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Barnett LM, Verswijveren SJJM, Ridgers ND, Tietjens M, Lander NJ, Abbott G. Children with high actual and perceived motor skill competence are more physically active: A pooled latent profile analysis of cross-sectional data. J Sports Sci 2025; 43:821-832. [PMID: 40089844 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2025.2477419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025]
Abstract
The aim was to determine profiles according to actual and perceived motor competence and provide a comparison of profiles according to moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) in children. Cross-sectional data were pooled from four Australian studies (481 children, 54.5% boys; 3.5 to 11.7 years). Motor skill competence, total, object control and locomotor (Test of Gross Motor Skill Development [TGMD)]), perceived motor skill (pictorial scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence [PMSC]) and MVPA (ActiGraph data) were assessed. Latent profile analyses identified actual and perceived skill profiles and covariate-adjusted associations with MVPA were then assessed for all children, for boys and girls. For total skills, the two-profile solution was the best fit for all children (81% 'high aligned', i.e., high perception, high skills; 19% 'low aligned, i.e., low perception, low skills') and for girls (71% 'high aligned'; 29% 'low aligned'). For boys, a three-profile solution was the best fit (49% 'under perceiver'- low perception, high skills; 42% 'over perceiver' - high perception, low skills; 9% 'low aligned'). For the total skill, children in the 'high aligned' profile (65.3 minutes) were 14.6 minutes/day more active than the "low aligned" profile (50.8 minutes). Intervention efforts should focus on the "low aligned" profile to increase physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Barnett
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Australia
| | - S J J M Verswijveren
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - N D Ridgers
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Tietjens
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - N J Lander
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - G Abbott
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
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Koolwijk P, de Jonge E, Mombarg R, Remmers T, Van Kann D, van Aart I, Savelsbergh G, de Vries S. Characteristics of Children with an Undesirable Motor Competence Development During the Transition from Early to Middle Childhood: Results of a 2-Year Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:1460. [PMID: 39595727 PMCID: PMC11593646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21111460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor competence development from early to middle childhood is accompanied by great variance. This course can be influenced by many factors in the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to examine which individual characteristics are associated with an undesirable motor competence development during the transition from early to middle childhood. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted between February 2020 and May 2022. Actual and perceived motor competence and the potential determinants physical activity enjoyment, weight status, and organized sports participation of children (49% boys) aged 4-6 years old at T0 (N = 721) were measured at two points in time, separated by a two-year interval. Associations between potential determinants and AMC, including interactions with time, were analyzed using linear mixed-effect regression models with continuous motor quotient scores as outcome variables. RESULTS Overweight, obesity, and lack of organized sports participation were associated with lower motor quotient scores over time. Multivariate analyses showed that associations of weight status (overweight and obesity) and sports participation with motor quotient scores remained significant after adjustment for variations in perceived motor competence and physical activity enjoyment. CONCLUSIONS Excessive body weight and lack of sports participation from early childhood are associated with an increased risk of an undesirable motor competence development over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Koolwijk
- Research Group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2501 EH The Hague, The Netherlands; (E.d.J.); (S.d.V.)
| | - Ester de Jonge
- Research Group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2501 EH The Hague, The Netherlands; (E.d.J.); (S.d.V.)
| | - Remo Mombarg
- Institute of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (I.v.A.)
| | - Teun Remmers
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, 5644 HZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (T.R.); (D.V.K.)
| | - Dave Van Kann
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, 5644 HZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (T.R.); (D.V.K.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Aart
- Institute of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (I.v.A.)
| | - Geert Savelsbergh
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Section Motor Learning & Performance, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Sanne de Vries
- Research Group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2501 EH The Hague, The Netherlands; (E.d.J.); (S.d.V.)
