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Velázquez-Iglesias S, Moreno-Rodilla V, Curto-Diego B, Pérez-Robledo F, Llamas-Ramos R, Calvo-Arenillas JI, Llamas-Ramos I. Postural Analysis in Ventral and Dorsal Decubitus Babies Using Deep Learning Techniques: A Protocol Study. J Clin Med 2025; 14:3096. [PMID: 40364127 PMCID: PMC12072809 DOI: 10.3390/jcm14093096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2025] [Revised: 04/06/2025] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: The analysis of posture in the early stages of motor development has always been a subject of research and study. With the evolution of new technologies, the need arises to implement evaluation tools that allow an objective and effective assessment of postural control, which is intrinsically linked to motor development. Objectives: The objective was to analyze posture in babies from 0 to 6 months in ventral and dorsal decubitus using artificial intelligence to determine objective parameters of postural assessment. Methods: The study is an observational and cross-sectional study. The babies will be studied following a systematic kinesiological assessment, and the images of the babies will be taken, both in ventral and dorsal decubitus, on a glass platform, to analyze their posture by means of deep learning techniques. Results: Many authors have investigated posture in newborns. However, there is no method for assessing motor and postural development to determine the support area of typically developing babies. Artificial intelligence is postulated as an effective tool to objectively analyze the posture of babies and detect possible delays. Using deep learning techniques as a predictive tool, the support areas of each baby will be defined according to their age. Conclusions: Early detection of motor or postural developmental delays in babies to optimize effective treatment is of great importance. Artificial intelligence can help manage the complexity and growing volume of data in healthcare by knowing the correct postural control at each stage of a baby's early months, while reducing the workload of healthcare professionals by facilitating decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidal Moreno-Rodilla
- G.I.R “Robotics and Society”, Dpt. Computers and Automation, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Belén Curto-Diego
- G.I.R “Robotics and Society”, Dpt. Computers and Automation, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fátima Pérez-Robledo
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocío Llamas-Ramos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Inés Llamas-Ramos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- University Hospital of Salamanca, Health Service of Castile and Leon (SACyL), P.º de San Vicente, 182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Sargent B, Coulter C, Cannoy J, Kaplan SL. Physical Therapy Management of Congenital Muscular Torticollis: A 2024 Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Physical Therapy Association Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2024; 36:370-421. [PMID: 39356257 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a postural condition evident shortly after birth. The 2013 CMT Clinical Practice Guideline (2013 CMT CPG) set standards for the identification, referral, and physical therapy management of infants with CMT, and its implementation resulted in improved clinical outcomes. It was updated in 2018 to reflect current evidence and 7 resources were developed to support implementation. Purpose: This 2024 CMT CPG is intended as a reference document to guide physical therapists, families, health care professionals, educators, and researchers to improve clinical outcomes and health services for children with CMT, as well as to inform the need for continued research. Results/Conclusions: The 2024 CMT CPG addresses: education for prevention, screening, examination and evaluation including recommended outcome measures, consultation with and referral to other health care providers, classification and prognosis, first-choice and evidence-informed supplemental interventions, discontinuation from direct intervention, reassessment and discharge, implementation and compliance recommendations, and research recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sargent
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California (Dr Sargent), Los Angeles, California; Orthotics and Prosthetics Department (Drs Coulter and Cannoy), Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, Rutgers (Dr Kaplan), The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
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Son WH, Ha MS, Park TJ. Effect of physical activity on free fatty acids, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in obese older women. Phys Act Nutr 2024; 28:1-6. [PMID: 39097991 PMCID: PMC11298281 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2024.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is characterized by a progressive increase in body fat accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) and elevated blood pressure (BP), and presents significant health risks, particularly in aged individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical activity (PA) on free fatty acid (FFA) levels, IR, and BP in obese older women. METHODS Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (CON, n = 11) or the physical activity group (PA, n = 12). The PA group was provided with a target of achieving >7,000 steps/day for 5 days each week. Body composition, FFA levels, IR, and BP were measured at pre- and post- of the 12-week intervention. RESULTS The analysis revealed a statistically significant interaction between FFA (p < 0.01), IR (p < 0.01), and SBP (p < 0.001). FFA (p < 0.5), IR (p < 0.5), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p < 0.01) were significantly decreased in the PA group compared to those in the CON group, which showed no significant changes in FFA, IR, and SBP. CONCLUSION PA significantly decreased FFA, IR, and SBP in older women with obesity. Therefore, PA is an effective intervention for the prevention and management of obesity and cardiovascular diseases in obese older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyeon Son
- Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seong Ha
- Laboratory of Sports Conditioning: Nutrition Biochemistry and Neuroscience, Department of Sport, College of the Arts and Sports, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Park
- Department of Sports Healthcare, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
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Stavinoha TJ, Pun SY, McGlothlin JD, Uzosike MB, Segovia NA, Imrie MN. No Delay in Age of Crawling, Standing or Walking with Pavlik Harness Treatment: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2024; 32:390-395. [PMID: 37862341 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-21-00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pavlik harness treatment is the standard of care for developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants younger than 6 months. The effect of Pavlik harness treatment on the achievement of motor milestones has not previously been reported. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 35 patients were prospectively enrolled to participate and received questionnaires with sequential clinical visits monitoring treatment of their developmental dysplasia of the hip. One-sample Student t -tests assessed differences in milestone attainment age, and the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was conducted to decrease the false discovery rate. Post hoc power analyses of each test were conducted. The age of achievement of eight early motor milestones were recorded and compared with a previously published cohort of healthy infants. RESULTS Infants treated with a Pavlik harness achieved four early motor milestones markedly later than the reported age of achievement in a historical control group. These milestones included "roll supine" (5.3 vs. 4.5 months; P = 0.039), "roll prone" (5.7 vs. 5.0 months; P = 0.039), "sit" (6.4 vs. 5.2 months; P < 0.001), and "crawl on stomach" (7.7 vs. 6.6 months; P = 0.039). However, there was no difference in time to achievement of later motor milestones of "crawl on knees," "pull to stand," and "independent walking." CONCLUSION Several early motor milestones were achieved at a statistically significantly later time than historical control subjects not treated in a Pavlik harness. Despite statistical significance, the small delays in early motor milestones were not thought to be clinically significant. No differences were observed in the later motor milestones, including knee crawling, standing, and independent walking. Clinicians and parents may be reassured by these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level II-prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Stavinoha
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Stanford, CA
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Kanazawa R, Jessel J, Park M, Fienup D, Dowdy A. A comparison of parental attention and preferred items during tummy time: A consecutive controlled case series evaluation. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:341-357. [PMID: 38305497 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Tummy time is an activity for infants to practice their early motor skills. Although most pediatricians recommend tummy time, parents may avoid the procedures due to indices of infant discomfort during this period. This consecutive controlled case series evaluation compared the effects of preferred items selected from a preference assessment with those of parental attention on head evaluation and negative vocalizations during tummy time. In addition, we directly evaluated parental choice by inviting parents to select which tummy time treatment they wanted to implement. We found that both preferred items and parental attention effectively increased head elevation and decreased negative vocalizations during tummy time; however, parents tended to prefer the treatment that included the preferred item.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Jessel
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Minjung Park
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Fienup
- Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Art Dowdy
- College of Education and Human Development, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sırtbaş-Işık G, Porsnok D, Yardımcı-Lokmanoğlu BN, Mutlu A. Sleep characteristics, early spontaneous movements, and developmental functioning in preterm infants in the early postnatal period. Sleep Med 2024; 114:151-158. [PMID: 38184924 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the following: (i) sleep characteristics in preterm infants at 9-20 weeks of corrected age, and (ii) differences in early spontaneous movements and developmental functioning results between the groups based on some sleep characteristics. METHODS Seventy-four preterm infants (36 female) were included. Sleep characteristics were assessed according to the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ). The infants were divided into two groups based on total sleep duration: less than 12 h (38 infants), and 12 h and more (36 infants). Video recordings were made for the General Movements Assessment (GMA) and evaluated using the Motor Optimality Score for 3- to 5-Month-Old-Infants-Revised (MOS). Cognitive, language, and motor development were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). RESULTS The total sleep duration of all preterm infants (mean ± SD) was 11.8 ± 3.3 h. Infants who had absent fidgety movements slept less than 12 h, and fidgety movements differed between the groups (p = 0.012). Infants who slept 12 h or more had significantly higher MOS (p = 0.041), cognitive (p = 0.002), language (p < 0.001), and motor (p = 0.002) development results. Infants who snored had lower MOS (p = 0.001), cognitive (p = 0.004), language (p = 0.002), and motor (p = 0.001) development results. Infants with fewer than three nocturnal awakenings had significantly higher Bayley-III cognitive (p = 0.007), language (p = 0.032), and motor (p = 0.005) domain results. Prone and supine sleeping positions showed higher motor domain results than lateral positions (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Sleep in preterm infants might be a key factor in early developmental functioning processes and nervous system integrity. Even in the first months of life, there are substantial differences in cognitive, language, and motor development in association with sleep characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülsen Sırtbaş-Işık
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Developmental and Early Physiotherapy Unit, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Doğan Porsnok
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Developmental and Early Physiotherapy Unit, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Bilge Nur Yardımcı-Lokmanoğlu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Developmental and Early Physiotherapy Unit, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Akmer Mutlu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Developmental and Early Physiotherapy Unit, Ankara, Türkiye.
