, the MAES and NAES stoves required statistically less fuel than the AMBS-II. Reductions and increases in fuel use should be interpreted with caution because the composition of fuels was not standardized--an issue which may have implications for generalizability of other findings as well. Boiling times for alternative stoves in Study I were significantly longer than the traditional stove--a trade-off that may have implications for acceptability of the stoves among end users. These extended cooking times may increase cumulative exposure during cooking events where emission rates are lower; these differences must be carefully considered in the evaluation of alternative stove designs.
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St Helen G, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Adetona O, Cassidy B, Bayer CW, Hendry R, Hall DB, Naeher LP. Exposure of pregnant women to cookstove-related household air pollution in urban and periurban Trujillo, Peru. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2015; 70:10-8. [PMID: 24215174 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2013.807761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence suggests associations between maternal exposure to air pollution and adverse birth outcomes, pregnant women's exposure to household air pollution in developing countries is understudied. Personal exposures of pregnant women (N = 100) in Trujillo, Peru, to air pollutants and their indoor concentrations were measured. The effects of stove-use-related characteristics and ambient air pollution on exposure were determined using mixed-effects models. Significant differences in 48-hour kitchen concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were observed across fuel types (p < 0.05). Geometric mean PM2.5 concentrations where 112 μg/m(3) (confidence limits [CLs]: 52, 242 μg/m(3)) and 42 μg/m(3) (21, 82 μg/m(3)) in homes where wood and gas were used, respectively. PM2.5 exposure was at levels that recent exposure-response analyses suggest may not result in substantial reduction in health risks even in homes where cleaner burning gas stoves were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- a Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health , The University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
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Mukherjee B, Bindhani B, Saha H, Ray MR. Increased oxidative DNA damage and decreased expression of base excision repair proteins in airway epithelial cells of women who cook with biomass fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:341-352. [PMID: 25128766 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether biomass burning causes oxidative DNA damage and alters the expression of DNA base excision repair (BER) proteins in airway cells, sputum samples were collected from 80 premenopausal rural biomass-users and 70 age-matched control women who cooked with liquefied petroleum gas. Compared with control the airway cells of biomass-users showed increased DNA damage in alkaline comet assay. Biomass-users showed higher percentage of cells expressing oxidative DNA damage marker 8-oxoguanine and lower percentages of BER proteins OGG1 and APE1 by immunocytochemical staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was doubled and level of superoxide dismutase was depleted significantly among biomass-users. The concentrations of particulate matters were higher in biomass-using households which positively correlated with ROS generation and negatively with BER proteins expressions. ROS generation was positively correlated with 8-oxoguanine and negatively with BER proteins suggesting cooking with biomass is a risk for genotoxicity among rural women in their child-bearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mukherjee
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Banani Bindhani
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Hirak Saha
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Ray
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India.
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Salje H, Gurley ES, Homaira N, Ram PK, Haque R, Petri W, Moss WJ, Luby SP, Breysse P, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Impact of neighborhood biomass cooking patterns on episodic high indoor particulate matter concentrations in clean fuel homes in Dhaka, Bangladesh. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:213-20. [PMID: 24033488 PMCID: PMC3932152 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 ) from the burning of biomass is associated with increased risk of respiratory disease. In Dhaka, Bangladesh, households that do not burn biomass often still experience high concentrations of PM2.5 , but the sources remain unexplained. We characterized the diurnal variation in the concentrations of PM2.5 in 257 households and compared the risk of experiencing high PM2.5 concentrations in biomass and non-biomass users. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were estimated every minute over 24 h once a month from April 2009 through April 2010. We found that households that used gas or electricity experienced PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 1000 μg/m(3) for a mean of 35 min within a 24-h period compared with 66 min in biomass-burning households. In both households that used biomass and those that had no obvious source of particulate matter, the probability of PM2.5 exceeding 1000 μg/m(3) were highest during distinct morning, afternoon, and evening periods. In such densely populated settings, indoor pollution in clean fuel households may be determined by biomass used by neighbors, with the highest risk of exposure occurring during cooking periods. Community interventions to reduce biomass use may reduce exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 in both biomass and non-biomass using households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Salje
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Homaira
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pavani K. Ram
- University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - William Petri
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William J. Moss
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Global Disease Detection Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patrick Breysse