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2511 DP The Hague, The Netherlands
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Jidovtseff B, Morgado LDS, Sääkslahti A, Howells K, Barnett LM, D'Hondt E, Costa AM, De Martelaer K. An Evaluation of the Reliability of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence and Its Relationship With Actual Water Competence. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:1063-1079. [PMID: 38656171 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241248552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In its recent development, the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC) showed good face and construct validity. However, additional reliability and validity research is needed, including test-retest reliability and a demonstration of the relationship between PSPWEC test scores and actual water competence. Toward that aim, we administered the PSPWC to 124 children, aged 5-8 years. We repeated this test administration after one week for a subset of 55 children to determine its test-retest reliability, and the remaining 69 children also performed the fully aligned Actual Aquatic Skills Test (AAST) in an indoor swimming pool to provide data for our investigation of the relationship between PSPWC scores and actual water competence. We found good test-retest reliability, both at the global level (ICC = 0.81, n = 55) and at the level of individual skills (Weighted kappa coefficients from 0.58 to 0.90), with no significant differences between these two test scores. We also found a moderate positive relationship between PSPWC and AAST total scores (r = .64, n = 69), with no significant difference between total scores of actual and perceived water competencies. Children overestimated their competence in three specific skills: the back star, swimming on the front, and diving in deep water. While these results underline specific situations in which children's higher self-perceptions of their water competence are a risk factor for their water safety, these data confirm that the PSPWC is reliable for measuring children's perceived competencies in aquatic education and drowning prevention, and there is further support for its validity through a moderate correlation with actual water competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Jidovtseff
- Department of Physical activity and Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health and Education, CEReKi, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Liliane De Sousa Morgado
- Department of Physical activity and Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health and Education, CEReKi, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Arja Sääkslahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kristy Howells
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aldo M Costa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Kristine De Martelaer
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Li X, Su Z, Wang L, Li J, Diao Y. Psychometric evaluation of the pictorial scale of perceived movement skill competence in Chinese children: An item response theory analysis. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13275. [PMID: 38801211 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) in Chinese children, utilizing the principles of item response theory (IRT). METHODS A total of 284 children (147 boys), aged 4-10 years (Mage = 7.39, SD = 2.18), from four schools were recruited for testing, adhering to the principle of random sampling. The Rasch model was applied to evaluate the rating scale validity, local independence, scale dimensionality, person and item fit statistics, and differential item functioning (DIF). RESULTS (1) The rating scale validity was confirmed by the monotonically increasing trend in both average item difficulty measures and Andrich thresholds. (2) However, the observation that standardized residual correlations for all items remained below 0.3 unequivocally confirmed the presence of local independence among the variables. (3) The scale's dimensions were substantiated, with Rasch measures explaining 40.6% of total variance, exceeding the 40% threshold. Additionally, the first contrast had an eigenvalue of 1.8 and explained 8.80% of the variance, both exceeding the minimum 3:1 ratio. Consequently, the unidimensionality assumption of the item was supported. (4) Person and item fit statistics indicated requisite reliability and separation, with all achieving suitable infit and outfit measures, and point-biserial correlations exceeding 0.55. (5) Regarding gender DIF, it was observed that the majority of items did not exhibit statistically significant gender DIF effects (p > 0.05) except item 8 (Bounce a ball, t = -2.74, p < 0.01, DIF = -0.51). CONCLUSION Rasch analysis revealed that the instrument exhibited strong scale validity among Chinese children, adhering to the Rasch model's unidimensionality and local independence principles, with robust person and item reliability and separation. All items demonstrated a good fit. Additionally, the significant gender difference in item 8 (Bounce a ball) warrants further consideration. In conclusion, PMSC is suitable for assessing the PMSC of Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxi Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Su
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yucui Diao
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Lorås H, Hansen Sandseter EB, Storli L, Kleppe R, Barnett L, Sando OJ. Psychometric Properties of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Norwegian Children. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:637-659. [PMID: 38623598 PMCID: PMC11127498 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241245175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) for young Norwegian children, a scale that is aligned with skills assessed in the Test of Gross Motor Development- Third Edition. We used convenience sampling to recruit 396 Norwegian-speaking children (7-10-year-olds) who completed the PMSC. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed factorial validity for the proposed three-factor model of the PMSC, encompassing measures of self-perceived ball, locomotor, and active play competence. Internal item consistency coefficients of these sub-scales were acceptable, and subsequent measurement invariant analysis found a gender difference such that boys rated their competence higher than girls in running, jumping forward, hitting a ball (racket), kicking, throwing a ball and rope climbing, while girls rated themselves higher, compared to boys, in galloping and skating/blading. Furthermore, there was a slightly better model fit for boys than for girls. Several items were significantly related to children's age, and the three-factor model exhibited differential age related factor mean differences across older and younger children. Overall, we found the PMSC to have acceptable psychometric properties for confident use in assessing perceived motor competence among 7-10-year-old Norwegian children, though we observed age and gender differences in children's responses that warrant careful interpretation of results and further research investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Lorås
- Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lise Storli
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rasmus Kleppe
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisa Barnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ole Johan Sando
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
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Diao Y, Wang L, Chen S, Barnett LM, Mazzoli E, Essiet IA, Wang X, Wang L, Zhao Y, Li X, Li J. The validity of the Physical Literacy in Children Questionnaire in children aged 4 to 12. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:869. [PMID: 38515090 PMCID: PMC10956319 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the growing evidence on the health benefits associated with physical literacy (PL), it is necessary to develop sound measures to assess the levels of PL in children. The Physical Literacy in Children Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) is the first self-report pictorial-based scale to assess children's perceived PL. It has good validity and reliability in Australian children aged 7 to 12 years, but little is known in younger children and in other cultural contexts. The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability in an expanded age range. METHODS A total of 1,870 Chinese children (girls, n = 871; 46.6%), aged 4 to 12 years (M = 8.07 ± 2.42) participated in validity testing. Structural equation modeling with the Weighted Least Squares with Mean and Variance approach was used to assess construct validity. The hypothesized theoretical model used the 30 items and four hypothesized factors: physical, psychological, social and cognitive capabilities. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess sex and age group (4-6 years, 7-9 years and 10-12 years) measurement invariance. Internal consistency analyses were conducted using polychoric alpha. A random subsample (n = 262) was selected to determine test-retest reliability using Intra-Class Correlations (ICC). RESULTS All items except one (moving with equipment-skateboarding) loaded on sub-domains with λ > 0.45. The hypothesized model had a good fit (CFI = 0.954, TLI = 0.950, RMSEA = 0.042), with measurement equivalence across sex and age groups separately. Internal consistency values were good to excellent (overall: α = 0.94; physical: α = 0.86; psychological: α = 0.83; social: α = 0.81; cognitive: α = 0.86). Test-retest reliability was adequate to excellent (overall: ICC = 0.90, physical: ICC = 0.86, psychological: ICC = 0.75, social: ICC = 0.71, cognitive: ICC = 0.72). CONCLUSION The Chinese version of the PL-C Quest is valid and reliable for testing the self-reported PL of Chinese children aged 4 to 12. This study provides the first evidence of validity for this tool in children aged 4-6 years and also evidence that the PL-C Quest would be a meaningful instrument to assess PL in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Diao
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shandong Normal University, No.1, University Road, Changqing district, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Physical Education, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Emiliano Mazzoli
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Inimfon A Essiet
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Xiaofen Wang
- Physical Education and Arts School, Chengyi College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Zhao
- Library, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuanxi Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shandong Normal University, No.1, University Road, Changqing district, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Shandong Normal University, No.1, University Road, Changqing district, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China.
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Wu Y, Wang X, Wang H, Wang L, Tian Y, Ji Z, Wang L. Validation of the PL-C Quest in China: understanding the pictorial physical literacy self-report scale. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1328549. [PMID: 38515980 PMCID: PMC10956100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1328549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The notion of physical literacy is gaining interest from several countries as a potential mechanism for understanding the development of the physical self. This research endeavor represents an inaugural attempt to translate the Australian Physical Literacy Questionnaire for Children (PL-C Quest) into Chinese to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PL-C Quest to assess physical literacy among children in mainland China. Methods The Beaton translation paradigm was used to carry out language translation, back-translation, cultural adaptation, and presurveys. Data were collected from 642 children aged 6-12 years, with a mean age of 9.71 years (SD 1.816), to test the reliability of the Chinese version of the PL-C Quest. Results The PL-C Quest items translated well (6.187 ~ 15.499) and correlated well (0.441 ~ 0.622). The Chinese version of the PL-C Quest had good reliability, with retest reliability values ranging from 0.91 to 0.74, Cronbach's alpha from 0.65 to 0.894, and McDonald's ω from the Spearman-Brown Coefficient was 0.84. The validity results are acceptable because the CFI, IFI, and TLI values are above 0.8 and close to 0.9, but the model fit's chi-square degrees-of-freedom ratio of 2.299, the RMSEA of 0.05, which was less than 0.08. Discussion After translation and cultural adaptation, the Chinese version of the PL-C Quest is a reliable measurement tool and can be used in the Chinese region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- College of Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science, Shanghai, China
- College of Sports Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinxiang Wang
- College of Sports Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongbiao Wang
- College of Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- College of Sports Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Tian
- College of Sports Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiguang Ji
- College of Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science, Shanghai, China
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Golos A, Budman JR, Shterenshus A, Bar-Ilan RT. The Pictorial Interview of Children's Metacognition and Executive Functions (PIC-ME): Cultural Adaptation for Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Populations. Occup Ther Int 2023; 2023:4832354. [PMID: 37089457 PMCID: PMC10121360 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4832354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Executive functions (EFs) are strongly linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The pictorial interview of children's metacognition and executive functions (PIC-ME) assesses children's self-perceptions regarding their EF. This study is aimed at describing the cultural adaptation of the PIC-ME to the ultra-Orthodox (UO) Jewish population in Israel. Method In the first of three stages, 30 occupational therapists, who were experienced in working with children with ADHD from the UO population, completed a questionnaire about the suitability of PIC-ME for the UO community. In the second stage, six therapists participated in a focus group to discuss the recommendations and the adaptations made following the first stage. In the third stage, 20 UO children aged 5-10 participated in the tool validation process. Results First stage: most of the items of the original tool were found to be appropriate in representing the EFs of UO children and did not need to be adapted. No significant differences were found between the boys' and girls' versions regarding the tool's adaptability. However, most of the therapists suggested that the pictures in both versions needed adaptations. Second stage: additional recommendations led to the development of a final adapted version. Third stage: over 70 percent agreement was found among UO children regarding the clarity of the adapted pictures. No significant differences were found between boys and girls or between age groups. Conclusions This study presented wide agreement on the necessity for cultural adaptation of the PIC-ME to the UO population and described the adaptation process. Based on its face validity, the UO version may be a useful tool to assess the self-perception of EF among UO children. Further studies are needed to assess its psychometric properties and its usefulness as an outcome measure. The study findings may contribute to the cultural adaptation of other tools for culturally distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Golos
- Head of the Environment, Culture and Participation in the Community Research Laboratory, School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jennifer R. Budman
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayala Shterenshus
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruthie Traub Bar-Ilan
- School of Occupational Therapy, Cognitive-Functional Rehabilitation in Context Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Morgado LDS, Martelaer KD, Sääkslahti A, Howells K, Barnett LM, D’Hondt E, Costa AM, Jidovtseff B. Face and Content Validity of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence in Young Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:2. [PMID: 36670553 PMCID: PMC9856909 DOI: 10.3390/children10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An international group of experts have developed a pictorial tool to measure perceived water competence for children aged from 5 to 8 years old: the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC). The aim of the present study was to verify the validity of this tool. In the first part of the study, 120 children were interviewed to investigate face validity of the PSPWC to ensure that all pictorial items were understandable. In the second part of the study, 13 scientific and/or pedagogical international experts were invited to assess the tool's content validity via an online survey. Face validity results revealed that children were able to understand and sequence correctly the aquatic situations in 92% of the cases. The average Content Validity Index (CVI) of the PSPWC ranged from 0.88 to 0.95, showing acceptable content validity. Feedback from experts and children resulted in a major improvement of the "exit water" situation and minor improvements concerning some other items. Experts confirmed that the PSPWC was globally appropriate for different countries and cultures, except for the situation "water entry by slide" which was not considered usual practice in some countries. The PSPWC opens up to new fields of research; useful both for the prevention of drowning and for the support of children's aquatic education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane De Sousa Morgado
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health and Education, CEReKi, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Kristine De Martelaer
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arja Sääkslahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kristy Howells
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Lisa M. Barnett
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Eva D’Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aldo M. Costa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Boris Jidovtseff
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health and Education, CEReKi, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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10
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Lawson C, Eyre ELJ, Tallis J, Watts M, Duncan MJ. Identifying actual and perceived motor competence based profiles among children. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:621-629. [PMID: 34875966 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2009169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop motor competence (MC) profiles in children based on their actual and perceived MC, and to investigate differences in physical activity (PA) behaviour and motivation towards PA between profiles. Two hundred and sixteen British children (7-10 years) took part in this study. Perceived motor competence (PMC) was assessed using the pictorial scale of movement competence. MC was assessed using process-oriented and product-oriented measures. A validated questionnaire assessed motivation towards PA and an objective measure of PA was employed. K-means cluster analysis was used to create profiles. Differences in PA and motivation towards PA were examined using ANCOVAs. Four groups of divergent and convergent levels were identified based on the contribution of either product or process MC with PMC. Motivation towards PA differed by profiles that included actual-process and PMC. Children with high actual process and high PMC had significantly higher levels of autonomous motivation than children with high actual process but low PMC. No significant differences were found between PA levels and profiles. Developing the quality and execution of actual motor competence (AMC) and PMC is key to stimulate motivation towards PA. Furthermore, maintaining AMC and PMC simultaneously may be imperative to children's future PA behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey Lawson
- School of Health Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- School of Health Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- School of Health Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Matt Watts
- School of Health Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael J Duncan