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Characteristics of tummy time and dose-response relationships with development in infants. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:113-121. [PMID: 36224434 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine change in tummy time patterns and preferences in the first 6 months of life, as well as dose-response relationships between tummy time duration and development at 2, 4, and 6 months. Participants were parents of infants from the Early Movers project in Edmonton, Canada (baseline: n = 411). At 2, 4, and 6 months, infant tummy time duration and preference (i.e., 1 = really likes to 5 = really dislikes) and development (i.e., Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) communication, fine motor, gross motor, problem-solving, personal-social) were measured by a parental questionnaire. In a subsample (n = 127), tummy time patterns (i.e., bout frequency, mean and median bout length) were measured using a 3-day time-use diary. Tummy time bout frequency, bout length, and preference significantly increased over time. Linear dose-response relationships between tummy time duration and development outcomes were observed at 4 (gross motor) and 6 months (all development outcomes). Moreover, at 2 months, 30-44 min/day of tummy time was associated with a higher total development score (vs. < 15 min/day; B = 11.14; 95%CI: 1.60, 20.68). At 6 months, 61-120 min/day (vs. < 30 min/day; B = 27.12; 95%CI: 11.93, 42.32) and > 120 min/day (vs. < 30 min/day; B = 33.80; 95%CI: 18.90, 48.70) of tummy time were associated with higher total development scores. Differences in threshold doses between some developmental outcomes were observed. Conclusion: In the first 6 months of life, increases were observed in tummy time preference as well as tummy time bout frequent and length. This finding may explain why the optimal amount of tummy time needed for more advanced development appeared to increase with age. What is Known: • Tummy time is a type of physical activity in infancy. International and national guidelines recommend at least 30 minutes of tummy time per day for infants who are not yet mobile. What is New: • In the first six months of life, preference for tummy time as well as tummy time bout frequency and length increased. • Tummy time duration had dose-response associations with several development outcomes, and the optimal amount of tummy time needed for more advanced development appeared to increase with age.
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Kretch KS, Willett SL, Hsu LY, Sargent BA, Harbourne RT, Dusing SC. "Learn the Signs. Act Early.": Updates and Implications for Physical Therapists. Pediatr Phys Ther 2022; 34:440-448. [PMID: 35876833 PMCID: PMC10544762 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In early 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updated their developmental surveillance milestone checklists. The purpose of this article is to clarify and interpret the updates from a physical therapist perspective and to discuss implications of the new milestones for physical therapists. SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS The CDC's updated checklists provide clear, consistent, easy to use, and evidence-based developmental milestones to prompt discussion with families. The new checklists do not represent a lowering of standards and will likely increase, not decrease, referrals for screening, evaluation, and services. Crawling has been removed from the milestone checklists, as the current evidence suggests that crawling is highly variable and not essential for development. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE The updated milestone checklists will facilitate bringing vital services to children who need them. Physical therapists should support our primary care colleagues in implementing this useful program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari S. Kretch
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra L. Willett
- Munroe Meyer Institute, Physical Therapy Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lin-Ya Hsu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara A. Sargent
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Stacey C. Dusing
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Priyadarshi M, Balachander B, Sankar MJ. Effect of sleep position in term healthy newborns on sudden infant death syndrome and other infant outcomes: A systematic review. J Glob Health 2022; 12:12001. [PMID: 35838069 PMCID: PMC9284601 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though recommended by numerous guidelines, adherence to supine sleep position during the first year of life is variable across the globe. Methods This systematic review of randomized trials and observational studies assessed the effect of the supine compared to non-supine (prone or side) sleep position on healthy newborns. Key outcomes were neonatal mortality, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), acute life-threatening event (ALTE), neurodevelopment, and positional plagiocephaly. We searched MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, and CINAHL (updated till November 2021). Two authors separately evaluated the risk of bias, extracted data, and synthesised effect estimates using relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR). The GRADE approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Results We included 54 studies (43 observational studies and 11 intervention trials) involving 474 672 participants. A single study meeting the inclusion criteria suggested that the supine sleep position might reduce the risk of SUDI (0-1 year; OR = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23-0.65; 384 infants), compared to non-supine position. Supine sleep position might reduce the risk of SIDS (0-1 year; OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.42-0.61; 26 studies, 59332 infants) and unexplained SIDS/severe ALTE (neonatal period; OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.03-0.82; 1 study, 119 newborns), but the evidence was very uncertain. Supine sleep position probably increased the odds of being 0.5 standard deviation (SD) below mean on Gross Motor Scale at 6 months (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.22-2.27; 1 study, 2097 participants), but might have little to no effect at 18 months of age (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.96, 1.43; 1 study, 1919 participants). An increase in positional plagiocephaly at 2-7 months of age with supine sleep position is possible (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 2.06-3.72; 6 studies, 1774 participants). Conclusions Low- to very low-certainty evidence suggests that supine sleep position may reduce the risk of SUDI (0-1 year) and SIDS (0-1 year). Limited evidence suggests that supine sleeping probably delays short-term ‘gross motor’ development at 6 months, but the effect on long-term neurodevelopment at 18 months may be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Priyadarshi
- Department of Neonatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bharathi Balachander
- Department of Neonatology, St. Johns Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mari J Sankar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Zachry AH, Woods L. Using the Theoretical Domains Framework and the Behavior Change Wheel to Design a Tummy Time Intervention. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, SCHOOLS, & EARLY INTERVENTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19411243.2022.2048429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne H. Zachry
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren Woods
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Demographic Correlates of Movement Behaviors in Infants: A Longitudinal Study. J Phys Act Health 2022; 19:177-185. [PMID: 35135898 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demographic correlates of movement behaviors in infants are unclear. This study examined the longitudinal associations between demographic correlates and movement behaviors in infants. METHODS Participants were 411 parents of infants from the Early Movers project in Edmonton, Canada. Movement behaviors, infant and parental age, and nonparental care time were assessed using a parental questionnaire at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Other infant and parental demographic variables were assessed at 2 months of age. Linear and generalized linear mixed models were conducted. RESULTS Infant age was associated with all movement behaviors except for restrained time. White infants and those with older parents had less tummy time but increased odds of having reading time. Infants of the most educated parents also had lower tummy time. Higher parental education and more siblings were associated with no screen time and longer infant sleep time. Infants with immigrant parent(s) were less likely to have reading time. No associations were found for infant sex, time spent in nonparental care, and parental marital status. CONCLUSION Since no single demographic group demonstrated healthy patterns for all movement behaviors, promotion of a healthy balance of movement behaviors may be needed universally for all infants.