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Global Disease Detection Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Pollard SL, Williams DL, Breysse PN, Baron PA, Grajeda LM, Gilman RH, Miranda JJ, Checkley W. A cross-sectional study of determinants of indoor environmental exposures in households with and without chronic exposure to biomass fuel smoke. Environ Health 2014; 13:21. [PMID: 24655424 PMCID: PMC3978088 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burning biomass fuels indoors for cooking is associated with high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO). More efficient biomass-burning stoves and chimneys for ventilation have been proposed as solutions to reduce indoor pollution. We sought to quantify indoor PM and CO exposures in urban and rural households and determine factors associated with higher exposures. A secondary objective was to identify chronic vs. acute changes in cardiopulmonary biomarkers associated with exposure to biomass smoke. METHODS We conducted a census survey followed by a cross-sectional study of indoor environmental exposures and cardiopulmonary biomarkers in the main household cook in Puno, Peru. We measured 24-hour indoor PM and CO concentrations in 86 households. We also measured PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations gravimetrically for 24 hours in urban households and during cook times in rural households, and generated a calibration equation using PM2.5 measurements. RESULTS In a census of 4903 households, 93% vs. 16% of rural vs. urban households used an open-fire stove; 22% of rural households had a homemade chimney; and <3% of rural households participated in a national program encouraging installation of a chimney. Median 24-hour indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations were 130 vs. 22 μg/m3 and 5.8 vs. 0.4 ppm (all p<0.001) in rural vs. urban households. Having a chimney did not significantly reduce median concentrations in 24-hour indoor PM2.5 (119 vs. 137 μg/m3; p=0.40) or CO (4.6 vs. 7.2 ppm; p=0.23) among rural households with and without chimneys. Having a chimney did not significantly reduce median cook-time PM2.5 (360 vs. 298 μg/m3, p=0.45) or cook-time CO concentrations (15.2 vs. 9.4 ppm, p=0.23). Having a thatched roof (p=0.007) and hours spent cooking (p=0.02) were associated with higher 24-hour average PM concentrations. Rural participants had higher median exhaled CO (10 vs. 6 ppm; p=0.01) and exhaled carboxyhemoglobin (1.6% vs. 1.0%; p=0.04) than urban participants. CONCLUSIONS Indoor air concentrations associated with biomass smoke were six-fold greater in rural vs. urban households. Having a homemade chimney did not reduce environmental exposures significantly. Measures of exhaled CO provide useful cardiopulmonary biomarkers for chronic exposure to biomass smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Pollard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Ave, Suite 9121, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D’Ann L Williams
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick N Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick A Baron
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Grajeda
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Ave, Suite 9121, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Mukherjee B, Dutta A, Chowdhury S, Roychoudhury S, Ray MR. Reduction of DNA mismatch repair protein expression in airway epithelial cells of premenopausal women chronically exposed to biomass smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2826-2836. [PMID: 24146321 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major source of indoor air pollution in rural India. This study examined whether chronic inhalation of biomass smoke causes change in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway in the airway cells. For this, airway cells exfoliated in sputum were collected from 72 premenopausal nonsmoking rural women (median age 34 years) who cooked with biomass (wood, dung, crop residues) and 68 control women who cooked with cleaner fuel liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for the past 5 years or more. The levels of particulate matters with diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5) in indoor air were measured by real-time aerosol monitor. Benzene exposure was monitored by measuring trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in airway cells were measured by flow cytometry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Immunocytochemical assay revealed lower percentage of airway epithelial cells expressing MMR proteins mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) and mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) in biomass-using women compared to LPG-using controls. Women who cooked with biomass had 6.7 times higher level of urinary t,t-MA, twofold increase in ROS generation, and 31 % depletion of SOD. Indoor air of biomass-using households had three times more particulate matters than that of controls. ROS, urinary t,t-MA, and particulate pollution in biomass-using kitchen had negative correlation, while SOD showed positive correlation with MSH2 and MLH1 expression. It appears that chronic exposure to biomass smoke reduces MMR response in airway epithelial cells, and oxidative stress plays an important role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mukherjee
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, India
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Van Vliet EDS, Asante K, Jack DW, Kinney PL, Whyatt RM, Chillrud SN, Abokyi L, Zandoh C, Owusu-Agyei S. Personal exposures to fine particulate matter and black carbon in households cooking with biomass fuels in rural Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 127:40-8. [PMID: 24176411 PMCID: PMC4042308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine cooking practices and 24-h personal and kitchen area exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon in cooks using biomass in Ghana. METHODS Researchers administered a detailed survey to 421 households. In a sub-sample of 36 households, researchers collected 24-h integrated PM2.5 samples (personal and kitchen area); in addition, the primary cook was monitored for real-time PM2.5. All filters were also analyzed for black carbon using a multi-wavelength reflectance method. Predictors of PM2.5 exposure were analyzed, including cooking behaviors, fuel, stove and kitchen type, weather, demographic factors and other smoke sources. RESULTS The majority of households cooked outdoors (55%; 231/417), used biomass (wood or charcoal) as their primary fuel (99%; 412/413), and cooked on traditional fires (77%, 323/421). In the sub-sample of 29 households with complete, valid exposure monitoring data, the 24-h integrated concentrations of PM2.5 were substantially higher in the kitchen sample (mean 446.8 µg/m3) than in the personal air sample (mean 128.5 µg/m3). Black carbon concentrations followed the same pattern such that concentrations were higher in the kitchen sample (14.5 µg/m3) than in the personal air sample (8.8 µg/m3). Spikes in real-time personal concentrations of PM2.5 accounted for the majority of exposure; the most polluted 5%, or 72 min, of the 24-h monitoring period accounted for 75% of all exposure. Two variables that had some predictive power for personal PM2.5 exposures were primary fuel type and ethnicity, while reported kerosene lantern use was associated with increased personal and kitchen area concentrations of black carbon. CONCLUSION Personal concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited considerable inter-subject variability across kitchen types (enclosed, semi-enclosed, outdoor), and can be elevated even in outdoor cooking settings. Furthermore, personal concentrations of PM2.5 were not associated with kitchen type and were not predicted by kitchen area samples; rather they were driven by spikes in PM2.5 concentrations during cooking. Personal exposures were more enriched with black carbon when compared to kitchen area samples, underscoring the need to explore other sources of incomplete combustion such as roadway emissions, charcoal production and kerosene use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanne D S Van Vliet
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 11th Floor, Room 1104E, New York, NY, USA.