- School of Health Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Estevan I, Menescardi C, Castillo I, Molina-García J, García-Massó X, Barnett LM. Perceived movement skill competence in stability: Validity and reliability of a pictorial scale in early adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1135-1143. [PMID: 33527419 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Perceived motor competence (PMC) is important to health as it mediates the association between actual motor competence (AMC) and physical activity. Many instruments assess the broader construct of physical self-perception but no scale has been developed to assess PMC in stability. The aim of this study was to develop and analyze the reliability and validity of a new pictorial PMC in stability skill assessment when completed by early adolescents. A Delphi method showed ≥70% of experts' consensus in the seven proposed items. A sample of 904 students (11-14 years old) self-reported PMC in locomotion, object control, and stability using two pictorial scales: Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) and the newly developed Stability (PMSC_Stability). The Körperkoordinations test for Kinder (KTK) was also administered as a measure of AMC in skills that utilize stability. Two different subsamples were randomly assigned to criterion validity and reliability assessments. Spearman's correlation, confirmatory factor analysis, and a general linear model for sex and age were conducted. The internal consistency (α) and test-retest (intraclass correlation coefficient) reliability values were good (>0.70). A single-factor latent model represented stability and did not differ by sex. Stability perception was associated with AMC (rho = 0.51). Stability is important to the performance of many movement skills (eg, single-leg balance or moving on a narrow surface). Understanding which adolescents have poor stability perception could highlight stability as an area that needs targeting in order to increase physical activity and sport participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Estevan
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Menescardi
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Castillo
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Molina-García
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition. School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia
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Bolger LE, Bolger LA, O'Neill C, Coughlan E, O'Brien W, Lacey S, Burns C. Accuracy of Children's Perceived Skill Competence and its Association With Physical Activity. J Phys Act Health 2018; 16:1-8. [PMID: 30518294 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived movement competence is important in the relationship between actual competence and physical activity (PA). This study examines the accuracy of children's perceptions and investigates the relationship between perceived competence (PC) and PA. METHODS Data collected were part of Project Spraoi, a PA and nutrition-based intervention. Participants (N = 419) were senior infant/first class (n = 202, mean age: 6.5 [0.6] y) and fourth/fifth class (n = 217, mean age: 10.4 [0.6] y) children from 3 schools in Cork, Ireland. The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 and Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children assessed actual and PC in 6 locomotor and 6 object-control fundamental movement skills. Moderate to vigorous PA levels were measured by accelerometry. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests assessed the accuracy of PC. Hierarchical regression analysis investigated relationships between PC and both actual competence and moderate to vigorous PA. RESULTS Children had greater perceived overall and object-control competence than actual. Among younger children, there was no difference between perceived locomotor and actual, while older children had lower perceived locomotor competence than actual. PC did not predict actual competence. Perceived object-control and total PC were significant predictors of moderate to vigorous PA. CONCLUSIONS Children have inflated perceptions of their overall and object-control movement skill competency. Perceived object-control and total FMS is associated with PA and thus, interventions aimed at increasing PA among children should target PC.
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Validity and Reliability of a Pictorial Instrument for Assessing Fundamental Movement Skill Perceived Competence in Chinese Children. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2016-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Pictorial Scale for Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) in Chinese children. A total of 241 children (girls, n = 119) aged 4 to 9 years old (6.9 ± 1.53) participated. One week later two random subsamples were selected. One (n = 52) was to determine face validity and the other (n = 56) was to determine test-retest reliability. Internal consistency analyses through Cronbach’s alpha and construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Results showed (a) face validity was better for object control skills; (b) internal consistency was adequate for each subscale and all 13 skills (alpha range from .73–.87); (c) Intra-Class Correlations were good for locomotor (.62), object control (.73), and all 13 skills (.78); and (d) the modified two-factor model had a good fit (CFI = .96, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .05). The Chinese version of the PMSC is appropriate to use; however, considering the participants were only from Shanghai, results may not be generalizable to all Chinese children.
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Evidence of Reliability and Validity for the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence in Spanish Children. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2016-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perceived motor competence is a subdomain of perceived physical competence that is related to the practice of physical activity and motor skills. The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) assesses perceived motor competence (locomotor, object control, and active play skills) in children. The purpose of the present study was twofold: first, to translate the PMSC into Spanish and to test the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) and construct validity of the aforementioned scale in a Spanish sample; second, to analyze children’s perception of motor competence according to gender. Two hundred and forty-seven typically developed children (51% boys) between 5 and 11 years old participated in the study. Internal consistency reliability was acceptable. Children’s test-retest reliability was between high and excellent. A Bayesian Structural Equation approach showed the original hypothesized three-factor model was a poor fit, but a two-factor model (i.e., locomotion and object control) was an adequate fit. Boys reported higher perception in the object control and overall motor competence, but similar perception in locomotor skills to girls. The PMSC can provide a useful way to study the nature and impact of motor competence perception in young children of Spanish-speaking communities.