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Rebelo M, Serrano J, Duarte-Mendes P, Monteiro D, Paulo R, Marinho DA. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 Edition: A Study with Children Aged 12 to 48 Months. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8111049. [PMID: 34828762 PMCID: PMC8623394 DOI: 10.3390/children8111049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales II (PDMS-2-Folio and Fewell, 2000) using a Portuguese sample. The validation of the Portuguese version of the PDMS-2 was applied according to the manual, for 392 children, from two institutions, from 12 to 48 months, with an analysis of the internal consistency (α Cronbach), of test–retest reliability (ICC) and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis). The results of the confirmatory factorial analysis (χ2 = 55.614; df = 4; p = 0.06; χ2/df =13.904; SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) = 0.065; CFI (Comparative Fit Index) = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) = 0.068) of two factors (Gross Motor and Fine Motor) as the original version but correlated. Most of the subtests had good internal consistency (α = 0.85) and good test–retest stability (ICC = 0.98 to 0.99). The results indicated that the Portuguese version of the PDMS-2 is adequate and valid for assessing global and fine motor skills in children aged 12 to 48 months, and can be used as a reference tool by health and education professionals to assess motor skills and, thus, allowing to detect maladjustments, deficiencies or precocity, so that children can later receive appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebelo
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.D.-M.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-969470830
| | - João Serrano
- Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.D.-M.); (R.P.)
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Pedro Duarte-Mendes
- Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.D.-M.); (R.P.)
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2400-013 Leiria, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rui Paulo
- Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (J.S.); (P.D.-M.); (R.P.)
- Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Daniel Almeida Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Boonzaaijer M, Suir I, Mollema J, Nuysink J, Volman M, Jongmans M. Factors associated with gross motor development from birth to independent walking: A systematic review of longitudinal research. Child Care Health Dev 2021; 47:525-561. [PMID: 33210319 PMCID: PMC8252538 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to gain more insight into child and environmental factors that influence gross motor development (GMD) of healthy infants from birth until reaching the milestone of independent walking, based on longitudinal research. BACKGROUND A systematic search was conducted using Scopus, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and CINAHL to identify studies from inception to February 2020. Studies that investigated the association between child or environmental factors and infant GMD using longitudinal measurements of infant GMD were eligible. Two independent reviewers extracted key information and assessed risk of bias of the selected studies, using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool (QUIPS). Strength of evidence (strong, moderate, limited, conflicting and no evidence) for the factors identified was described according to a previously established classification. RESULTS In 36 studies, six children and 11 environmental factors were identified. Five studies were categorized as having low risk of bias. Strong evidence was found for the association between birthweight and GMD in healthy full-term and preterm infants. Moderate evidence was found for associations between gestational age and GMD, and sleeping position and GMD. There was conflicting evidence for associations between twinning and GMD, and breastfeeding and GMD. No evidence was found for an association between maternal postpartum depression and GMD. Evidence for the association of other factors with GMD was classified as 'limited' because each of these factors was examined in only one longitudinal study. CONCLUSION Infant GMD appears associated with two child factors (birthweight and gestational age) and one environmental factor (sleeping position). For the other factors identified in this review, insufficient evidence for an association with GMD was found. For those factors that were examined in only one longitudinal study, and are therefore classified as having limited evidence, more research would be needed to reach a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike Boonzaaijer
- Research Group Lifestyle and Health, Institute of Human Movement StudiesHU University of Applied SciencesUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Imke Suir
- Research Group Lifestyle and Health, Institute of Human Movement StudiesHU University of Applied SciencesUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Mollema
- Research Group Lifestyle and Health, Institute of Human Movement StudiesHU University of Applied SciencesUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Nuysink
- Research Group Lifestyle and Health, Institute of Human Movement StudiesHU University of Applied SciencesUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michiel Volman
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Pedagogical and Educational SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CSThe Netherlands
| | - Marian Jongmans
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Pedagogical and Educational SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CSThe Netherlands
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14
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Yamamoto S, Yonghi L, Matsumura U, Tsurusaki T. Diversity and regularity in infant crawling with typical development. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:483-488. [PMID: 32884166 PMCID: PMC7443550 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the diversity in infant crawling and examine the quantitative regularity in crawling variations necessary for the acquisition of walking in infants with typical development. [Participants and Methods] Infants with no neurological or orthopedic problems participated in this study. Using Internet Protocol (IP) cameras, crawling was simultaneously filmed from six different angles. Filming was continued until the acquisition of independent walking. The crawling movement in the video was coded. We considered the number of different completed codes as the number of variations and examined the cumulative number during the filming period in each participant. [Results] Nineteen infants completed the study. The pattern of change in the cumulative number of variations with increasing age (in days) varied between cases. Although the cumulative number of crawling variations at the time of acquisition of independent walking was inconsistent, it was negatively correlated with the crawling start age (in days). [Conclusion] Diversity exists in infant crawling. Infants who start crawling at a younger age tend to express more variation, whereas infants who start crawling when older tend to express less variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Yamamoto
- Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences: 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Lee Yonghi
- Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences: 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Umi Matsumura
- Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences: 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
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15
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Hewitt L, Kerr E, Stanley RM, Okely AD. Tummy Time and Infant Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-2168. [PMID: 32371428 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The World Health Organization recommends tummy time for infants because of the benefits of improved motor development and reduced likelihood of plagiocephaly. Because of poor uptake of these recommendations, the association of tummy time with other health outcomes requires further investigation. OBJECTIVE To review existing evidence regarding the association of tummy time with a broad and specific range of infant health outcomes. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases were searched between June 2018 and April 2019. STUDY SELECTION Peer-reviewed English-language articles were included if they investigated a population of healthy infants (0 to 12 months), using an observational or experimental study design containing an objective or subjective measure of tummy time which examined the association with a health outcome (adiposity, motor development, psychosocial health, cognitive development, fitness, cardiometabolic health, or risks/harms). DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed their quality. RESULTS Sixteen articles representing 4237 participants from 8 countries were included. Tummy time was positively associated with gross motor and total development, a reduction in the BMI-z score, prevention of brachycephaly, and the ability to move while prone, supine, crawling, and rolling. An indeterminate association was found for social and cognitive domains, plagiocephaly, walking, standing, and sitting. No association was found for fine motor development and communication. LIMITATIONS Most studies were observational in design and lacked the robustness of a randomized controlled trial. High selection and performance bias were also present. CONCLUSIONS These findings guide the prioritization of interventions aimed at assisting parents meet the global and national physical activity guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndel Hewitt
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erin Kerr
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Siddicky SF, Bumpass DB, Krishnan A, Tackett SA, McCarthy RE, Mannen EM. Positioning and baby devices impact infant spinal muscle activity. J Biomech 2020; 104:109741. [PMID: 32178849 PMCID: PMC7188598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infant positioning in daily life, particularly in relation to active neck and back muscles, may affect spinal development, psychosocial progression, and motor milestone achievement. Yet the impact of infant body position on muscle activity is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate neck and back muscle activity of healthy infants in common positions and baby devices. Healthy full-term infants (n = 22, 2-6 months) participated in this experimental study. Daily sleep and positioning were reported by caregivers. Cervical paraspinal and erector spinae muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography (EMG) in five positions: lying prone, lying supine, held in-arms, held in a baby carrier, and buckled into a car seat. Mean filtered EMG signal and time that muscles were active were calculated. Paired t-tests were used to compare positions to the prone condition. Caregivers reported that infants spent 12% of daily awake time prone, 43% in supine-lying baby gear, and 44% held in-arms or upright in a baby carrier. Infants exhibited highest erector spinae activity when prone, and lowest cervical paraspinal muscle activity in the car seat. No differences were found between in-arms carrying and babywearing. This first evaluation of the muscle activity of healthy infants supports the importance of prone time in infants' early spinal development because it promotes neck and back muscle activity. Carrying babies in-arms or in baby carriers may also be beneficial to neck muscle development, while prolonged time spent in car seats or containment devices may be detrimental to spinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safeer F Siddicky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - David B Bumpass
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Akshay Krishnan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Stewart A Tackett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Richard E McCarthy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Erin M Mannen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
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17
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Oudgenoeg-Paz O, Atun-Einy O, van Schaik SDM. Two Cultural Models on Infant Motor Development: Middle Class Parents in Israel and the Netherlands. Front Psychol 2020; 11:119. [PMID: 32116925 PMCID: PMC7012936 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture influences the way parents shape children's environment. Two studies examined cross-cultural differences in parental practices related to motor development in Israel and the Netherlands. In the first study, 198 Dutch and 206 Israeli parents of infants aged 1-7.5 months completed questionnaires measuring parental practices and beliefs regarding motor development. In the second study, 30 Dutch and 30 Israeli parents completed the same questionnaires when their children were 2 and 10 months old. While similarities were found across the cultures, Israeli parents practiced infant prone positioning more. Additionally, Dutch infants spent substantial more time in the playpen. Furthermore, beliefs stressing stimulation and stimulating practices (both more frequent within Israeli parents) predicted better prone skills, shown by the Israeli infants. Findings highlight the diversity of parental practices related to infant motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Oudgenoeg-Paz
- Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Osnat Atun-Einy
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Saskia D M van Schaik
- Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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18
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Cugini K, McCormick FB, Mitchell C, Psencik E, Sarduy S, Masuoka I, Toruno R, Davies J. Therapy services and specialized devices for conjoined twins: Unique challenges with conjoined twins and the importance of physical and occupational therapy. Semin Perinatol 2018; 42:361-368. [PMID: 30166054 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjoined twins are a rare occurrence that offer unique challenges and circumstances to therapists. The overall goal of physical and occupational therapy treatment is to provide care that promotes developmental progression to two conjoined individuals with distinct personalities and potentially different physical and medical needs. The unique presentation of conjoined twins must be considered in determining therapeutic goals, interventions and plans of care. Providing therapeutic interventions throughout the NICU stay is a dynamic, evolving process, which challenges the therapy team to work together to find solutions. This paper aims to highlight the considerations, challenges, and strategies used to address barriers in the therapeutic care of conjoined twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Cugini
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Frank B McCormick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Cheryl Mitchell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Erin Psencik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Stephanie Sarduy
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Isabela Masuoka
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Rose Toruno
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MC: BCM320, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.