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Nandasena S, Wickremasinghe AR, Sathiakumar N. Indoor air pollution and respiratory health of children in the developing world. World J Clin Pediatr 2013; 2:6-15. [PMID: 25254169 PMCID: PMC4145638 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v2.i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is a key contributor to the global burden of disease mainly in developing countries. The use of solid fuel for cooking and heating is the main source of IAP in developing countries, accounting for an estimated 3.5 million deaths and 4.5% of Disability-Adjusted Life Years in 2010. Other sources of IAP include indoor smoking, infiltration of pollutants from outdoor sources and substances emitted from an array of human utilities and biological materials. Children are among the most vulnerable groups for adverse effects of IAP. The respiratory system is a primary target of air pollutants resulting in a wide range of acute and chronic effects. The spectrum of respiratory adverse effects ranges from mild subclinical changes and mild symptoms to life threatening conditions and even death. However, IAP is a modifiable risk factor having potential mitigating interventions. Possible interventions range from simple behavior change to structural changes and from shifting of unclean cooking fuel to clean cooking fuel. Shifting from use of solid fuel to clean fuel invariably reduces household air pollution in developing countries, but such a change is challenging. This review aims to summarize the available information on IAP exposure during childhood and its effects on respiratory health in developing countries. It specifically discusses the common sources of IAP, susceptibility of children to air pollution, mechanisms of action, common respiratory conditions, preventive and mitigating strategies.
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Burgos S, Ruiz P, Koifman R. Changes to indoor air quality as a result of relocating families from slums to public housing. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2013; 70:179-185. [PMID: 23956679 PMCID: PMC3744224 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Burgos
- Corresponding author Postal code: 8380453 Telephone 56 22 9786819 Fax 56 2 7377121
| | - Pablo Ruiz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile. Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rosalina Koifman
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 16480 Manguihos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Majdan M, Coman A, Gallová E, Duricová J, Kállayová D, Kvaková M, Bosák L. Assessment of the indoor environment and implications for health in Roma villages in Slovakia and Romania. Cent Eur J Public Health 2013; 20:199-207. [PMID: 23285520 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this paper is to provide information on indoor air quality and on the quality of the broader indoor environment of the houses in Roma villages in Slovakia and Romania and to discuss possible implications for health. METHODS Indoor air was sampled in 11 houses in a Romanian Roma village and in 19 houses in a Slovakian Roma village. Levels of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), total particulate matter (PM), temperature and humidity were measured. A questionnaire and a checklist were used to obtain additional information on the indoor environment and behavioural factors. We have sampled the same houses in winter and in summer. RESULTS Levels of CO and CO2 were higher in winter in both countries as compared to summer. The limit value of 10 mg/m3 CO was exceeded in a few cases in both countries. In general, levels of CO, CO2 and PM were higher in Romania. Further environmental and behavioural hazards such as indoor smoking, pets inside or lack of ventilation were found. The reported self-perceived quality of the indoor environment was poor in many aspects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of CO, CO2 and PM levels suggest that indoor air pollution in Roma settlements has the potential to be a health threat. The fact that the inhabitants spend a relatively long time inside the houses and that a number of additional environmental and behavioural hazards were identified by our study emphasizes the importance of the indoor air quality for health and thus priority attention should be paid to these issues by health authorities and researchers. Further research is essential and study designs must consider cultural background and specific characteristics of the community, especially in order to obtain valid data on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
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Janjua N, Mahmood B, Dharma V, Sathiakumar N, Khan M. Use of biomass fuel and acute respiratory infections in rural Pakistan. Public Health 2012; 126:855-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Banerjee A, Mondal NK, Das D, Ray MR. Neutrophilic inflammatory response and oxidative stress in premenopausal women chronically exposed to indoor air pollution from biomass burning. Inflammation 2012; 35:671-83. [PMID: 21769440 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of inflammation and neutrophil activation in response to indoor air pollution (IAP) from biomass fuel use has been investigated. For this, 142 premenopausal, never-smoking women (median age, 34 years) who cook exclusively with biomass (wood, dung, crop wastes) and 126 age-matched control women who cook with cleaner fuel liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were enrolled. The neutrophil count in blood and sputum was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in biomass users than the control group. Flow cytometric analysis revealed marked increase in the surface expression of CD35 (complement receptor-1), CD16 (F(C)γ receptor III), and β(2) Mac-1 integrin (CD11b/CD18) on circulating neutrophils of biomass users. Besides, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that they had 72%, 67%, and 54% higher plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-12, respectively, and doubled neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin-8. Immunocytochemical study revealed significantly higher percentage of airway neutrophils expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase, while the serum level of nitric oxide was doubled in women who cooked with biomass. Spectrophotometric analysis documented higher myeloperoxidase activity in circulating neutrophils of biomass users, suggesting neutrophil activation. Flow cytometry showed excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by leukocytes of biomass-using women, whereas their erythrocytes contained a depleted level of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Indoor air of biomass-using households had two to four times more particulate matter with diameters of <10 μm (PM(10)) and <2.5 μm (PM(2.5)) as measured by real-time laser photometer. After controlling potential confounders, rise in proinflammatory mediators among biomass users were positively associated with PM(10) and PM(2.5) in indoor air, suggesting a close relationship between IAP and neutrophil activation. Besides, the levels of neutrophil activation and inflammation markers were positively associated with generation of ROS and negatively with SOD, indicating a role of oxidative stress in mediating neutrophilic inflammatory response following chronic inhalation of biomass smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, India
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Systemic inflammatory changes and increased oxidative stress in rural Indian women cooking with biomass fuels. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:255-62. [PMID: 22521606 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to investigate whether regular cooking with biomass aggravates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress that might result in increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural Indian women compared to cooking with a cleaner fuel like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). A total of 635 women (median age 36 years) who cooked with biomass and 452 age-matched control women who cooked with LPG were enrolled. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured by ELISA. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by leukocytes was measured by flow cytometry, and erythrocytic superoxide dismutase (SOD) was measured by spectrophotometry. Hypertension was diagnosed following the Seventh Report of the Joint Committee. Tachycardia was determined as pulse rate >100 beats per minute. Particulate matter of diameter less than 10 and 2.5 μm (PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅, respectively) in cooking areas was measured using real-time aerosol monitor. Compared with control, biomass users had more particulate pollution in indoor air, their serum contained significantly elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and CRP, and ROS generation was increased by 37% while SOD was depleted by 41.5%, greater prevalence of hypertension and tachycardia compared to their LPG-using neighbors. PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ levels were positively associated with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and hypertension. Inflammatory markers correlated with raised blood pressure. Cooking with biomass exacerbates systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertension and tachycardia in poor women cooking with biomass fuel and hence, predisposes them to increased risk of CVD development compared to the controls. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress may be the mechanistic factors involved in the development of CVD.
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Roychoudhury S, Mondal NK, Mukherjee S, Dutta A, Siddique S, Ray MR. Activation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and risk of lung cancer among rural women in India who cook with biomass fuel. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 259:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hosgood HD, Vermeulen R, Wei H, Reiss B, Coble J, Wei F, Jun X, Wu G, Rothman N, Lan Q. Combustion-derived nanoparticle exposure and household solid fuel use in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 22:571-81. [PMID: 22639822 PMCID: PMC4231791 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.684147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) have not been readably measurable until recently. We conducted a pilot study to determine CDNP levels during solid fuel burning. The aggregate surface area of CDNP (μm(2)/cm(3)) was monitored continuously in 15 Chinese homes using varying fuel types (i.e. bituminous coal, anthracite coal, wood) and stove types (i.e. portable stoves, stoves with chimneys, firepits). Information on fuel burning activities was collected and PM(2.5) levels were measured. Substantial exposure differences were observed during solid fuel burning (mean: 228.1 μm(2)/cm(3)) compared to times without combustion (mean: 14.0 μm(2)/cm(3)). The observed levels during burning were reduced by about four-fold in homes with a chimney (mean: 92.1 μm(2)/cm(3); n = 9), and effects were present for all fuel types. Each home's CDNP measurement was only moderately correlated with the respective PM(2.5) measurements (r (2) = 0.43; p = 0.11). Our results indicate that household coal and wood burning contributes to indoor nanoparticle levels, which are not fully reflected in PM(2.5) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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