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The Relationship Between Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Self-Perception Among Adolescent Girls. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationship between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and multiple levels of physical self-perception among early adolescent girls. The Victorian FMS Teachers’ Manual was used to measure actual FMS. Perceptions were measured using the Physical Self-Perception Profile and the Perceived Movement Skill Competence Scale. Pearson’s correlations assessed the association between FMS and each level of physical self-perception. General linear models, adjusting for potential confounders, were conducted to explore the relationship between FMS and multiple levels of physical self-perception. A total of 173 Australian girls (M = 12.48 years, SD = .34) had complete data. Results found positive moderate and significant associations between actual FMS and physical self-perception, perceived sports competence, and, to a lesser degree, perceived FMS. Actual and perceived object control skill were also moderately associated, but there was no association between actual and perceived locomotor skill. After adjusting for potential confounders, FMS remained a significant predictor of each level of perception in each model, except for locomotor skill. These findings are important for future intervention development to improve both actual and perceived FMS, particularly in object control skill, which has been identified as a predictor of subsequent physical activity.
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Validity and Reliability of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Greek Children. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to adapt the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children (PMSC) in Greek and assess its reliability and face, construct, and concurrent validity in 5- to 9-year-old Greek children. Face validity was conducted with 20 children, whereas a larger sample (N = 227) was used to examine construct validity. Two subsamples (n = 38; n = 142) were used to investigate test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Greek version of the PMSC (PMSC-GR) with the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (PSPCSA) and the physical competence subscale (PCS), respectively. The panel of experts confirmed the clarity and concept integrity of the PMSC-GR. Temporal stability was confirmed for PMSC-GR total score and both Locomotor (LOC; ICC = .80; 95% CI, .62–.89) and Object Control (OC; ICC = .91; 95% CI, .82–.95) subscales. Appropriate internal consistency was found for the total score as well as for the LOC and OC scores (polychoric correlations: PMSC-GR, .80; LOC, .60; OC, .76). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of a one-factor and two-factor model. Scores of the PMSC and the PSPCSA-PCS were correlated to a low level. The PMSC-GR is valid and reliable for Greek children and appears to measure a different construct to general physical perceived competence.
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Perceived Motor Competence in Childhood: Comparative Study Among Countries. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perceived motor competence (PMC) is a psychological construct that may be influenced by various environmental factors. This study aimed to analyze differences in PMC of children from four diverse countries. The sample was comprised of 231 Brazilian, 129 Australian, 140 Portuguese, and 114 American children, aged 5–8 years. The PMC was assessed using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children. Differences in PMC among countries were verified using Kruskal-Wallis tests, separately by age and gender. For girls (from the age of six), differences were found in the leap, slide, hit, and catch, as well as the sum of object control skills and total score. For boys, differences were found among countries in the gallop, jump, slide, hit, catch, and roll, as well as the sum of locomotor and object control skills, and the total skill score. Overall, American children seem to perceive themselves more competent compared to children from other countries. Leisure and sport activities in each country may influence the construction of PMC.
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Actual and Perceived Motor Competence Levels of Belgian and United States Preschool Children. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2016-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study examined the motor competence of preschool children from Belgium and the United States (US), and the influence of perceived motor competence on actual motor competence. A secondary objective was to compare the levels of motor competence of Belgian and US children using the US norms of the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2). Methods: All participants (N = 326; ages 4–5 years) completed the TGMD-2 and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Children. Results: Belgian children performed significantly higher on actual object control and locomotor skills than US children. However, both Belgian and US children scored significantly worse on the TGMD-2 when compared to the US norm group from 1997–1998. Furthermore, perceived motor competence was significantly related to actual object control skills but not locomotor skills. Conclusion: The present study showed cross-cultural differences in actual motor competence in young children. The findings also indicate a secular downward trend in childhood competence levels, possibly due to a decrease in physical activity and increase in sedentary behavior. Future research should consider conducting an in-depth exploration of physical activity contexts such as physical education to better understand cross-cultural differences in motor competence.
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Association Between Perceived and Actual Motor Competence in Portuguese Children. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between actual (AMC) and perceived (PMC) motor competence in Portuguese children. A total of 200 children (111 [0.55%] girls) aged 5–9 years old participated in the study. The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) and the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD2) were used to assess PMC and AMC, respectively. Mann-Whiney U was used to test the differences between sexes and age groups. The association between TGMD2 and PMSC scores was analyzed through Spearman correlation. Boys and girls of all ages showed to have high PMC. Independent of sex, mean values for each TGMD2 subtest increased throughout the age groups with older children having significantly higher mean scores than younger ones. In general, boys and girls showed similar PMC and AMC, independent of age. Weak to moderate and some negative correlations (0.24 < r < −0.40) were found between PMC and AMC scores for all age and sex groups. In conclusion, there appears to be little relationship between actual and perceived motor competence in Portuguese young children.