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19
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Kaplan SL, Coulter C, Sargent B. Physical Therapy Management of Congenital Muscular Torticollis: A 2018 Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline From the APTA Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2018; 30:240-290. [PMID: 30277962 PMCID: PMC8568067 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a postural deformity evident shortly after birth, typically characterized by lateral flexion/side bending of the head to one side and cervical rotation/head turning to the opposite side due to unilateral shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle; it may be accompanied by other neurological or musculoskeletal conditions. Infants with CMT should be referred to physical therapists to treat these postural asymmetries as soon as they are identified. PURPOSE This update of the 2013 CMT clinical practice guideline (CPG) informs clinicians and families as to whom to monitor, treat, and/or refer and when and what to treat. It links 17 action statements with explicit levels of critically appraised evidence and expert opinion with recommendations on implementation of the CMT CPG into practice. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The CPG addresses the following: education for prevention; referral; screening; examination and evaluation; prognosis; first-choice and supplemental interventions; consultation; discontinuation from direct intervention; reassessment and discharge; implementation and compliance audits; and research recommendations. Flow sheets for referral paths and classification of CMT severity have been updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Kaplan
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences (Dr Kaplan), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; Orthotics and Prosthetics Department (Dr Coulter), Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry (Dr Sargent), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Hoskens J, Klingels K, Smits-Engelsman B. Validity and cross-cultural differences of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition in typically developing infants. Early Hum Dev 2018; 125:17-25. [PMID: 30172781 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dutch translation of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III-NL) is a comprehensive tool assessing cognitive, language and motor development in children up to 42 months. AIMS The first aim of this study was to evaluate concurrent validity of the Bayley-III-NL Gross Motor Scale (GMS) in relation to the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Secondly, divergent validity between the other subscales mutually and the AIMS was investigated. Finally, the importance of population-specific reference values was examined. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A sample of 122 healthy, typically developing Flemish children (mean age: 9 months 7 days), born full term was assessed with the Bayley-III-NL and the AIMS. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Concurrent validity of the Bayley-III-NL GMS and the AIMS was moderate to high (0.59-0.98; p < 0.001). In addition, weak correlations (-0.10-0.27) between the non-motor-Bayley-III-NL subscales and the AIMS were found. Finally, significant differences were found between Bayley-III scores based on Flemish and American norms (p < 0.001), except for fine motor skills (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study provides support for the concurrent validity of the Bayley-III-NL GMS and divergent validity of the different Bayley-III-NL subscales. Secondly, population-specific reference values should be used to avoid over- and under estimation of infant's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hoskens
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Herestraat 49, Box 1510, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Hasselt University, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Agoralaan gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Katrijn Klingels
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Herestraat 49, Box 1510, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Hasselt University, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Agoralaan gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Senju A, Shimono M, Tsuji M, Suga R, Shibata E, Fujino Y, Kawamoto T, Kusuhara K. Inability of infants to push up in the prone position and subsequent development. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:811-819. [PMID: 29904976 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During routine health screening, some infants cannot maintain the prone position with extended arm support at 6 months. Little is known, however, about the development of full-term infants with this developmental deviation. We investigated the developmental course of infants with this characteristic. METHODS We enrolled 2,020 full-term infants who had been recruited at a regional center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Their development was measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition, at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 years. The children were grouped according to their ability to stay prone on extended arms at 6 months, and their development was compared. RESULTS A total of 1,625 infants could stay prone on extended arms and 179 could not. We excluded 212 infants who could stay prone on extended arms only sometimes, and four who did not have a questionnaire response. In the gross motor domain, significant difference in questionnaire scores was observed between the "could" and "could-not" groups at 6 months (Hedges' g, 1.83) and persisted until 3 years (Hedges' g, 0.33). Significant differences were also observed in the communication, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social domains at 6 months (Hedges' g, 0.20-0.58) and persisted until 1, 2, 2, and 1.5 years, respectively (Hedges' g, 0.21-0.25). CONCLUSIONS Infants who cannot maintain the prone position on extended arms lag behind those who can, although the effect sizes become relatively small after 1.5 years of age. Early intervention may be considered if delay is problematic or persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Senju
- Regional Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimono
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Reiko Suga
- Regional Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Eiji Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujino
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koichi Kusuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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22
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Adolph KE, Hoch JE, Cole WG. Development (of Walking): 15 Suggestions. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:699-711. [PMID: 30032744 PMCID: PMC6145857 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental goal of developmental science is to identify general processes of change, developmental scientists rarely generalize beyond their specific content domains. As a first step toward a more unified approach to development, we offer 15 suggestions gleaned from a century of research on infant walking. These suggestions collectively address the multi-leveled nature of change processes, cascades of real-time and developmental events, the diversity of developmental trajectories, inter- and intraindividual variability, starting and ending points of development, the natural input for learning, and the roles of body, environment, and sociocultural context. We argue that these 15 suggestions are not limited to motor development, and we encourage researchers to consider them within their own areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Adolph
- Psychology Department, 4 Washington Place, Room 415, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Justine E Hoch
- Psychology Department, 4 Washington Place, Room 415, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Whitney G Cole
- Psychology Department, 4 Washington Place, Room 415, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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23
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Hewitt L, Stanley RM, Okely AD. Correlates of tummy time in infants aged 0-12 months old: A systematic review. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 49:310-321. [PMID: 29096238 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tummy time, defined as an infant being placed on their stomach whilst they are awake and supervised, has been shown to have a positive effect on infant development and head shape. Tummy time can be influenced by a number of factors. Using a social ecological model, categories of potential variables can be examined to determine their influence on behaviours such as tummy time. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine potential correlates of tummy time in infants from birth to 12 months old. METHODS Electronic databases were originally searched between March to December 2016. Included studies needed to be peer-reviewed, written in English, and meet a priori study criteria. The population was apparently healthy infants aged from birth to 12 months old. The article needed to contain an objective or subjective measure of tummy time as a dependent variable and examine the association between a demographic, psychological, behavioral, and/or environmental variable and tummy time. For this study, tummy time could include the ability of the infant to move whilst being positioned on their stomach, for example, the infant's ability to roll from back to front, or lift their head when lying on their stomach (prone positioning ability), or the capacity, time spent, age started, or parent attitudes/behaviours regarding the infant being placed on their stomach. The outcomes were the relationships between potential correlates and tummy time. Risk of bias was assessed at the individual study level using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment for observational studies. RESULTS 15 articles representing 2372 unique participants from 7 countries were included. Correlates that were positively correlated with tummy time were age, prone sleeping, spending greater than 15minutes whilst awake in tummy time when 2 months old, amount of time in the bath, order of achievement of prone extension and prone on elbow positions and parents/carers setting aside time for tummy time. Risk of bias of the included studies ranged from low to high. CONCLUSIONS Specific demographic, environmental and behavioral variables were found to be positively and negatively associated with tummy time. This evidence could assist future research regarding interventions to promote tummy time, enhance motor development, increase infant physical activity and contribute to future tummy time recommendations for parents and health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndel Hewitt