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An App to Assess Young Children’s Perceptions of Movement Competence. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2017-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Assessing young children’s perceptions is commonly done one on one with an interviewer. An app enables several children to complete the scale at once. The objective was to describe an app to assess children’s perceptions of movement competence and then present consistency of child responses. The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) has fundamental movement skill (FMS; e.g., catch) and play items (e.g., cycling). The PMSC android app has the same items and images but children complete it independently with audio. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed i) test-retest reliability using the PMSC app on 18 items in 42 children (M = 6.8 yrs) and ii) consistency between measures for 13 FMS items in 44 children (M = 8.5 yrs). Over time (M = 6.9 days, SD = 0.35) the full PMSC had good consistency (ICC = 0.79, 95% CI 0.64–0.88) and the FMS items had moderate consistency (ICC = 0.68, 95% CI 0.47–0.81). There was good agreement between the app and interview for FMS items (ICC = 0.86, 95% CI 0.76–0.92). Locomotor items were less consistent. The PMSC app can generally be recommended. Future research could investigate how different forms of digital assessment affect children’s perception.
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The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence: Determining Content and Construct Validity for Brazilian Children. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2016-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pictorial scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) was developed to assess young children’s perceptions of competence in fundamental motor skills (FMS) and in active play (AP). The objectives of the present study were to assess validity and reliability with Brazilian children. Nineteen health-related professionals and 331 children (4 to 8 years old) were enrolled in the study. Kappa concordance coefficient, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), polychoric correlations, and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were used. The back-reverse translation prevents the bias of a single translation. Experts and professionals confirmed the clarity and pertinence of the items with high agreement scores (values > .90). Test-retest reliability results showed strong ICC (values > .90). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed good internal consistency (α values from .70–.85). The CFA showed appropriate fit indexes for a three-factor model (i.e., six object control, six locomotion, and six AP items) and a two-factor model (i.e., 12 FMS and six AP items). However, the two-factor model showed superior indexes (χ2/df = 3.1; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .06; Goodness-Of-Fit Index = .90; Comparative Fit Index = .91; Akaike Information Criterion = 485.8). The PMSC is a valid and reliable assessment to use in Brazil.
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Estevan I, Barnett LM. Considerations Related to the Definition, Measurement and Analysis of Perceived Motor Competence. Sports Med 2018; 48:2685-2694. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moulton JM, Cole C, Ridgers ND, Pepin G, Barnett LM. Measuring movement skill perceptions in preschool children: A face validity and reliability study. Aust Occup Ther J 2018; 66:13-22. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M. Moulton
- School of Health and Social Development; Deakin University; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Crystal Cole
- School of Health and Social Development; Deakin University; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Nicola D. Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN); School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Deakin University; Victoria Australia
| | - Genevieve Pepin
- School of Health and Social Development; Deakin University; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Lisa M. Barnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN); School of Health and Social Development; Deakin University; Victoria Australia
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Duncan MJ, Jones V, O’Brien W, Barnett LM, Eyre ELJ. Self-Perceived and Actual Motor Competence in Young British Children. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:251-264. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512517752833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Children’s perception of their own motor competence is an important correlate of their actual motor competence. The current study is the first to examine this association in British children and the first to use both product and process measures of actual motor competence. A total of 258 children (139 boys and 119 girls; aged 4 to 7 years, Mean = 5.6, SD = .96) completed measures of self-perceived motor competence using the Pictorial Scale for Perceived Movement Competence in Young Children. Children were classified as “Low,” “Medium,” or “High” perceived competence based on tertile analysis. Actual motor competence was assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (a process measure) and a composite of 10-m sprint run time, standing long jump distance, and 1-kg seated medicine ball throw (collectively, a product measure). Data for process and product measures were analyzed using a 2 (sex) × 3 (high, medium, low perceived competence) analysis of covariance, with body mass index, calculated from height and mass, and age controlled. Boys obtained significantly higher scores than girls for both the process ( p = .044) and product ( p = .001) measures of actual motor competence. Boys had significantly ( p = .04) higher scores for perceived competence compared to girls. Compared to children classified as medium and high self-perceived competence, children classified as low self-perceived competence had lower process ( p = .001) and product scores (i.e., medium, p = .009 and high, p = .0001) of actual motor competence. Age ( p = .0001) and body mass index ( p = .0001) were significantly associated with product motor competence. Strategies to enhance actual motor competence may benefit children’s self-perceived motor competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Jones
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, UK
| | | | | | - Emma L. J. Eyre
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, UK
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Barnett LM, Ridgers ND, Hesketh K, Salmon J. Setting them up for lifetime activity: Play competence perceptions and physical activity in young children. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:856-860. [PMID: 28416352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Possessing positive physical perceived competence is important for physical activity in older children. Young children are primarily physically active through play-based behaviour rather than through organised sports and activities, so understanding how play perceptions might influence physical activity behaviour is important. The study purpose was to assess if perceived active play competence is associated with young children's physical activity. DESIGN Cross sectional study. METHODS This paper uses two different samples drawn from the same Australian city, both collected in 2013. The first sample included 152 children (49% boys) aged 4-5 years (M=4.7, SD=0.47), the second sample included 78 children (55% boys) aged 5-8 years (M=6.6, SD=0.93). The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence was used to assess children's perceived competence in six skill-related play activities. Moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) was assessed for 8 consecutive days via accelerometers. A general linear model with the mean minutes in MVPA per day as the outcome, perceived play competence as the independent variable and adjusting for relevant confounders was performed in each sample. RESULTS Perceived active play competence was not related to MVPA min/day (B=0.44, p=0.323) in the younger sample, but was in the older sample (B=1.53, p=0.026), explaining 24% of adjusted variance. CONCLUSIONS Positive findings in the older sample show school-aged children need exposure to play based activities in order to develop the positive self-perception needed to engage in MVPA every day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Barnett
- Deakin University, School of Health and Social Development, Australia.