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
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Guidetti J, Wells J, Worsdall A, Metz AE. The Effect of Positional Support on Tolerance of Wakeful Prone in Infants. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2017; 37:308-321. [PMID: 27366978 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2016.1185506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Supervised wakeful prone promotes motor milestones. Indications are that many infants do not receive adequate prone, with poor tolerance as a contributing factor. A common suggestion is the use of positional support. AIMS This study has two main purposes: (1) To determine whether varied levels of positional support affect the duration of time spent in prone, and (2) to determine the effect of positional support with respect to infant size. METHODS A convenience sample of 32 healthy infants ranging in size, aged 3.3 ± 0.04 months, were placed in prone in three counterbalanced randomized levels of positional support: a flat blanket (Blanket condition), a rolled blanket (Roll condition), and a pillow (Boppy condition). RESULTS There were significant differences in time spent in prone with the Boppy condition affording infants up to three more min in prone across three repeated trials. There were no significant interaction effects between condition and infant size measurements. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence for increasing positional support, such as through use of a Mini Boppy®, to facilitate tolerance for prone for infants of all sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Guidetti
- a Occupational Therapy, Doctoral Program , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA
| | - Jenna Wells
- a Occupational Therapy, Doctoral Program , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA
| | - Annalise Worsdall
- a Occupational Therapy, Doctoral Program , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA
| | - Alexia E Metz
- a Occupational Therapy, Doctoral Program , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA
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Zhao XQ, Wang LY, Zhao CM, Men Q, Wu ZF, Zhang YP. Neurological assessment of Chinese infants with positional plagiocephaly using a Chinese version of the Infant Neurological International Battery (INFANIB). Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:281-288. [PMID: 27718070 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positional plagiocephaly (PP) is the most common subtype of asymmetric deformity in the infant skull. Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that PP is associated with abnormal neuromotor development; however, neurological assessment scores of infants with PP have not been well established, and PP has not attracted sufficient attention in China. This study used a Chinese version of the Infant Neurological International Battery (INFANIB) to identify neurological abnormalities among infants with PP and to determine the differences between infants with different (mild, moderate, and severe) degrees of PP. METHODS We compared the neurological evaluation scores between 393 infants with different degrees of PP and 390 healthy infants from 0 to 18 months of age using a Chinese version of the INFANIB. RESULTS The infants with PP aged 0-7.9 months had lower scores on the spasticity, head and trunk, leg, and French angle subscales and lower total scores than the normal infants. Additionally, the infants with PP aged 9-18 months showed statistically significantly lower scores on the spasticity, head and trunk, vestibular function, leg, and French angle subscales and total scores than the normal infants. Among the PP subgroups, the infants with mild PP had the highest scores, followed by the infants with moderate PP and the infants with severe PP. Compared with the normal infants, the infants with PP had abnormal neurological assessment scores, and the degree of neurological abnormality was associated with the severity of PP. CONCLUSIONS The INFANIB revealed neurological abnormalities, including asymmetric movements and abnormal muscle tone, postures, and reflexes, in infants with PP, especially those with moderate or severe PP. These abnormalities were similar to those of infants with cerebral palsy. Therefore, PP may serve as a marker of neurodevelopmental risk and should receive considerable attention. Whether moderate or severe PP is related to cerebral palsy remains to be confirmed in long-term follow-up studies and other future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Li-Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Cong-Min Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qing Men
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Flensborg-Madsen T, Mortensen EL. Predictors of motor developmental milestones during the first year of life. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:109-119. [PMID: 27896427 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies suggest that both pre- and postnatal factors are predictors of age of attaining milestones in infancy. However, no studies evaluate the comparative strength of these predictors and the amount of the variance in development they explain. This study aimed to conduct a systematic evaluation of a broad selection of possible predictors of age at milestone attainment and to identify factors that explain significant inter-individual variance. Mothers of 5765 children of the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort (1959-61) recorded 12 developmental milestones prospectively during the child's first year of life. Information on possible predictors was collected during pregnancy and at follow-up and was categorized into the domains: Family background, Pregnancy and delivery, Postnatal influences, and Postnatal growth. The domain Pregnancy and delivery contributed most of the explained variance in Overall mean of milestones (14.4%), with especially gestational age (β = -0.15; p ≤ 0.001) and birth weight (β = -0.16; p ≤ 0.001) being important predictors. CONCLUSION Several individual factors, especially gestational age, birth weight, breastfeeding, having lived in a full-time institution, and weight and head increase in the first year, were significantly associated with milestone attainment in the first year of life. Variables within the domain of Pregnancy and delivery explained the largest proportion of variance in milestone attainment compared to the other domains. What is known: • Younger age at attainment of motor developmental milestones positively predicts cognitive outcomes in adulthood. • Both pre- and postnatal factors have been associated with age of attaining milestones in infancy. What is new: • First study to provide a systematic evaluation of a broad selection of predictors of infant milestone attainment. • Variables within the domain of Pregnancy and delivery, especially gestational age and birth weight, explained the largest proportion of variance in milestone attainment. • The variance explained by the predictors decreased time-dependently with later milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Flensborg-Madsen
- Unit of Medical Psychology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Unit of Medical Psychology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared differences in motor development in infants with Down syndrome beginning a tummy time intervention before 11 weeks of age and after 11 weeks of age. METHODS Nineteen infants with Down syndrome participated in tummy time until they could independently transition in and out of sitting. Motor development was assessed monthly using the Bayley III Motor Scales and compared between the groups. RESULTS A difference in motor development between early and late groups is apparent 1, 2, and 3 months following intervention initiation. CONCLUSION Early implemented tummy time was effective in reducing motor delay in young infants with Down syndrome and is a prudent first step in intervention.
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Chaibal S, Bennett S, Rattanathanthong K, Siritaratiwat W. Early developmental milestones and age of independent walking in orphans compared with typical home-raised infants. Early Hum Dev 2016; 101:23-6. [PMID: 27405052 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Early gross motor development is a major indicator of global milestones in the first year of life, affecting the walking ability of a child. There has been limited research reporting on early motor development and the age of independent walking of orphaned infants compared to typical home-raised infants. The purpose of this study was to compare the mean scores of early gross motor movement at 4, 6 and 8months of age and at the age of walking attainment of typically raised infants and orphaned infants. In addition, we looked to compare the walking age between these same infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 59 typical home-raised infants and 62 orphans. Their gross motor development was assessed using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). The age of walking attainment was also prospectively monitored and ascertained. The Student's independent t-test was used to analyse the differences of the AIMS scores at 4, 6 and 8months of age and at the age of independent walking between the two groups. RESULTS The orphans showed significantly lower AIMS scores at 4, 6 and 8months of age and the age of independent walking (P-value<0.05). The orphan group had a 5-month older mean age of walking attainment (15.0±4.2months) compared with typical home-raised infants (9.9±1.4months). CONCLUSION Orphans have delays in early gross motor development and walk independently at an older age, compared with home-raised infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supattra Chaibal
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Surussawadi Bennett
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | | | - Wantana Siritaratiwat
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Bergman NJ. Hypothesis on supine sleep, sudden infant death syndrome reduction and association with increasing autism incidence. World J Clin Pediatr 2016; 5:330-342. [PMID: 27610351 PMCID: PMC4978628 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v5.i3.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify a hypothesis on: Supine sleep, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) reduction and association with increasing autism incidence.