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Kylie Hesketh
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
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Perera H, Jeewandara KC, Seneviratne S, Guruge C. Culturally adapted pictorial screening tool for autism spectrum disorder: A new approach. World J Clin Pediatr 2017; 6:45-51. [PMID: 28224095 PMCID: PMC5296629 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v6.i1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the performance of a newly designed, culturally adapted screening tool for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
METHODS Items for the screening tool were modeled from already documented checklists and diagnostic criteria for ASD. Each item in text was paired with a photograph that illustrated the written content, which was in the 2 main local languages. The final product had 21 items and was named the pictorial autism assessment schedule (PAAS). Performance of PAAS was tested on a clinical sample of 18-48 mo old children, diagnosis naïve, presenting with developmental deficits. Mothers completed PAAS checklist. Based on clinical diagnosis, which was taken as the gold standard, children were later grouped into ASD (Group 1) and non-ASD developmental disorders (Group 2). Mothers of a control sample of typically developing children also completed PAAS (Group 3).
RESULTS A total of 105 children (Group 1-45, Group 2-30, Group 3-30) participated in the study. Mean age of Group 1 and Group 2 were 36 and 40 mo respectively. Majority were male in all 3 groups. Performance of PAAS in discriminating between ASD and non-ASD developmental disorders was sensitivity 88.8%, specificity 60.7%, positive predictive value (PPV) 78.4%, negative predictive value (NPV) 77.2%, likelihood ratio (LR+) 2.26, and LR- 0.18. Performance of PAAS in discriminating between ASD and typical development was sensitivity 88.0%, specificity 93.3%, PPV 95.2%, NPV 84.0%, LR+ 13.3 and LR- 0.12. The results indicated that that a positive result from PAAS was 2.26 times more likely to be found in a child with ASD than in a child with non-ASD developmental disorder. A positive result from PAAS was 13.3 times more likely to be found in a child with ASD than in a child with typical development.
CONCLUSION PAAS is an effective tool in screening for ASD. Further study is indicated to evaluate the feasibility of using this instrument for community screening for ASD.
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Lohbeck A, Tietjens M, Bund A. A short German Physical-Self-Concept Questionnaire for elementary school children (PSCQ-C): Factorial validity and measurement invariance across gender. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1691-1696. [PMID: 27617355 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1230226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on children's physical self-concept (PSC) is increasingly recognised as an important field of psychology. However, there is a lack of instruments suitable for younger children at elementary school age. In the present study, a short German 21-item Physical Self-Concept-Questionnaire for children (PSCQ-C) was tested measuring seven specific facets of elementary school children's PSC (strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, coordination, physical appearance, global sport competence). A number of 770 elementary school children aged 8-12 years completed the PSCQ-C. Results showed good psychometric properties and high reliabilities of the seven scales. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the presumed 7-factor model fitted the data best compared to a global 1- and 2-factor model. Also, full measurement invariance was strongly established. Correlations among the seven scales were mainly moderate. Gender differences were suggestive of developmental trends that are consistent with prior studies. These results provide support that the PSCQ-C is a confidential instrument with sound psychometric properties measuring seven specific facets of elementary school children's PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Lohbeck
- a School of Educational and Social Sciences, Department of Educational Sciences , University of Oldenburg , Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Maike Tietjens
- b Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Andreas Bund
- c Physical Education, Motor Learning and Development, Institute of Applied Educational Sciences , University of Luxembourg , Luxembourg
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