METHODS: Literature was searched for autism spectrum disorder incidence time trends, with correlation of change-points matching supine sleep campaigns. A mechanistic model expanding the hypothesis was constructed based on further review of epidemiological and other literature on autism.
RESULTS: In five countries (Denmark, United Kingdom, Australia, Israel, United States) with published time trends of autism, change-points coinciding with supine sleep campaigns were identified. The model proposes that supine sleep does not directly cause autism, but increases the likelihood of expression of a subset of autistic criteria in individuals with genetic susceptibility, thereby specifically increasing the incidence of autism without intellectual disability.
CONCLUSION: Supine sleep is likely a physiological stressor, that does reduce SIDS, but at the cost of impact on emotional and social development in the population, a portion of which will be susceptible to, and consequently express autism. A re-evaluation of all benefits and harms of supine sleep is warranted. If the SIDS mechanism proposed and autism model presented can be verified, the research agenda may be better directed, in order to further decrease SIDS, and reduce autism incidence.
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Chang CL, Hung KL, Yang YC, Ho CS, Chiu NC. Corpus callosum and motor development in healthy term infants. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 52:192-7. [PMID: 25497120 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corpus callosum atrophy has been associated with cognitive and motor deficits in elderly people. However, the role of the corpus callosum in infant development is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of corpus callosum size on motor development in infants. METHODS We investigated cerebral ultrasonograms performed on healthy infants aged 4 to 6 months. The correlation between the development of rolling over and corpus callosum size was calculated for determining odds ratios. Covariates, including gestational age, sex, age in months, and head circumference were tested using logistic regression. RESULTS We investigated 244 cerebral ultrasonograms performed on term infants from 2009 to 2011. The percentage of rolling over development in the examined infants increased with age (47.8%, 78.4%, and 97.5% at ages 4, 5, and 6 months, respectively). There was no significant difference in the development of rolling over between male (67.9%) and female (73.6%) children or among different gestational age groups. After the other covariates in the logistic model were adjusted, only age and corpus callosum size (length and thickness) were significantly associated with the development of rolling over: 3.86 times the odds (confidence interval, 2.1 to 7.0) for age in months, 1.14 times the odds (confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.3) for corpus callosum length, and 3.92 times the odds (confidence interval, 1.6 to 9.6) for corpus callosum thickness. CONCLUSIONS Corpus callosum size is positively associated with the development of rolling over in healthy term infants, independent of the gestational age, sex, age, and head circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaw-Liang Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Center for Medical Education and Research, Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Long Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Yang
- Center for Medical Education and Research, Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Che-Sheng Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Chang Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Impact of torticollis associated with plagiocephaly on infants' motor development. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 26:151-6. [PMID: 25569394 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether torticollis (congenital or acquired) in infants with plagiocephaly affects the achievement of specific gross motor milestones. METHODS A total of 175 infants affected by plagiocephaly with or without torticollis were recruited and included in this prospective trial. Anthropometric and clinical variables were recorded at baseline. The infants were included in a physiotherapy treatment program, and they were monthly assessed until hospital discharge. RESULTS Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the achievement of rolling over, crawling, and standing skills depending on the specific profile (plagiocephaly and plagiocephaly with congenital or acquired torticollis). After adjusting for the severity of the plagiocephaly and the age at referral, the torticollis was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with crawling and standing skills. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the presence or absence of congenital or acquired torticollis is an important factor that affects gross motor development in infants with plagiocephaly.
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Darrah J, Bartlett D, Maguire TO, Avison WR, Lacaze-Masmonteil T. Have infant gross motor abilities changed in 20 years? A re-evaluation of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale normative values. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014; 56:877-81. [PMID: 24684556 PMCID: PMC4293464 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the original normative data of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) (n=2202) collected 20 years ago with a contemporary sample of Canadian infants. METHOD This was a cross-sectional cohort study of 650 Canadian infants (338 males, 312 females; mean age 30.9 wks [SD 15.5], range 2 wks-18 mo) assessed once on the AIMS. Assessments were stratified by age, and infants proportionally represented the ethnic diversity of Canada. Logistic regression was used to place AIMS items on an age scale representing the age at which 50% of the infants passed an item on the contemporary data set and the original data set. Forty-three items met the criterion for stable regression results in both data sets. RESULTS The correlation coefficient between the age locations of items on the original and contemporary data sets was 0.99. The mean age difference between item locations was 0.7 weeks. Age values from the original data set when converted to the contemporary scale differed by less than 1 week. INTERPRETATION The sequence and age at emergence of AIMS items has remained similar over 20 years and current normative values remain valid. Concern that the 'back to sleep' campaign has influenced the age at emergence of gross motor abilities is not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Darrah
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen Bartlett
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western UniversityLondon, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas O Maguire
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William R Avison
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Western UniversityLondon, Ontario, Canada
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Ricard A, Metz AE. Caregivers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Implementation of Awake Infant Prone Positioning. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY SCHOOLS AND EARLY INTERVENTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19411243.2014.898464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shweikeh F, Nuño M, Danielpour M, Krieger MD, Drazin D. Positional plagiocephaly: an analysis of the literature on the effectiveness of current guidelines. Neurosurg Focus 2014; 35:E1. [PMID: 24079780 DOI: 10.3171/2013.8.focus13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Positional plagiocephaly (PP) has been on the rise in recent years. In this review, the authors' aim was to assess the effectiveness of current recommendations to parents on this exceedingly common problem through a comprehensive literature search. Additionally, the current treatment options and the most recent studies on PP are reviewed. METHODS A search of the existing literature was conducted to obtain all relevant studies on guidelines, recommendations, parental and clinician practices, and epidemiological aspects. RESULTS Although the incidence and risk factors for PP have been well delineated, there continues to be debates on its management and association with developmental delays. Current guidelines and recommendations on prevention set by the American Association of Pediatrics may not be easily followed by both parents and clinicians. There is also evidence that certain populations, including those with lower education, socioeconomic status, and in particular geographic regions may be more affected by the condition. Additionally, the marketing and financial aspects of PP treatments exist and should be addressed. CONCLUSIONS Better awareness and education are necessary to inform the population as a whole, although certain populations should be given special attention. Additionally, current guidelines and recommendations can be modified to foster a better grasp of the condition by both parents and clinicians. Adjusting current recommendations, introducing initiatives, and offering elaborate educational campaigns would help deliver these aims. Educating parents on PP as early as possible through clearer guidelines and close monitoring is central to preventing and managing this common condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Shweikeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; and
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) requires reference values specific for Brazilian infants. METHODS A total of 660 (330 girls) healthy full-term infants from Belo Horizonte were assessed using the AIMS. Scores and percentile curves were compared with the Canadian reference values. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Differences were found in the 5th percentile (9-<10 and 10-<11 months) and the 10th percentile (4-<5, 9-<10, and 10-<11 months) curves. No significant differences were found between sexes on the basis of the economic classification or the criteria of the Human Development Index. CONCLUSION Primarily because of the corrections made to the 5th and 10th percentile curves, we recommend the use of the Brazilian infant data curves reported here for further studies conducted in Brazil. Because the Human Development Index of Belo Horizonte is similar to that for Brazil as a whole, the results of this study should be relevant for clinicians throughout Brazil.
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Pérez-Machado J, Rodríguez-Fuentes G. Relación entre la postura en prono y la adquisición del sostén cefálico a los 3 meses. An Pediatr (Barc) 2013; 79:241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Gouna G, Rakza T, Kuissi E, Pennaforte T, Mur S, Storme L. Positioning effects on lung function and breathing pattern in premature newborns. J Pediatr 2013; 162:1133-7, 1137.e1. [PMID: 23312684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare breathing patterns and lung function in the supine, lateral, and prone positions in oxygen-dependent preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN Respiratory function in preterm infants receiving nasal continous positive airway pressure therapy for mild respiratory failure was evaluated by respiratory inductive plethysmography. Infants were randomized to supine, left lateral, and prone positions for 3 hours. A nest provided a semiflexed posture for the infants placed in the left lateral position, similar to the in utero position. Tidal volume (Vt), phase angle between abdominal and thoracic movements, rib cage contribution to Vt, and dynamic elevation of end-expiratory lung volume were measured. RESULTS Fraction of inspired O2 was similar in the 3 positions for 19 infants (mean gestational age, 27±2 weeks; mean birth weight, 950±150 g; mean postnatal age, 17±5 days). However, arterial O2 saturation and Vt were higher in the left lateral and prone positions than in the supine position (P<.05). The phase angle between abdominal and thoracic movements was lower and rib cage contribution to Vt was higher in the left lateral and prone positions than in the supine position (P<.05). Dynamic elevation of end-expiratory lung volume was greater in the supine position than in the left lateral and prone positions (P<.05). CONCLUSION In oxygen-dependent preterm infants, both the left lateral and prone positions improve lung function by optimizing breathing strategy. In the neonatal intensive care unit, the left lateral position can be used as an alternative to the prone position for mild respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette Gouna
- Department of Perinatology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, and EA4489 Perinatal Environment and Growth, School of Medicine, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
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Abstract
AIM To compare the order and age of emergence of rolling prone to supine and supine to prone before the introduction of back to sleep guidelines and 20 years after their introduction. METHODS The original normative data for the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were collected just prior to the introduction of back to sleep guidelines in 1992. Currently these norms are being re-evaluated. Data of rolling patterns of infants 36 weeks of age or younger from the original sample (n=1114) and the contemporary sample (n=351) were evaluated to compare the sequence of appearance of prone to supine and supine to prone rolls (proportion of infants passing each roll) and the ages of emergence (estimated age when 50% of infants passed each roll). RESULTS The sequence of emergence and estimated age of appearance of both rolling directions were similar between the two time periods. CONCLUSION The introduction of the supine sleep position to reduce the prevalence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) has not altered the timing or sequence of infant rolling abilities. This information is valuable to health care providers involved in the surveillance of infants' development. Original normative age estimates for these two motor abilities are still appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Darrah
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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De Kegel A, Peersman W, Onderbeke K, Baetens T, Dhooge I, Van Waelvelde H. New reference values must be established for the Alberta Infant Motor Scales for accurate identification of infants at risk for motor developmental delay in Flanders. Child Care Health Dev 2013; 39:260-7. [PMID: 22676145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Alberta Infant Motor Scales (AIMS) is a reliable and valid assessment tool to evaluate the motor performance from birth to independent walking. This study aimed to determine whether the Canadian reference values on the AIMS from 1990-1992 are still useful tor Flemish infants, assessed in 2007-2010. Additionally, the association between motor performance and sleep and play positioning will be determined. METHODS A total of 270 Flemish infants between 0 and 18 months, recruited by formal day care services, were assessed with the AIMS by four trained physiotherapists. Information about sleep and play positioning was collected by mean of a questionnaire. RESULTS Flemish infants perform significantly lower on the AIMS compared with the reference values (P < 0.001). Especially, infants from the age groups of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and of 15 months showed significantly lower scores. From the information collected by parental questionnaires, the lower motor scores seem to be related to the sleep position, the amount of play time in prone, in supine and in a sitting device. Infants who are exposed often to frequently to prone while awake showed a significant higher motor performance than infants who are exposed less to prone (<6 m: P = 0.002; >6 m: P = 0.013). Infants who are placed often to frequently in a sitting device in the first 6 months of life (P = 0.010) and in supine after 6 months (P = 0.001) performed significantly lower than those who are placed less in it. CONCLUSION Flemish infants recruited by formal day care services, show significantly lower motor scores than the Canadian norm population. New reference values should be established for the AIMS for accurate identification of infants at risk. Prevention of sudden infant death syndrome by promoting supine sleep position should go together with promotion of tummy time when awake and avoiding to spent too much time in sitting devices when awake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Kegel
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy Ghent, Artevelde University College - Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Physical therapy management of congenital muscular torticollis: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline: from the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association. Pediatr Phys Ther 2013; 25:348-94. [PMID: 24076627 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0b013e3182a778d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is an idiopathic postural deformity evident shortly after birth, typically characterized by lateral flexion of the head to one side and cervical rotation to the opposite side due to unilateral shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. CMT may be accompanied by other neurological or musculoskeletal conditions. KEY POINTS Infants with CMT are frequently referred to physical therapists (PTs) to treat their asymmetries. This evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) provides guidance on which infants should be monitored, treated, and/or referred, and when and what PTs should treat. Based upon critical appraisal of literature and expert opinion, 16 action statements for screening, examination, intervention, and follow-up are linked with explicit levels of evidence. The CPG addresses referral, screening, examination and evaluation, prognosis, first-choice and supplemental interventions, consultation, discharge, follow-up, suggestions for implementation and compliance audits, flow sheets for referral paths and classification of CMT severity, and research recommendations.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the motor development of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and other types of univentricular heart (UVH) with peers who are healthy at the ages of 16 and 52 weeks. METHODS Motor development was assessed with the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). RESULTS Both the 23 patients with HLHS and the 13 patients with UVH had lower total AIMS scores in both observations than the controls. At the age of 52 weeks, patients with HLHS had significantly lower scores in all 4 AIMS subscales, whereas patients with UVH had lower scores only in the prone and standing subscales. CONCLUSION Motor development of patients with HLHS or UVH is delayed during the first year of life, especially in the prone and standing subscales.
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Öhman A. A specially designed pillow may be used as treatment for young infants with developmental plagiocephaly. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.512280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Age of achievement of gross motor milestones in infancy and adiposity at age 3 years. Matern Child Health J 2012; 16:1015-20. [PMID: 21643834 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-011-0828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life physical activity may help prevent obesity but is difficult to measure. The purpose of this study was to examine associations of age of achievement of gross motor milestones in infancy with adiposity at age 3 years. Seven forty one mother/infant dyads participated in a longitudinal study in Massachusetts. Exposures were age of attainment of 4 gross motor milestones-rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking. Outcomes were 3-year sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness (SS + TR) for overall adiposity, their ratio (SS:TR) for central adiposity, and body mass index (BMI) z-score. We used linear regression models adjusted for confounders to examine motor milestone achievement and later adiposity. Rolling over (0.04, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.07) and sitting up (0.02, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.05) at ≥ 6 months were associated with increased SS:TR compared with attainment before 6 months. Walking at ≥ 15 months was associated with 0.98 mm higher SS + TR (95% CI: 0.05, 1.91) compared with walking before 12 months. Age at crawling was not associated with the outcomes. None of the milestones were associated with BMI z-score. Age of motor milestone achievement was only a modest predictor of adiposity. Later rolling over and sitting up were associated with greater central adiposity, and later age at walking was associated with greater overall adiposity at age 3 years. Although we controlled for birth weight and 6-month weight-for-length in our models, more detailed assessment of early adiposity prior to achievement of motor milestones is needed to help determine causality.
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Fujiwara T, Yamada F, Okuyama M, Kamimaki I, Shikoro N, Barr RG. Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behavior about crying and shaken baby syndrome: a replication of a randomized controlled trial in Japan. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2012; 36:613-620. [PMID: 22954642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infant crying is particularly frustrating to caregivers in the first few months of life and the most common trigger for shaking and abuse. The effectiveness of the Period of PURPLE Crying prevention materials (DVD and booklet) designed to increase knowledge and change behaviors related to crying and the dangers of shaking was reported in North America. The aim of this study was to replicate the effectiveness of the PURPLE materials with mothers of newborns in Japan. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, 201 parents received either PURPLE materials or analogous control materials on infant safety via mail within 2 weeks of birth. At 6 weeks, mothers completed a 4-day behavioral diary. At 2 months, participants completed a predefined 20-min structured telephone survey by an independent firm to assess knowledge and behavior. RESULTS Scores on crying knowledge scales (out of 100) were significantly higher in the intervention than control groups (56.1 vs. 53.1; difference=3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-4.9, p<0.005). Percentage of sharing of advice to walk away if frustrated by crying was significantly higher in the intervention than control groups (22.4% vs. 4.1%; difference=18%, 95% CI: 7.4-29.1). Walking away during unsoothable crying was significantly higher in the intervention group than controls (0.085 vs. 0.017 events per day, rate ratio=4.8, 95% CI: 1.1-21.2) by diary. Self-talk behavior scale (out of 100) tended to significance in the intervention group (16.6 vs. 8.9, difference=7.7, 95% CI: -1.0 to 16.4, p<0.1). CONCLUSIONS Crying knowledge, sharing of walk away information with others and walk away behavior when crying was unsoothable were higher for those who received intervention than control materials. The Period of PURPLE Crying materials may be useful in Japan as well as in North America for informing caregivers about the properties of infant crying and changing some behaviors related to infant crying and shaking. (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry register no. UMIN000001711.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Mitchell EA, Freemantle J, Young J, Byard RW. Scientific consensus forum to review the evidence underpinning the recommendations of the Australian SIDS and Kids Safe Sleeping Health Promotion Programme--October 2010. J Paediatr Child Health 2012; 48:626-33. [PMID: 22050484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarises a 1-day scientific consensus forum that reviewed the evidence underpinning the Australian SIDS and Kids Safe Sleeping Health Promotion Programme. The focus was on each of the potentially modifiable risk factors for sudden unexpected deaths in infancy, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and fatal sleeping accidents. In particular infant sleeping position, covering of the face, exposure to cigarette smoke, room sharing, unsafe sleeping environments, bed sharing, immunisation, breastfeeding, pacifier use and Indigenous issues were discussed in depth. The participants recommended that future 'Reducing the Risk' campaign messages should focus on back to sleep, face uncovered, avoidance of cigarette smoke before and after birth, safe sleeping environment, room sharing and sleeping baby in own cot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Hutchison BL, Stewart AW, de Chalain T, Mitchell EA. Serial developmental assessments in infants with deformational plagiocephaly. J Paediatr Child Health 2012; 48:274-8. [PMID: 22077788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM An association between positional plagiocephaly and developmental problems has previously been noted, but whether delays persist over time has not been established. This study aimed to determine developmental outcomes for children with deformational plagiocephaly over 1 year of follow up. METHODS This was a longitudinal cohort study of 126 infants with deformational plagiocephaly recruited at an outpatient clinic. Development was assessed with the parent-completed Ages and Stages Questionnaires at recruitment and repeated at follow-up assessments in the home 3, 6 and 12 months later. Questionnaires were scored according to cut-off scores from the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition. RESULTS Ninety-six percent of children were followed up for the full 12 months. The existence of one or more delays initially was 30%; this rose to 42% at the 3-month follow up then dropped back to 23% by the 12-month follow up. Delays were predominantly in the gross motor domain. Ten percent had > 4 delays in total over the four assessments. Mothers with tertiary education were more likely to have infants showing delays that persisted over time. CONCLUSIONS Infants with deformational plagiocephaly exhibited marked delays especially in early infancy. These delays were largely gross motor in type but had reduced to approach the expected level by the time of the 12-month follow up, at a mean age of 17 months.
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Positional plagiocephaly: what the pediatrician needs to know. A review. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:1867-76. [PMID: 21614494 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-011-1493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positional or deformational plagiocephaly is the most common type of cranial asymmetry in infancy and has become more prevalent after the introduction of the "Back to Sleep" campaign in Western countries. However, the supine position cannot be considered as the only etiologic factor and different predisposing variables have been investigated in the last few years. DISCUSSION The pediatrician should correctly diagnose this condition and exclude the possibility of craniosynostosis in any child with plagiocephaly in order to optimize management and reduce potential morbidity associated with different conditions other than positional ones. In addition, the pediatrician needs to be able to educate parents on methods to proactively decrease the likelihood of the development of occipital flattening, initiate appropriate management, and make referrals when necessary.
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Tudella E, Pereira K, Basso RP, Savelsbergh GJP. Description of the motor development of 3-12 month old infants with Down syndrome: the influence of the postural body position. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:1514-1520. [PMID: 21367575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to describe the rate of motor development in infants with Down syndrome in the age range of 3-12 months and identify the difficulties both in performance and acquiring motor skills in prone, supine, sitting and standing positions. Nineteen infants with Down syndrome and 25 healthy full term typical infants were assessed using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) monthly from 3 to 12 months of age. The infants with Down syndrome achieved significant later the level of motor performance of the typical infants. In the supine posture, the performance was significantly lesser for the Down syndrome infants in comparison to the typical infants from the 3rd to 6th month and in the 8th month. In the prone, sitting and standing postures this difference is found for all the months. In conclusion, the sequence of motor development of the Down syndrome is the same as the typical infants. However infants with Down syndrome need more time to acquire skills, mainly antigravitational ones, among them the standing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Tudella
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Infant distress at five weeks of age and caregiver frustration. J Pediatr 2011; 159:425-430.e1-2. [PMID: 21429518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differential association of three modes (fussing, crying, unsoothable crying) and three properties (duration/day, frequency/day, maximum bout length) of infant distress with daily caregiver frustration. STUDY DESIGN Replicated cross-sectional studies were completed in Vancouver, British Columbia (n = 1065) and Seattle, Washington (n = 1857). Infant fussing, crying, and unsoothable crying and caregiver frustration were measured daily for 4 days at 5 weeks of age by the Baby's Day Diary. Generalized estimating equation models were used to predict caregiver frustration from nine measurements of distress. RESULTS In Vancouver, measurements of distress significantly associated with caregiver frustration in decreasing order of magnitude were as follow: (1) maximum bout length of unsoothable crying; (2) duration/day of crying; and (3) frequency of unsoothable crying and duration/day of fussing. In Seattle, associated measurements of distress were: (1) maximum bout length of unsoothable crying; (2) maximum bout length and duration/day of crying, frequency of unsoothable crying, and duration/day of fussing; and (3) frequency/day of crying. CONCLUSIONS Daily caregiver frustration is associated differentially with different modes and properties of infant distress. Specifically, maximum bout length of unsoothable crying was most strongly related in both sites. Additionally, frequency/day of unsoothable crying and duration/day of crying and of fussing were significantly associated at both sites.
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Lung FW, Shu BC. Sleeping position and health status of children at six-, eighteen- and thirty-six-month development. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:713-718. [PMID: 21134728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using structural equation modeling to investigate the multiple pathways of sleeping position and children's early development at six-, eighteen- and thirty-six-month children, with parental demographics and child health status controlled. The participants consisted of 1783 six-month children, who were assessed using the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study Instrument. After follow-up, 1620 eighteen-month and 1630 thirty-six-month children participated in the second and third assessments, respectively. With potential confounding factors controlled, children at six-month of mothers with a lower level of education tended to sleep supine (β=-0.08, p=0.001). Compared to those sleeping in the prone and side positions, infants in the supine had slower gross and fine motor development (β=-0.11, p<.001; β=-0.12, p=0.030); however, the effect of sleeping position on the children's development dissipated at eighteen- and thirty-six-month. Sleeping position had effect on children's development at six-month; however, this effect was transient. Instead, chronic illness and maternal level of education had a more persistent effect on children's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- For-Wey Lung
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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